), 倪雨菡1, 杨亚威1, 漆成明1, 吴健星3 1 华南师范大学心理学院
2 广东省心理学会, 广州 510631
3 广州白云心理医院, 广州 510442
收稿日期:2017-06-01出版日期:2018-09-15发布日期:2018-07-27基金资助:获华南师范大学研究生创新计划项目资助(2016wkxm91)Changes in loneliness among elderly people and its effect factors: A latent transition analysis
WU Guoting1, ZHANG Minqiang1,2(), NI Yuhan1, YANG Yawei1, QI Chengming1, WU Jianxing3 1 School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
2 Guangdong Psychological Association, Guangzhou 510631, China
3 Baiyun Mental Hospital, Guangzhou 510442, China
Received:2017-06-01Online:2018-09-15Published:2018-07-27摘要/Abstract
摘要： 采用潜在转变分析探讨老年人孤独感的类别转变及其影响因素。研究数据来源于美国Health and Retirement Study (HRS)项目组, 追踪5442名老年人4年, 两次测量其孤独感。潜在类别分析结果表明, 老年人孤独感存在4个潜在类别：低孤独感组、社交孤独组、情感孤独组和高孤独感组。潜在转变分析结果表明, 低孤独感组和高孤独感组稳定性较强, 其他两组转变程度较大。其中, 社交孤独组倾向于向低孤独感组转变, 情感孤独组倾向于向高孤独感组转变。进一步分析发现, 男性老年人更可能陷入情感孤独; 高水平社会支持、积极老化态度和生活态度取向等可能在一定程度上降低老年人的孤独感水平。结论是, 老年人孤独感可分4类, 不同类别间随时间推移发生转变, 且转变方向受各种影响因素影响。
图/表 5
表1T1、T2时间点上不同类别数量LCA模型的模型拟合指标及熵值
| 时间点 | 类别数目 | BIC | AIC | cAIC | aBIC | Entropy R2 | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | 1 | 52499.93 | 52447.12 | 52507.93 | 52474.51 | 1.00 | < 0.01 |
| 2 | 43466.61 | 43354.38 | 43483.61 | 43412.59 | 0.88 | < 0.01 | |
| 3 | 41982.45 | 41810.80 | 42008.45 | 41899.83 | 0.84 | < 0.01 | |
| 4 | 40760.63 | 40529.57 | 40795.63 | 40649.41 | 0.82 | < 0.01 | |
| 5 | 40762.10 | 40471.62 | 40802.96 | 40619.14 | 0.76 | < 0.01 | |
| T2 | 1 | 53110.33 | 53057.52 | 53118.33 | 53084.91 | 1.00 | < 0.01 |
| 2 | 44153.17 | 44040.94 | 44170.17 | 44099.15 | 0.88 | < 0.01 | |
| 3 | 42594.95 | 42423.30 | 42620.95 | 42512.33 | 0.85 | < 0.01 | |
| 4 | 41298.99 | 41067.92 | 41333.99 | 41187.77 | 0.83 | < 0.01 | |
| 5 | 41302.30 | 41011.81 | 41346.30 | 41162.48 | 0.82 | < 0.01 |
表1T1、T2时间点上不同类别数量LCA模型的模型拟合指标及熵值
| 时间点 | 类别数目 | BIC | AIC | cAIC | aBIC | Entropy R2 | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | 1 | 52499.93 | 52447.12 | 52507.93 | 52474.51 | 1.00 | < 0.01 |
| 2 | 43466.61 | 43354.38 | 43483.61 | 43412.59 | 0.88 | < 0.01 | |
| 3 | 41982.45 | 41810.80 | 42008.45 | 41899.83 | 0.84 | < 0.01 | |
| 4 | 40760.63 | 40529.57 | 40795.63 | 40649.41 | 0.82 | < 0.01 | |
| 5 | 40762.10 | 40471.62 | 40802.96 | 40619.14 | 0.76 | < 0.01 | |
| T2 | 1 | 53110.33 | 53057.52 | 53118.33 | 53084.91 | 1.00 | < 0.01 |
| 2 | 44153.17 | 44040.94 | 44170.17 | 44099.15 | 0.88 | < 0.01 | |
| 3 | 42594.95 | 42423.30 | 42620.95 | 42512.33 | 0.85 | < 0.01 | |
| 4 | 41298.99 | 41067.92 | 41333.99 | 41187.77 | 0.83 | < 0.01 | |
| 5 | 41302.30 | 41011.81 | 41346.30 | 41162.48 | 0.82 | < 0.01 |
图1T1时间点孤独感LCA分类结果
图1T1时间点孤独感LCA分类结果
图2T2时间点孤独感LCA分类结果
图2T2时间点孤独感LCA分类结果表3T1、T2时间点的潜在状态概率和潜在转变概率
| 时间点 | 低孤独感组 | 社交孤独组 | 情感孤独组 | 高孤独感组 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | 0.44 | 0.21 | 0.14 | 0.21 |
| T2 | 0.43 | 0.20 | 0.16 | 0.21 |
| 低孤独感组 | 0.77 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.03 |
| 社交孤独组 | 0.24 | 0.51 | 0.10 | 0.15 |
| 情感孤独组 | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.45 | 0.31 |
| 高孤独感组 | 0.06 | 0.21 | 0.13 | 0.60 |
表3T1、T2时间点的潜在状态概率和潜在转变概率
| 时间点 | 低孤独感组 | 社交孤独组 | 情感孤独组 | 高孤独感组 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | 0.44 | 0.21 | 0.14 | 0.21 |
| T2 | 0.43 | 0.20 | 0.16 | 0.21 |
| 低孤独感组 | 0.77 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.03 |
| 社交孤独组 | 0.24 | 0.51 | 0.10 | 0.15 |
| 情感孤独组 | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.45 | 0.31 |
| 高孤独感组 | 0.06 | 0.21 | 0.13 | 0.60 |
表2T1、T2时间点孤独感表现的发生率
| 孤独感条目 | T1 | T2 | χ2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 缺少同伴 | 43.40% | 43.90% | 0.272 |
| 被他人忽略 | 40.90% | 40.00% | 1.031 |
| 被他人孤立 | 32.30% | 31.80% | 0.331 |
| 周围的人围着你但并不关心你 | 51.30% | 53.30% | 4.296* |
| 只要我需要, 就能找到伙伴 | 35.10% | 38.30% | 11.703** |
| 有值得信赖的人 | 35.20% | 37.90% | 8.678** |
| 因为孤僻, 我感到不开心 | 32.40% | 34.90% | 7.503** |
| 我想要与人来往 | 5.30% | 5.90% | 1.463 |
表2T1、T2时间点孤独感表现的发生率
| 孤独感条目 | T1 | T2 | χ2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 缺少同伴 | 43.40% | 43.90% | 0.272 |
| 被他人忽略 | 40.90% | 40.00% | 1.031 |
| 被他人孤立 | 32.30% | 31.80% | 0.331 |
| 周围的人围着你但并不关心你 | 51.30% | 53.30% | 4.296* |
| 只要我需要, 就能找到伙伴 | 35.10% | 38.30% | 11.703** |
| 有值得信赖的人 | 35.20% | 37.90% | 8.678** |
| 因为孤僻, 我感到不开心 | 32.40% | 34.90% | 7.503** |
| 我想要与人来往 | 5.30% | 5.90% | 1.463 |
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