Theory and practice on food education researchat home and abroad
HOUPeng1,2,, WANGLing′en1,, LIUXiaojie1, LIYunyun1,2, XUELi1,2, CHENGShengkui1 1. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 通讯作者:通讯作者:王灵恩,E-mail:wangle@igsnrr.ac.cn 收稿日期:2018-10-10 修回日期:2018-11-14 网络出版日期:2018-12-20 版权声明:2018《资源科学》编辑部《资源科学》编辑部 基金资助:重点研发计划政府间国际科技创新合作重点专项(2016YFE0113100)国家自然科学基金项目(41701620)中国科学院重点部署项目“新时代国民营养与粮食安全的关键问题研究” 作者简介: -->作者简介:侯鹏,男,河南安阳人,博士生,研究方向为资源消费及其综合环境效应。E-mail:houp.17b@igsnrr.ac.cn
关键词:食育;食物可持续消费;饮食习惯;健康教育;粮食安全 Abstract China is entering a new and challenging period nowadays. With the continuous increasing of people’s income and the improvement of the whole level of productivity, China is in a critical period of upgrading the dietary structure of urban and rural residents and the strategic transformation of agricultural development. Food education, including diet and nutrition education, is of great importance to sustainable food consumption and health. Therefore, focusing on food education theory and practice can not only contribute to forming healthy and scientific diets and lifestyles, which would help reduce food waste and decrease unscientific-diets-induced health risks in turn, but also can serve as an important approach to cope with the tight-balance between grain supply and demand over a long period of time, and ensure food safety at the national level. However, few studies have focused on food education in China, which can hardly meet the urgent needs of food education practices in China. This study reviews the practices and researches on food education systematically in both China and other countries, summarizes the practical characteristics of food education in foreign countries from four aspects mainly: social background, institution-construction, social participation, innovation in content and pattern. Along with the practical characteristics of food education in foreign countries, the study further characterizes the history and present situation of food education practices in China. Based on the above analysis, the study then proposes a concept of food education and describes its basic connotation and characteristics in detail. In the end, the study puts forward some corresponding policy proposals, for example, strengthening the institutional construction and cross-regional exchanges of food education, establishing a food education collaboration network with multiple principals, strengthening the innovation of forms and contents of food education, and launching some pilot projects.
随着农业基础的稳固和人民生活水平的不断提高,食物浪费以及居民营养健康逐渐引起政府和公众广泛的重视(见表2)。20世纪90年代以来,国家围绕学校健康教育进行了一系列改革和探索。1990年,国家提出“学校应当把健康教育纳入教学计划,普通中小学必须开设健康教育课。认真贯彻执行食品卫生法律、法规,加强饮食卫生管理,办好学生膳食,加强营养指导”[56],但2001年启动的基础教育课程改革对“健康教育课程”进行了调整并将其内容散编至其他课程[57],削弱了其独立性和系统性。随后,中国提出推进健康教育的途径,即“以体育与健康课程为载体,和品德与生活、品德与社会等相关课程结合渗透”[58],并根据不同成长阶段设定了不同的健康教育目标和内容,但没有对教材编排、专职教师培训以及课程考核等做出规划,因而未能引起政府部门和学校等的足够重视。2017年9月,与食育相关的一系列实践活动被列入教育部《中小学综合实践活动课程指导纲要》推荐活动名录[59],但相应的监督、激励和考核制度仍未明确。 Table 2 表2 表2中国食育(营养教育)推进的相关政策 Table 2Policies on food education (nutrition education) in China
(1)食育主体的多元化和协调性。食育推进涉及政府部门、学校、家庭、受教育主体、企业以及社会组织等多方主体,且食育的顺利推进离不开社会各界的共同参与。食育推进过程中,不同主体承担的任务各有不同,具体如图1所示。政府部门负责食育路线、方针和政策制定并提供食育监督、指导和部分资金支持,同时在食育推进过程中扮演着协调者角色,尤其在食育推进的起步阶段。学校作为每个人走向社会前的重要学习空间,同时也是学生全面、系统地接受营养教育和获取营养健康常识的最佳场所,学校在食育推进中负责学生食育教学和实践,在食育实践编排和设计方面有较大的自主权和灵活性。鉴于中小学阶段是每个人习惯调整和养成的关键时期,中小学校在食育推进中应发挥更大的作用。家庭则是社会成员获取营养健康知识和培养合理饮食习惯的第一站,家庭教育也是引导家庭成员改正饮食陋习、培养科学饮食习惯的重要渠道。企业主要面向其职工开展食育宣传引导,并通过提供场地、材料、资金等支持或选派企业职工参与和推动学校及其他社会机构组织的食育活动。此外,食育推进还应追溯到食物的生产阶段,农业主体主要为学生和企业职工提供了解、参与食物生产和农事活动的场所,让学生和职工在参与中丰富自身食物知识储备。其他主体,如社会公益组织等,结合自身工作组织或配合学校、企业开展食育宣传活动。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图1食育推进主体之间的“合作型”结构 -->Figure 1The cooperative-structure among different subjects in food education -->
(2)食育内容的丰富性和创新性。食育落脚点在于通过系统的食育课程和实践使受教育主体掌握常见食物的属性及其适宜烹饪方式、人体营养和能量需求以及不合理饮食引发的健康威胁等知识,约束食物不合理消费和减少浪费,引导其正确看待生活性和经验性的饮食文化,培养科学饮食习惯。图2显示,狭义上,食育内容主要包括树立减少食物浪费意识,熟悉与食物、营养和健康有关的常识,培养合理膳食结构、科学饮食方式和正确饮食习惯,以及掌握基本的烹饪知识等;广义上的食育还包括熟悉常见食物(作物和果蔬)生产、国家粮食(食物)安全知识,抵制和减少食物浪费、发扬中华优秀传统饮食文化以及鼓励食物相关的创新行为。当前,考虑到食物不合理消费造成的巨大食物浪费及其严重的资源环境效应,宜在食育推进过程中优先强调减少食物浪费。此外,由于知识处于不断更新状态以及人类对熟悉事物的逆反和对新鲜事物的好奇心理,食育推进过程中应注重不断创新食育内容和形式。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图2食育推进的两个层次内容 -->Figure 2Two levels of content in the promotion of food education -->
食育是系统、科学、全面的营养健康知识和饮食习惯的引导教育,建立在对碎片化、生活化和经验性的营养知识、食物宜忌、饮食习惯和饮食文化等方面的总结和归纳基础上,并注重培养人们树立科学健全的食物观——食物的内涵不局限于本身,更与食物生产过程中自然资源和社会资源的投入、以及食物消费过程中人类健康及其可持续发展密切相关。食育的重要性不仅在于改善居民健康以及缓解食物消费领域存在的问题,更在于通过实现可持续消费缓解对土地、水等自然资源和生态环境的压力,从而有利于人类社会长期繁荣和发展。因此,需用更长远、系统和全面的眼光看待食育,加快着手食育推进研究和实践。本文通过文献分析方法,在对国内外食育研究和实践进行系统梳理基础上,提出了食育的基本概念和内涵,并结合中国食育现状提出中国未来的食育推进可从加强制度建设、完善食育课程内容、培育多主体协调推进体系、先试点后推广以及加强交流等方面展开,研究结果对增强现阶段食育认知和推动食育实践具有借鉴与指导意义。 食育推进是从自然科学研究拓展至社会研究的过程,要求人类将知识转化为有益于自身长远发展的社会行动,因此须将食育置于以人地关系为核心的地域系统和以人为核心的社会运作机制中综合审视:食育如何深刻体现人与自然和谐共处的可持续理念?食育推进的重要突破口在哪里?哪些因素构成了食育推进的关键制约?等等,这些都是本文尚未涉及但现阶段亟待深入研究解决的关键问题,期望通过本文抛砖引玉,为推动中国食育研究和实践提供借鉴。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
United Nations.Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future[R], , 1987. [本文引用: 1]
[2]
United Nations.The RIO Declaration on Environment and Development[R], , 1992. [本文引用: 1]
[3]
United Nations Environment Programme. Towards a 10-year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production[R], , 2010. [本文引用: 1]
[4]
United Nations.United Nations Millennium Declaration[R], , 2000. [本文引用: 2]
[5]
United Nations.Transforming Our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development[R], , 2015. [本文引用: 1]
[6]
Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Global food: Waste not, Want not[R], , 2013. [本文引用: 1]
[7]
FAO. Global Food Losses and Food Waste[R], , 2011. [本文引用: 1]
[8]
KummuM, de MoelH, PorkkaM, et al. Lost food, wasted resources: global food supply chain losses and their impacts on freshwater, cropland, and fertiliser use [J]. , 2012(438): 477-489. [本文引用: 1]
[Hong ZX, Ding BJ.A balanced diet is one of the key measures to prevent and control hypertension and concomitant diseases [J]. , 2018, 21(21): 2529-2537. ] [本文引用: 1]
[Wang Z Z. China wasted about 80 billion kilograms of grain a year which can feed about 250 million people [EB/OL]. (2013-05-26)[2018-09-09]. .]URL [本文引用: 1]
[Cheng SK, Gao LW, Xu ZR, et al. Food waste in catering industry and its impacts on resources and environment in China [J]. , 2012, (7): 106-114. ] [本文引用: 1]
[ZhangD, Cheng SK, Gao LW, et al. The carbon footprint of catering industry food waste: a Beijing case study [J]. , 2016, 36(18): 5937-5948. ] [本文引用: 1]
[WangY.Research on the impact of education on health outcome under the food path[D] . , 2017. ] [本文引用: 1]
[24]
FungW, Lee SY.Efforts to increase global food security: implications for international nutrition education [J]. , 2017, 49(5): 365-366. [本文引用: 1]
[25]
BreslowL, Enstrom JE.Persistence of health habits and their relationship to mortality [J]. , 1980, 9(4): 469-483. [本文引用: 1]
[26]
Willett WC.Diet and health: what should we eat? [J]. , 1994, 264(5158): 532-537. [本文引用: 1]
[27]
Contento IR, Randell JS, Basch CE.Review and analysis of evaluation measures used in nutrition education intervention research [J]. , 2002, 34(1): 2-25. [本文引用: 1]
[28]
BrugJ, CampbellM, Van AP.The application and impact of computer-generated personalized nutrition education: a review of the literature [J]. , 1999, (36): 145-156. [本文引用: 1]
[29]
OenemaA, BrugJ, LechnerL.Web-based tailored nutrition education: results of a randomized controlled trial [J]. , 2001, 16(6): 647-660. [本文引用: 1]
[30]
Tilles-TirkkonenT, NuutinenO, SinikallioS, et al. Theory-informed nutrition education curriculum tools for feeling good promotes healthy eating patterns among fifth grade pupils: cross-sectional study [J]. , 2018, 31(5): 647-657. [本文引用: 1]
[31]
Myszkowska-RyciakJ, HartonA.Eating healthy, growing healthy: impact of a multi-strategy nutrition education on the assortments of beverages served in preschools, Poland [J]. , 2018, 15(7): 1355-1364. [本文引用: 1]
[32]
Keski-RahkonenA, KaprioJ, RissanenA, et al. Breakfast skipping and health-compromising behaviors in adolescents and adults [J]. , 2003, 57(7): 842-853. [本文引用: 1]
[33]
Candido NA, de Sousa TM, Dos Santos LC. Effectiveness of different interventions in public nurseries based on food and nutrition education: promoting breast-feeding and healthy complementary feeding [J]. , 2018, 21(13): 2454-2461. [本文引用: 1]
[34]
McAleese JD, Rankin LL. Garden-based nutrition education affects fruit and vegetable consumption in sixth-grade adolescents [J]. , 2007, 107(4): 662-665. [本文引用: 2]
[Jin XM, ShiR, Jin ZJ.Epidemiological investigation on the eating problems of children aged 1 to 6 years in Shanghai, China [J]. , 2009, 17(4): 387-389. ] [本文引用: 1]
[Li XH, FengM, Wu JJ, et al. Effect evaluation on eating education among students in western mountainous rural boarding schools in Sichuan [J]. , 2015, 31(3): 177-181. ] [本文引用: 1]
[You LL, LiuL, He XY, et al. Effect of eating education on diet-related health literacy among primary school students in rural area [J]. , 2017, 33(6): 487-491. ] [本文引用: 1]
[FengM, Li XH, Wu JJ, et al. Effect of dietary education interventions on dietary and nutritional status among students in western rural boarding schools [J]. , 2014, 35(12): 1809-1811. ] [本文引用: 1]
[Wu Y. Cherish every single grain: inspired by Japanese food educataion [J]. , 2013(1): 134-135+101. ] [本文引用: 1]
[45]
Seubsman SA, KellyM, YuthapornpinitP, et al. Cultural resistance to fast-food consumption? a study of youth in North Eastern Thailand [J]. , 2009, 33(6): 669-675. [本文引用: 1]
[46]
PetriniC, McCuaigW, WatersA. [M]. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003. [本文引用: 1]
[Liao BC, LvP, Yang JY.How does food and nutrition education program become national policy: a review of the role Japanese government played in the Shokuiku campaign [J]. , 2016, 30(6): 63-72. ] [本文引用: 1]
[48]
Ministry of Health Labor and Welfare, Japan. Dietary Guidelines to Healthy Life [EB/OL]. (1985-05-14)[2018-09-09]. .URL [本文引用: 1]
[49]
Ministry of Health Labor and Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries , Monbusho, Japan. Healthy Japan 21 [EB/OL]. (2000-03-31)[2018-09-09]. .URL [本文引用: 1]
[50]
Food Education Society of the Basic Law. Food education basic law [M]. , 2005. [本文引用: 1]
[Ding NZ, ZhangM.From building the world view to boosting the economic development: on the history and the current situation of the Japanese ‘shokuiku’ [J]. , 2016, (9): 28-35. ] [本文引用: 1]
[52]
Department of Education, UK. The national curriculum in England [EB/OL]. (2013-10-14)[2018-09-09]. URL [本文引用: 1]
[53]
US Congress. Child Nutrition Act of 1966 [EB/OL]. (1966-10-11)[2018-09-09]. .URL [本文引用: 1]
[54]
US Congress.Goals 2000: educate america Act [EB/OL]. (1994-03-31)[2018-09-09]. .URL [本文引用: 1]
[Ministry of Education. Guidelines for Integrated practical activity curriculum in primary and secondary schools [EB/OL]. (2017-09-27)[2018-09-09.. ]URL [本文引用: 2]
[Wang B L. <Readers of food education in primary school>entering primary school classroom in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai [EB/OL]. (2009-11-24)[2018-09-09]. . ]URL [本文引用: 1]
[ The CPC Central Committee, the State Council. Decision on Deepening Education Reform and comprehensive promotion of quality education [EB/OL]. (1999-06-13) [2018-09-09]. . ]URL [本文引用: 1]
[General Office of the State Council, China. Outline for the development of China's food and nutrition (2001-2010) [EB/OL]. (2001-11-03) [2018-09-09]. . ]URL [本文引用: 1]
[Ministry of Public Health, China. Chinese citizens' health literacy: Basic knowledge and skills(Trial) [EB/OL]. (2008-01-04) [2018-09-09]. . ]URL [本文引用: 1]
[General Office of the State Council, China. Views on the implementation of the students' nutrition improvement programme during the phase of compulsory education in rural areas [EB/OL]. (2011-11-23) [2018-09-09]..]URL [本文引用: 1]
[Ministry of Public Health, National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Education, et al, China. Chronic disease prevention and treatment planning in China (2012-2015) [EB/OL]. (2012-05-08) [2018-09-09]. . ]URL [本文引用: 1]
[General Office of the State Council, China. Outline for the development of China's food and nutrition (2014-2020) [EB/OL]. (2014-01-28) [2018-09-09]. .]URL [本文引用: 1]
[National Health and Family Planning Commission, the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee of the CPC , Ministry of Education, et al. Guidance on enhancing health promotion and education [EB/OL]. (2016-11-16)[2018-09-09].. ]URL [本文引用: 1]