The effects of off-farm employment on forestland transfer: the MV Tobit estimation with endogeneity perspectives
ZHANGHan1,, YANGHongqiang2, CHENHaibin1, LIUJing1, XUShilei1, LIUHao3, LIUCan1,3, 1. College of Economics and Management, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China2. College of Economics and Management, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China3. Economic and Development Research Center, State Forestry Administration, Beijing 100714, China 通讯作者:通讯作者:刘璨,E-mail: sfa1sfa1sfa1@163.com 收稿日期:2017-10-8 修回日期:2018-04-7 网络出版日期:2018-08-25 版权声明:2018《资源科学》编辑部《资源科学》编辑部 基金资助:国家自然科学基金青年项目(71403213)教育部人文社会科学研究规划基金项目(18YJA790104)西北农林科技大学基本科研业务费人文社科项目(2018RWSK06) 作者简介: -->作者简介:张寒,男,江苏铜山人,博士,副教授,主要从事林业经济方面研究。E-mail: hanzhang32@126.com
关键词:林地流转;非农就业;集体林改;双内生农户决策模型;影响因素;MV Tobit Abstract After the new round of collective forest tenure reform, the forestland transactions seem still inactive in China, which is not as expected as policymakers. Under this background, it is crucial to understand what are the factors that determine farmers’ behavior of forestland transfer. To investigate whether off-farm employment hinders forestland transfer, we established a household decision model, where the forestland transfer decision and off-farm employment decision are endogenous. Then the empirical analysis is performed based on a household survey dataset, which involves 1497 households from 9 provinces in China. This dataset is collected by the State Forestry Administration and is ranged from 2003 to 2013. Given the endogeneity of farmers’ decision-making process, the off-farm employment should be regarded as an endogenous variable. Meanwhile, the fact that the majority of households didn’t transfer their forestland implies that the explained variable is censored. Hence, the multivariate Tobit approach is applied to deal with the endogeneity and censoring issues. The results show that off-farm employment has a significantly negative effect on forestland rent-in, while the effect on rent-out is insignificant. This insignificance might be owing to the long-period feature of forestland transfer contracts and the role of forestland on household livelihood. For rural farmers, forestlands are considered to be a “safety net” once they lose their employments in off-farm sector. Moreover, transaction cost is an important factor that influence the decision of forestland transfer. That is, the variable of transaction cost imposes a negative effect on both rent-in and rent-out at the 1% statistical level. Besides, off-farm wage rate, timber prices, forestland area, forestland fragmentation, and the amount of household members also have significant effects on behaviors of forestland transfer. Their effects are opposite with regard to rent-in and rent-out behaviors. These findings will facilitate policymakers to understand what factors determine forestland transfer, and will provide beneficial suggestions in the following-up reform.
Keywords:forestland transfer;off-farm employment;collective forest tenure reform;endogenous household decision model;influence factors;Multivariate Tobit -->0 PDF (2668KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章收藏文章 本文引用格式导出EndNoteRisBibtex收藏本文--> 张寒, 杨红强, 陈海滨, 刘晶, 许时蕾, 刘浩, 刘璨. 非农就业对林地流转的影响——基于双内生视角的MV Tobit估计[J]. 资源科学, 2018, 40(8): 1505-1514 https://doi.org/10.18402/resci.2018.08.02 ZHANGHan, YANGHongqiang, CHENHaibin, LIUJing, XUShilei, LIUHao, LIUCan. The effects of off-farm employment on forestland transfer: the MV Tobit estimation with endogeneity perspectives[J]. RESOURCES SCIENCE, 2018, 40(8): 1505-1514 https://doi.org/10.18402/resci.2018.08.02
表2报告了MV Tobit模型估计的结果。其中,似然比检验结果显示,林地流入和非农就业之间存在统计上的显著关系,其相关系数ρ为-0.08,p值为0.06。这一方面说明林地流入和非农就业决策存在交互影响,印证了采用多方程系统估计方法进行回归分析的必要性;另一方面说明,非农就业对林地流入具有显著负向影响。一个可能的解释是,农业部门和工业部门的要素报酬差异,使得外出务工的可获利性高于经营土地[20]。伴随着非农就业机会的增加,农户对林地的依赖度逐步降低,流入林地以扩大规模的意愿也随之下降。同时,在劳动力禀赋一定的前提下,林地经营和非农部门的劳动力投入存在替代关系,非农就业的增加势必会减少林地经营的时间,进而导致农户流入林地的倾向性下降。上述发现与已有的关注农地流转的研究结论类似[19, 37]。 Table 2 表2 表2研究区农户林地流转、非农就业模型估计 Table 2Estimation results of forestland transfer and off-farm employment models in study area
(1)相关部门应该认知到林地利用特点对农户林地流转行为的决定性作用,农地流转的促进政策未必在林地流转上同样适用,将农地流转的经验简单照搬到林地流转上,可能达不到政策预期。鉴于林地流转契约的长期性特点对林地生计保障功能提出了挑战,可以通过完善农村养老、医疗等社会保障体系,弱化林地的保障功能,使其对林地配置的决定作用逐渐退出、并让渡给市场机制。同时,非农就业的暂时性和城乡来回流动的特点无疑与林地流转契约的长期性要求存在矛盾,因此,在城镇化过程中进行适当的户籍改革、促进暂时性非农就业向永久性或稳定型非农就业转化至关重要。 (2)非农就业对林地流入负向、对流出不显著性的结论,也凸显出非农就业对林地流转总体来说是一个制约因素。考虑到国内新型城镇化建设和户籍改革的大背景,可以预期,农户的非农就业行为应该会是大势所趋。按照本文的结论,这将会使林地流转政策的实施面临压力。由此带来的一个政策引申是,对林地流转的可行性和预期目标,值得有关部门再次斟酌。 (3)通过降低交易成本、进而促进林地流转是一个可行的政策工具。现阶段林地交易成本的内部构成如何、什么因素造成了交易成本较高、如何降低等等,成为顶层设计者需要深入考察的科学 问题。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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