关键词:污染负荷分配;信息熵;基尼系数;排污绩效;渭河流域;西安市 Abstract We aimed to establish a method for water pollutant load allocation between administrative units and pollution discharge enterprises. Regarding the administrative unit level, equality was taken as the main allocation principle and the entropy-weighted Gini coefficient method was used to allocate pollutant load at the pollution discharge level. Population and gross domestic product were chosen to represent the potential of water pollution in administrative units; and land areas and maximum permitted discharge were chosen to represent the environmental capacity of administrative units. At the discharge enterprise level, efficiency was taken as the main allocation principle and the pollution discharge performance method was used to allocate pollutant load at discharge enterprise levels. The economic output value of the unit load was chosen to represent the environmental economic benefits of the discharge enterprise; and fresh water usage unit load was chosen to represent the resource utilization efficiency of the discharge enterprise. This method for pollutant load allocation provides equal rights for enterprises to discharge and highly efficient environmental and resource use, while paying attention to environment protection and socio-economic development. Combined with pollution census data for Shaanxi, this method is applied to Xi’an with a high population, dense industry discharge, short water resource and poor water quality, located in middle of Weihe river basin. Based on the administrative unit level in Xi’an, there are three counties with more than 10% pollution reduction rates, redefined as key reduction units. Other counties were redefined as retention reduction units. Regarding the key reduction unit, the optimized allocation result of the discharge enterprise level is the final plan. For the retention reduction unit, pollution reduction rates of some discharge enterprises need to be adjusted for a more reasonable allocation plan. This method provides a reference for pollution load allocation at multiple levels.
Keywords:pollution load allocation;information entropy;Gini coefficient;emission performance;Weihe River Basin;Xi’an City -->0 PDF (3327KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章收藏文章 本文引用格式导出EndNoteRisBibtex收藏本文--> 李泽琪, 张玥, 王晓燕, 李英杰, 陈洁, 郭巍. 基于不同层级排污单元的水污染负荷分配方法[J]. 资源科学, 2018, 40(7): 1429-1437 https://doi.org/10.18402/resci.2018.07.11 LIZeqi, ZHANGYue, WANGXiaoyan, LIYingjie, CHENJie, GUOWei. A method for water pollution load allocation for different levels of pollution discharges[J]. RESOURCES SCIENCE, 2018, 40(7): 1429-1437 https://doi.org/10.18402/resci.2018.07.11
西安市各区县2015年的人口数量、土地面积、国内生产总值(GDP)来源于2016年陕西区域统计年鉴[28]。由于现有数据中没有关于西安市所辖各区县的环境容量数据,因此本文依据西安市水资源利用技术服务中心对西安市主要河流纳污能力计算结果[29]及2010年各区县COD的排放比例估算得到。西安市各区县工业COD排放量来源于2015年陕西省污染源普查结果(由陕西省环境科学研究院根据西安市各区县登记工业企业的排放量汇总得到)。具体数据如表1所示。 Table 1 表1 表1西安市各区县指标值所占比例 Table 1Percentage of index attribute values to the total amount (%)
根据国务院“十三五”节能减排综合工作方案,陕西省2020年COD排放量要在2015年的基础上降低10%[30]。因此在行政单元层面负荷分配时,将西安市2020年COD初始削减率定为10%。考虑西安市COD污染现状及分配方案的可实施性,确定行政单元的削减阈值范围为[1%, 20%]。根据2.2.2节行政单元负荷分配优化模型,计算出不同行政单元COD的削减率及削减配额,结果见表2。 Table 2 表2 表2西安市COD削减任务分配方案 Table 2Plan of COD reductions in the Xi’an City
区(县)
2015年实际排放量/t
2020年允许排放量/t
削减量/t
削减率/%
削减配额*/%
新城区
284.42
250.69
33.73
11.86
2.46
碑林区
3.38
3.35
0.03
1.00
0.00
莲湖区
700.06
627.43
72.63
10.37
5.30
灞桥区
644.07
637.63
6.44
1.00
0.47
未央区
2 596.04
2 474.08
121.96
4.70
8.91
雁塔区
281.85
279.03
2.82
1.00
0.21
阎良区
440.45
411.55
28.90
6.56
2.11
临潼区
1 943.45
1 827.40
116.05
5.97
8.47
长安区
1 335.96
1 322.60
13.36
1.00
0.98
蓝田县
78.36
73.37
4.99
6.37
0.36
周至县
108.50
107.41
1.08
1.00
0.08
户县
5 155.73
4 188.39
967.34
18.76
70.64
高陵县
181.38
175.34
6.04
3.33
0.44
西安市总计
13 753.64
12 378.27
1 369.33
10.00**
100.00
注:*表示削减配额=行政单元负荷削减量/西安市负荷总削减量×100%,显然西安市的削减配额为100%;**表示西安市COD污染负荷的整体削减率=负荷削减量/实际排放量×100%。 新窗口打开 综合表1及表2可以看出: (1)户县(37.49%)、未央区(18.88%)位居西安市COD排放量的第1和第2位,其削减配额分别为70.64 %和8.91%,位居西安市的第1和第2位;碑林区、高陵县、周至县及蓝田县不仅现状排放量低,其相应的削减配额接近削减率的下限;一定程度上体现出削减量与排放量的一致性。 (2)户县的COD削减配额大于其排放量占比,表明该区县社会经济发展现状与环境保护不协调。 (3)新城区(11.86%)、莲湖区(10.37%)的削减率相对较高,究其原因是单位土地面积承载的污染物排放量较大;因此在公平原则下,导致这些行政单元排放量虽不是最高,但仍需大量削减污染物。 (4)临潼区(14.13%)和长安区(9.71%)位居西安市排放量的第三位和第四位,但其削减率仅为5.97%和1%,表现出排放量与削减量不成比例的现象;这是由于这些区县单位指标承载的污染物排放量较为均衡,故不需削减大量污染物。 由表3可看出: Table 3 表3 表3指标权重及基尼系数优化结果 Table 3Index weights and optimization values of the Gini coefficients
(1)本研究提出基于不同分配单元的水污染负荷分配模型,其中采用熵值加权的基尼系数法体现行政单元层面分配的公平性,排污绩效法体现排污企业层面分配的效率性,并应用在西安市得到现实可行的分配结果。 (2)虽然行政单元层面污染分配不公平性是客观存在的,但经熵值法优化后分配结果仍然达到相对公平的分配(基尼系数为0.42);分重点削减及有保留区县,采用排污绩效法实施排污企业层面的负荷分配,得到更为合理的分配结果(排污企业削减率为负的情况,采用保持现有排放量的方式进行 修正)。 (3)由于目前污染物种类复杂多样,同一区域可能存在多种污染负荷同时超标的现象。然而现有方法大多按照污染物类型分别予以分配,对不同污染物的耦合作用考虑较少,在今后的研究中应进一步展开探讨。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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