Theoretical framework and empirical simulation of policy design on trans-dimensional resource recycling
GUYifan, WUYufeng, ZHOUGuangli, ZUOTieyong Institute of Circular Economy, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China 通讯作者:通讯作者:吴玉锋,E-mail:wuyufeng3r@126.com 收稿日期:2017-08-30 修回日期:2018-01-30 网络出版日期:2018-03-10 版权声明:2018《资源科学》编辑部《资源科学》编辑部 基金资助:北京市社会科学基金重点项目(17YJA001)国家自然科学基金项目(L1422034;7167030506)北京市重点学科项目(033000541214001) 作者简介: -->作者简介:顾一帆,男,山东青岛人,博士生,主要从事资源循环综合评价与政策设计研究。E-mail:jingji_xue@163.com
关键词:资源循环;跨维度;制度设计;激励相容;生命周期 Abstract Resource recycling processes contain a subsystem with interactions between the three dimensions of coupling allocation of primary and secondary resources, responsibility coordination of stakeholders in forward and reverse supply chains, and trans-boundary transfer of hidden resource and environmental responsibilities between regions. Overlap or lack of responsibly appears at the intersection of these three management dimensions and a policy system for recycling resources is needed. From a theoretical perspective we analyzed external differences for resources and environments in various dimensions and explored why the effects of trans-dimensional policies are strongly correlated. Taking the example of copper resources in waste electrical and electronic equipment, we constructed a reduction effect accounting model of resource recycling and set four trans-dimensional policy scenarios: resources tax and environmental tax reform of the raw and secondary resources, application of extended producer responsibility system, promotion of clean development mechanism, and strict entry barriers of imported waste. We simulated the impact effect of resource recycling process on resource deduction and emission reduction of waste water and gas, and constructed a trans-dimensional policy mix scenario. We found that combined application of various dimensional policies achieves incentive compatibility and a trans-dimensional policy mix scenario reaches a better effect. Compared to the baseline scenario, this scenario will increase 91.06% copper resource reduction effects and improve the emission reduction of waste water and gas by eight times from 2010 to 2030. In the resource dimension, the combined application of compulsory, market and authentication methods should be promoted to improve the use ratio of secondary resources. In the supply chain dimension, the resource value, residual functional value and potential information value contained in waste products should be fully excavated to construct a circular business system. In the regional dimension, the comparative advantages of manufacturing power should be utilized to improve China’s voice in resource recycling.
资源循环的制度设计旨在解决资源环境外部性等市场失灵问题,从而使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用。跨维度资源循环过程及其中涉及到的市场失灵问题如图1所示。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图1跨维度资源循环过程及需要解决的外部性问题 -->Figure 1Trans-dimensional resource recycling process and the external problems need to be solved -->
为了分析各维度资源循环制度的影响,本文根据中国现有管控电子废弃物的制度构建方向,设置了如下四种制度情景,如表1所示。 Table 1 表1 表1各类制度情景的基本假设及其参数设置 Table 1Basic assumptions and parameter settings of various policy scenarios
(1)资源循环过程蕴含了原再生原料的耦合配置、正逆向供应链中利益相关者的责任协调、区域间隐含环境责任的跨境转移三个维度相互影响的子系统。从理论角度分析,各维度存在的独特资源环境外部性差异如下:在原料维度,相较原生料,再生料的正规开发利用在资源、环境与机会成本三个方面均存在正外部性效果;在链条维度,各利益相关者均在分享着产品生产消费过程的收益,但产品生产必然会伴随一种新的外部性出现,即产品废弃后对生态环境造成的长期影响;在区域维度,经济全球化带来了产品和废弃物的跨境流动,产品收益为参与贸易的各国所分享,但生产与废弃环节的资源环境外部性却主要留在了初级产品生产地,造成区域间不公平现象。资源循环制度设计应主要应用于解决上述三个维度的外部性差异。 (2)各维度的政策工具虽独立制定,但政策效果间具有强烈相关性。本文以中国电子废弃物中的铜资源为例,构建了资源循环的减量效果核算模型,通过设置原再生资源税及环境税改革、生产者责任延伸制度应用、清洁发展机制推广、洋垃圾严格入境约束四种跨维度制度情景,模拟了各情景中资源循环过程对资源减量和废水及CO2减排的影响效果,并集成各优势策略,构建了跨维度政策组合情景。结果表明:各维度间政策工具的联合应用均能分别实现激励相容,且跨维度政策组合情景达到了更优的效果。相较基准情景,在2010—2030年间,该种组合情景将增加7.6亿台的正规拆解量,并减少10.2亿台的非正规拆解量,由此将增加91.06%的铜资源减量化效果,提升近8倍的废水及CO2减排量。 (3)为了达到并更好发挥本文构建的跨维度制度组合情景中激励相容的效果,一方面可考虑构建一个横跨多部门的资源循环顶层管理机构,另一方面也需把握时代发展趋势,积极拓展现有政策工具:在原料维度可提升强制手段、市场手段与认证手段的联合应用以提高再生原料比例,在链条维度可充分挖掘废弃产品中蕴含的资源价值、残余功能价值与潜在信息价值以构建循环型商业模式,在区域维度应利用制造业大国的比较优势以提升中国在资源循环领域的话语权。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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