Evaluating the environmental value loss of coastal tourism and influencing infactors under the influence of Enteromorpha prolifera disasters at the bathing beaches in Qingdao
LIUJia1,2,, LIUNing1 1. School of Management, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China2. Main Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences in the Ministry of Education, Marine Development Studies Institute of Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China 收稿日期:2017-07-19 修回日期:2017-10-17 网络出版日期:2018-02-20 版权声明:2018《资源科学》编辑部《资源科学》编辑部 基金资助:国家社会科学基金项目(17FGL005)山东社会科学规划项目(17CLYJ40)2017年度青岛市社会科学规划研究项目(QDSKL1701014) 作者简介: -->作者简介:刘佳,女,山东临朐人,博士生,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事旅游开发与规划研究。E-mail:liujia_lemon@163.com
关键词:滨海旅游;损失评估;条件价值法;浒苔绿潮;支付意愿;青岛市 Abstract Green tide disasters have occurred frequently in Qingdao in recent years. During an outbreak of Enteromorpha prolifera, the ecological environment and landscapes of coastal tourism in Qingdao are seriously violated, and to some extent, the development of related coastal tourism activities are affected. Here, the environmental value loss of coastal tourism in Qingdao was quantitatively assessed under the influence of E. prolifera by adopting the contingent valuation method (CVM) and investigating tourist willingness to pay for the treatment of E. prolifera (WTP). We found that tourist cognition degrees of E.prolifera were generally low. The proportion of tourists WTP and those that refused to pay for the treatment of E. prolifera were approximately equal. E(WTP) that tourists participated in the treatment of E. prolifera disaster was 40.72 CNY, the environmental value loss of coastal tourism in Qingdao caused by E. prolifera ranged from 1212×106 CNY to 2136×106 CNY, accounting for 0.8%-1.5% of total tourism revenue of Qingdao city in 2016. The willingness to pay and WTP values of tourists were directly affected by the disposable income of tourists and awareness of E. prolifera. Tourist satisfaction with bathing beach had a great influence on WTP, while the degree of influence on recreational activities of coastal tourists caused by a green tide disaster and WTP values were significantly correlated.
Keywords:coastal tourism;loss evaluation;contingent valuation method;Enteromorpha prolifera;Willingness to pay;Qingdao -->0 PDF (3662KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章收藏文章 本文引用格式导出EndNoteRisBibtex收藏本文--> 刘佳, 刘宁. 浒苔绿潮影响下滨海旅游环境价值损失及影响因素——以青岛市海水浴场为例[J]. 资源科学, 2018, 40(2): 392-403 https://doi.org/10.18402/resci.2018.02.15 LIUJia, LIUNing. Evaluating the environmental value loss of coastal tourism and influencing infactors under the influence of Enteromorpha prolifera disasters at the bathing beaches in Qingdao[J]. RESOURCES SCIENCE, 2018, 40(2): 392-403 https://doi.org/10.18402/resci.2018.02.15
1 引言
绿潮是由海水中某些大型绿藻(浒苔)在一定时期内暴发性增殖,或聚集达到一定水平,导致的海洋生态异常现象[1]。2007年以来,浒苔绿潮灾害在中国黄海海域呈现连续性、大规模与常态化暴发态势,成为广泛关注的海洋生态问题。根据国家海洋局发布的《中国海洋环境状况公报》[2]显示,2016年浒苔绿潮灾害在中国黄海沿岸海域的最大分布面积为57 500km2,急剧增殖的浒苔绿潮给沿海地区的水产养殖业、旅游业、居民生活等带来了诸多负面影响[3]。同样,浒苔绿潮灾害在青岛海域连续性暴发,使得海洋生态环境问题频发、滨海空气质量下降、滨海景观受到破环,造成了较为严重的海洋环境灾害和海洋经济损失,据统计,2016年青岛市海水养殖业损失高达48亿元,应急管理投入1亿元左右,总损失达近50亿元[4]。值得注意的是,浒苔绿潮集中暴发时间正处于青岛市旅游旺季,沙滩、岩石等旅游景观被浒苔侵蚀,近岸海域水质、大气环境受到一定程度的污染,沙滩娱乐、沙浴、日光浴、游泳等滨海休闲项目无法正常开展,浒苔附着游艇、船舶并产生侵蚀,也严重干扰岸钓、滩钓、体育运动等海上体验项目的开展,使得海水浴场的正常服务功能受到影响。 浒苔绿潮在一定程度上影响着青岛旅游整体环境,造成旅游形象损害和旅游经济损失。当前,浒苔灾害的影响研究得到国内外****的广泛重视。国外研究内容集中在浒苔暴发的海域范围及其成因、作用机理[5,6]以及在暴发前的预测、防控[7]等方面,并关注浒苔绿潮暴发所引发的次生灾害[8],对海洋生态系统、海洋生物产生严重的影响[9,10]。国内研究集中在浒苔的暴发原因、形成机制、损失影响和治理措施等方面,如李德萍等[11]、张林慧等[12]分别研究了沿海海域浒苔大暴发特征及其成因,吴孟泉等[13]、矫新明等[14]、刘帆等[15]均探讨了沿海海域浒苔时空分布特征及对生态环境产生的影响。同时,有害藻类对旅游业的损害影响[16]也得到初步研究,如江天久等[17]采用实地调研方法评估赤潮灾害对旅游观光业直接经济损失;周罡[18]运用现行市价法评估近海藻华灾害对旅游业的经济损失;刘佳等[19]探讨了浒苔绿潮灾害对青岛市滨海旅游环境造成损害的区域范围、旅游产品与行业部门。综上,浒苔绿潮灾害对海洋环境、滨海旅游环境以及次生灾害影响的研究得到肯定,但有关浒苔绿潮对滨海旅游环境价值损失的定量评估研究稍显不足。 当前有关灾害类事件对旅游损失评估研究成果较为丰富。国外****普遍利用定性与定量结合的方法进行旅游损失评估,定性分析如小组访谈法[20]、叙事法[21]等,定量评价包括经济评估法[22]、SARIMA模型[23]、ARIMA模型[24]等预测模型。在国内,旅游经济损害评估模型[25]、时间序列分析法[26]、相邻年比较法[27]、旅游本底趋势线[28,29]等方法得到广泛应用、检验和评估。但既有研究忽视了游客对旅游目的地遭受损害的感知,因而对灾害所引发的旅游损失进行评价会产生一定的偏差。条件价值法(CVM)已被广泛应用于环境质量改善和环境价值损失评估的研究中,其通过构造假想市场直接询问受访者对某一环境物品效益改善的最大支付意愿(Willingness to Pay,WTP),或者对于环境质量恶化希望获得的最小补偿意愿(Willingness to Accept,WTA),以受访者回答的WTP或WTA值来估计环境效益 改善或环境质量损失的经济价值[30],其已成为生态经济学和环境经济学领域中衡量非市场物品的重要方法。Randell等[31]在1974年开始将CVM应用于环境质量改善研究,目前该方法主要运用在矿区开发[32,33,34,35]、湿地保护[36]、水质改善[37,38]等领域生态环境破坏的价值损失评估研究中,但在旅游环境损失研究中,CVM方法较少得到应用。滨海旅游资源与海域生态环境是青岛旅游业发展的重要条件和基础,浒苔绿潮暴发期间,青岛滨海旅游环境质量下降,严重影响了游客的旅游体验和满意度,因浒苔绿潮灾害而造成的滨海旅游环境问题亟需解决。科学评估浒苔绿潮灾害影响下的滨海旅游环境价值损失,可为解决滨海旅游环境污染、游憩空间缩减等问题提供理论指导和决策参考。滨海旅游环境作为一种公共物品,浒苔绿潮影响下其旅游环境价值损失不能通过市场机制反映出来,需要通过假想市场来评估。因此,本文运用条件价值法(CVM),通过调查游客对治理浒苔和改善滨海旅游环境的支付意愿(WTP),研究浒苔绿潮灾害造成的青岛市滨海旅游环境价值损失,以期优化与提升青岛市滨海旅游环境质量,促进滨海旅游业的可持续发展。
问卷中涉及是否愿意为治理浒苔灾害而支付一定的费用等问题,愿意支付的游客占50.5%,不愿意支付的游客占49.5%,两方支付意愿比例相当。其中,愿意为治理浒苔灾害而支付一定费用的游客是出于保护滨海旅游资源的动机,而拒绝支付的游客中,45.0%认为治理浒苔应由政府和旅游企业承担,19.3%认为支付费用最后无法用在治理浒苔上,16.2%的游客则是由于个人经济的原因,可支配收入水平高才会为治理浒苔而支付费用。另外,在调查治理浒苔的责任方时,46.0%游客认为,治理浒苔灾害应由政府负责,其次26.4%认为污染水质的相关企业也应负相应责任,可见游客虽对治理浒苔的意愿不一,但在对治理浒苔的责任方的认知方面较为一致。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图1游客参与治理浒苔灾害的WTP值分布 -->Figure 1The distribution of WTP values for tourists to participate in the treatment of Enteromorpha prolifera disasters -->
游客的支付意愿及WTP值,表征游客为治理浒苔、保护滨海旅游环境的支付态度及支付水平,通过询问游客的支付态度,即是否愿意支付,进而确定愿意支付者的支付水平。本文选取游客的人口特征、社会经济特征、环境认知程度等影响因素作为自变量。首先运用二元Logistic回归模型,以游客的支付意愿为因变量,对游客的支付意愿影响因素进行分析;其次,运用线性回归模型,以游客的18个WTP投标值为因变量,对游客WTP值大小影响因素进行分析。分析前对自变量进行赋值说明(见表2)。 Table 2 表2 表2自变量选取及赋值情况 Table 2Variables and their assignment
新窗口打开 二元Logistic回归模型结果可知(见表3),变量SATISFY在0.01水平上显著且回归系数为负,表现为游客对海水浴场的满意程度越低,治理浒苔灾害的支付意愿越强,说明游客对海水浴场的满意度是影响游客支付意愿的主要因素。分析其深层原因,随着中国高度重视滨海旅游业的发展,游客的生态环境意识和关注度也不断提高,浒苔绿潮灾害破坏了滨海旅游环境,在一定程度上影响了游客正常旅游活动的展开。对海水浴场的满意度可以体现游客对政府部门及相关旅游企业的满意程度,进而反映中国在旅游灾害事件发展过程中应急预案的实施效果,即游客对海水浴场满意程度越低,对中国政府部门及旅游企业防治灾害的管理措施满意度越低,面对生态环境待修复的状态,游客的生态环境保护意识强烈,愿意支付更多的WTP值以治理浒苔灾害,保护滨海旅游环境。变量INC和FAMI在0.05水平上显著且回归系数为正,表明游客可支配收入、游客对浒苔的认知程度对游客支付意愿产生正向显著影响,表现为游客个人月收入越高,支付意愿越高,而且游客对浒苔的了解程度越深,其支付意愿越高,说明游客支付水平与对浒苔的认知程度是影响游客支付意愿的重要因素。其他变量均未对游客的支付意愿产生显著影响。 在游客愿意支付的基础上,运用线性回归模型对游客WTP值影响因素进行分析(见表3),变量INFLU2在0.01水平上对游客WTP值产生显著影响且回归系数绝对值最大,表现为游客认为浒苔灾害对游客滨海娱乐活动影响程度越深,游客愿意为治理浒苔、保护滨海旅游环境的WTP值越大,说明浒苔绿潮灾害对滨海娱乐活动影响程度为游客WTP值的主要影响因素。浒苔绿潮灾害已破坏滨海旅游环境,妨碍游客滨海旅游活动的正常开展,政府部门及旅游企业应予以高度重视,提出防治浒苔绿潮灾害的有效措施。变量SEX在0.05水平上显著且回归系数为负,表明性别不同对治理浒苔的支付意愿有所差异,相对于女性而言,男性更愿意较高费用来治理浒苔灾害,究其原因是由于男性在保护环境意识中更具有社会责任感,愿意支付一定费用改善生态环境。变量FREQ在0.05水平上显著且回归系数为正,表明游客的出游次数对WTP值产生显著影响,表现为青岛市海水浴场观光体验的次数越多,对滨海风景产生了一定的情感依赖性,愿意治理浒苔灾害的WTP值越高。变量INC和FAMI在0.05水平上显著且回归系数为正,表现为游客个人可支配收入、游客对浒苔的认知程度对游客WTP值产生正向显著影响,说明游客支付水平与对浒苔的认知程度是影响游客WTP值的重要因素。其他变量均未对游客的支付意愿产生显著影响。 Table 3 表3 表3游客治理浒苔灾害的支付意愿及WTP值影响因素回归分析结果 Table 3The results of regression analysis of the influencing factors of the willingness to pay and WTP valuesof tourists for the treatment of Entermorpha prolifera disasters
本文运用CVM,基于询问游客对浒苔治理的支付意愿调查,评估浒苔绿潮灾害对青岛市滨海旅游环境造成的损失,由于CVM中假想市场的特殊性,因此损失评估结果与实际有一定的偏差,在今后研究中将结合多种评价方法检验和修正浒苔绿潮灾害对滨海旅游环境价值造成的损失,降低CVM造成的偏差,使评估结果更加接近真实值。其次,本文测度浒苔绿潮灾害对滨海旅游环境的损害评估结果是一个动态数据,随着大众环保意识的增强,政府监管治理力度的增大,游客对治理浒苔灾害的支付意愿也可能会随之改变。因此,政府应加强宣传和制定滨海旅游环境保护的相关政策,增强游客保护滨海旅游环境的意识,提高参与改善滨海旅游环境的积极性,促进青岛市滨海旅游环境质量的提升。另外,因受客观条件的限制,本文基于浒苔灾害对滨海旅游环境的损害程度,选择以浒苔集中暴发区域海水浴场为代表,调查范围有一定的局限性,相比于浒苔灾害对整个沿海地区滨海旅游环境造成的损失,评估结果可能存在一定的偏差,需要持续深入研究、实证检验和修正偏差,当然对于运用CVM评估浒苔绿潮灾害的损失研究值得学术界关注。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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