Reconstruction of cropland spatial patterns in 733 AD in the Yellow River-Huangshui River Valley
WUZhilei1,, LIUFenggui1,2,3,, CHENQiong1, ZHOUQiang1, YANGDengxing1 1. College of Biologic and Geographic Sciences,Qinghai Normal University,Xining 810008,China2. Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Resources and Environment,Xining 810008,China3. Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China 通讯作者:通讯作者:刘峰贵,E-mail:lfg_918@163.com 收稿日期:2016-06-16 修回日期:2016-08-18 网络出版日期:2017-02-25 版权声明:2017《资源科学》编辑部《资源科学》编辑部 基金资助:国家自然科学基金项目(41271123,41550004)中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDB03030500) 作者简介: -->作者简介:吴致蕾,女,四川绵阳人,硕士生,主要从事自然地理综合研究。E-mail:Wuzl32@163.com
关键词:耕地;空间格局;重建;河湟谷地;公元733年 Abstract Reconstruction of high-resolution land use/land cover changes in typical region in the historical periods is of great significance to the study of past global environmental changes and global climate. It was a time node that cropland in the Tang Dynasty was the largest and the most efficient on record. Here,we collected and organized data on cropland area from historical documents during the Tang Dynasty to reconstruct the historical cropland spatial distribution of the Yellow River-Huangshui River valley (YHV)on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. We combined this with the actual distribution situation of cropland in the historical period and adjusted the distribution of settlement for a second time to reproduce the spatial distribution pattern of farmland resources in the Tang Dynasty. The results showed that cropland in the YHV in the Tang Dynasty were dominated by military Mita,it was a total of 123 Tun and the total area was 321.13km2. From analysis of cropland distribution,the spread of arable land mainly took the settlement as the center,and took the main river as the center line,and was distributed intensively in the basin of the Huangshui River and Yellow River valley area. Limited by altitude,mountainous terrain factors and a low population meant that only 11.7% of regional grids were cropland. The reclamation index was very low and influenced by natural environment factors and social productivity. It was in the early stages of agricultural development. The average reclamation rate of cropland was 9.2%,and the highest rate was 18.9%. For 31.4% of all grids the reclamation rate was less than 9%;67.6% of all grids had a reclamation index from 9%~15% and only 1% of all grids had a reclamation index which was from 15%~20%. The distribution of reclamation intensity was different among administrative units: the reclamation index was highest in Shanzhou where the average reclamation index was nearly 13%; the reclamation index in Kuozhou was far lower;and the reclamation index was lowest in Xishi region which was located in the south of the YHV.
近年来,土地利用与土地覆盖变化(LUCC,Land -Use and Land-Cover Change)对局部地区、相关区域乃至全球气候变化都有重要的影响,已成为全球变化研究中重要议题之一[1,2]。耕地是人类垦殖活动中形成的具有特殊用途的土地,是人类改变地表原始覆盖最直接的途径,同时也是人类活动影响最大的土地利用类型之一[3],耕地的动态变化已成为研究土地利用/土地覆盖变化的热点[4]。国际地圈、生物圈计划(IGBP)与全球环境变化人文计划(IHDP)共同推出的“土地利用与土地覆盖变化研究”实施战略中明确指出“对不同历史时期的土地覆盖变化的研究与全球变化的相互作用具有重要意义[5]”。历史时期土地覆盖变化的研究,能够使人类正确认识历史进程中人地关系的实质,并且能为现今土地利用状况以及未来土地利用变化趋势提供参考数据[6,7]。近年来国内外****对于历史时期LUCC方面的研究已取得较大的成果,包括全球历史环境数据集(HYDE)[8]和全球土地利用数据集(SAGE)[9]。除此之外,Esser等通过量化单位栅格内森林被砍伐的可能性和人口数据,估算出公元1000-1850年欧洲的森林覆盖变化[10]。而历史时期区域性LUCC的研究能够补充和校正全球区域大尺度数据集[11],部分****通过历史文献资料、历史地图集等历史记录数据对欧洲[12-16]、美洲[17-19]、非洲[20]内某些区域土地利用/土地覆盖变化格局进行重建。 中国丰富的历史文献资料为研究历史时期LUCC研究提供了大量的可用数据以及资料,从重建研究的空间范围来看,主要从中国全国范围[21]、中国传统农业区[22-24]或某一个典型区域[25-27]三个空间尺度对土地覆盖变化进行重建。从时间尺度上看,汪桂生,颉耀文等整理了黑河流域汉、唐、宋、元、明、清代以及民国时期的耕地数据,获得该区域时间序列上较为完整的耕地资料[27-29];何凡能等将北宋中期全国耕地面积进行整理及校正并重建出当时的耕地格局[30];罗静等,李士成等对青藏高原河谷农业区的耕地格局重建工作,分别集中在清代[31]和近100年[32]以来两个时间段。从研究方法上看,历史时期的LUCC研究从传统的对耕地数量的重建[22,28,33]向利用网格化方法重建耕地空间分布格局[23,26,27,31,32]发展。河湟谷地是青藏高原自然条件相对优越的地区,从而成为青藏高原开发历史最悠久、人口最为集中、土地利用与土地覆盖变化最大的区域之一。唐代以来,该区社会管理体系相对稳定,拥有大量的反映社会经济各个方面的历史档案、文字记录,其农业垦殖始于汉代,唐、明、清三个时期是河湟谷地农业发展相对迅速的时期[34]。而青藏高原典型区域河湟谷地历史时期耕地重建数据的整理、校正以及分布格局的工作主要集中在历史文献记录较为丰富的清代以后[31,32],河湟谷地较早耕地数据的收集整理研究工作相对缺乏。在清代农业土地利用格局基本形成之前,河湟谷地的农业垦殖活动曾达到过两次高峰,分别是汉、唐两个时期,汉代开始在河湟地区开垦耕地,唐代开垦耕地的范围渐渐扩展到了整个黄河流域及湟水流域[35]。耕地的开垦改变了原始土地覆盖状况,重建较长时间序列的耕地格局,能为河湟谷地历史时期土地利用/土地覆盖变化以及与气候变化的相互作用提供基础数据。综上所述,河湟谷地历史时期耕地格局重建方法已相对成熟,但耕地重建的研究主要集中在史前和清代以来,因此整理、重建清代以前河湟谷地耕地数据及空间分布很有必要。故本文整理、校正了公元733年(唐代开元二十一年)河湟谷地的耕地数据,通过校正历史文献中屯田数据,并对其进行单位转换,获得具有现代意义的耕地面积数据,运用网格化重建方法将耕地数据进行了空间表达,得到公元8世纪上半叶唐代河湟谷地耕地分布格局。
2 研究区概况
2.1 研究区自然地理概况
河湟谷地位于青藏高原东北部,包括青海省境内的黄河及其支流湟水河河谷地区域(图1),其行政范围包括西宁市(含城中、城北、城西、城东和湟源、湟中、大通在内的4区3县)、海东市(含平安、乐都和互助、化隆、循化、民和在内的2区4县)以及海北藏族自治州门源县,黄南藏族自治州尖扎、同仁县和海南藏族自治州贵德县等共17个区县,全区面积约3.5万km2。该区属于黄土高原向青藏高原过渡、东部季风区向西北干旱区过渡、农耕区向游牧区过渡的关键地带。海拔1689~5218m,日照时数2600~3000h,年平均温度5℃~9℃,年平均降水量为252~535mm,是青藏高原自然环境相对较好的区域,因此也是黄河流域人类活动最早的地区之一。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图1研究区位置 -->Figure 1Location of the study area -->
历史上屯田分为很多种,主要包括民屯、谪屯、商屯、军屯四种。据记载,公元733年(开元二十一年)时,全国7道72处军、州、边镇,共有屯田1025屯[43],其中1/3的屯田分布在河西道、陇右道地区。而河湟谷地的军事屯田主要分布于陇右道东部地区,通过对河湟谷地历史文献中记载的屯田记录统计、筛选和校验,共得出河湟谷地区域公元733年屯田数为123屯。主要包括鄯州、廓州境内各军队所屯之田及吐谷浑统治区内的西使所屯之田[35]。文献资料中记载“屯有大小,大者50顷,小者20顷”[44]。但,何为大屯?何为小屯?由前文可知该区的屯田隶属于州镇诸军,具有典型的军屯性质,同时《新唐书》卷53《食货志三》中记载“司农寺每屯30顷,州镇诸军每屯50顷”[47]。因此,根据3.2.2章节数据处理公式可推出: 1军屯=50×0.052 215km2=2.610 75km2 通过上式可计算出公元733年河湟谷地各区域的耕地面积(表1)。 Table 1 表1 表1公元 733年河湟谷地各区域耕地面积数据 Table 1The statistics of cropland area in each region of YHV in A.D.733(Tang Dynasty)
本文主要结论如下: (1)网格化方法的运用是历史时期耕地重建的重要突破,但由于网格化重建的精度有待于进一步提高,因此本文在修订了网格化重建模型的基础上,通过二次分配的方法使网格化重建更加符合历史时期的实际情况。 (2)公元733年前后,河湟谷地主要覆盖鄯州、廓州以及南部部分吐谷浑统治的区域,耕地以军事屯田为主,耕地格局初具规模,其中鄯州军屯94屯,廓州19屯,南部吐谷浑统治区域10屯,共计123屯,估算统计得到耕地总面积为321.13km2。 (3)从河湟谷地公元733年耕地空间分布情况来看,耕地宜垦区范围内主要以聚落为中心点,以河流为中心线向外扩散,主要集中分布在湟水干流区域以及黄河河谷区域的串珠状盆地内。受海拔高度和山地地形因素的限制,区域内可耕之地较少,加之当时河湟谷地人口较少,耕地面积有限,全区仅有11.7%的网格具有耕地分布;垦殖率受到自然条件和生产力水平的双重影响整体偏低,处于农业发展的成长期,平均垦殖率在9.2%,最高垦殖率为18.9%,其中有31.4%耕地网格垦殖率在9.0%以下,67.6%耕地网格垦殖率在9.0%~15.0%之间,1.0%的耕地网格垦殖率达到15.0%~20.0%之间。 (4)垦殖强度在行政单元之间分布具有明显的差异性,其中,鄯州垦殖率最高,平均垦殖率接近13.0%;廓州垦殖率较低,南部西使地区垦殖率最低,因此湟水流域的农业优先于黄河流域农业的发展。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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