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多情景模拟下粤港澳大湾区生态系统服务评估与权衡研究

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林媚珍1, 刘汉仪1, 周汝波2, 龚建周,11. 广州大学地理科学与遥感学院,广州 510006
2. 深圳市规划国土发展研究中心,深圳 518040

Evaluation and trade-offs of ecosystem services in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area under multi-scenario simulation

LIN Meizhen1, LIU Hanyi1, ZHOU Rubo2, GONG Jianzhou,11. School of Geography and Remote Sensing, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
2. Shezhen Urban Planning and Land Resource Research Center, Shezhen 518040, Guangdong, China

通讯作者: 龚建周(1970-),女,湖北恩施人,博士,教授,硕士生导师,主要从事城市景观、城市化与生态环境效应研究。E-mail: gongjzh66@126.com

收稿日期:2020-09-30接受日期:2021-03-24
基金资助:国家自然科学基金项目(41771097)
国家自然科学基金项目(42071123)


Received:2020-09-30Accepted:2021-03-24
作者简介 About authors
林媚珍(1963-),女,广东梅县人,硕士,教授,硕士生导师,主要从事生态系统服务、生态环境效应研究。E-mail: lmzh888@163.com






摘要
城镇化快速发展导致区域的生态系统服务衰减,威胁城市的生态安全;掌握城市群地区生态系统服务权衡/协同关系量化,对提升生态系统服务总体效益和维护区域生态安全至关重要。以粤港澳大湾区为研究区域,利用InVEST模型对粤港澳大湾区1995—2018年间产水服务、固碳服务、土壤保持服务、食物供给服务共4项生态系统服务进行评估,设定历史趋势情景、规划情景和生态保护情景,借助GeoSOS-FLUS模型进行2030年生态系统服务情景分析,探讨各种生态系统服务之间的权衡/协同关系。结果表明:① 1995—2018年间,粤港澳大湾区产水服务出现增加趋势,固碳服务、土壤保持服务和食物供给服务出现下降趋势。② 不同类型生态系统服务变化存在明显的区域异质性,产水服务高值区域其值增大,低值区域其值减小;固碳服务低值区域,其值下降更大;除香港外,土壤保持量减小的区域呈零星状分布;食物供给高值及减小的最大值位于东莞、佛山、中山和深圳等中部区域。③ 产水服务在规划情景下达到最佳,固碳服务和土壤保持服务在生态保护情景下最佳,历史趋势情景下食物供给服务最佳,生态系统服务综合效益在生态保护情景下达到最佳。④ 历史趋势情景下生态系统服务之间的权衡程度最大,生态保护情景下各项生态系统服务之间的协同程度较高。基于生态耦合模型进行粤港澳大湾区生态系统服务估算,揭示生态系统服务权衡或协同的变化关系及作用机理,可为区域生态系统服务管理和社会经济发展规划提供参考。
关键词: 生态系统服务;权衡/协同;情景模拟;GeoSOS-FLUS模型;粤港澳大湾区

Abstract
The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is facing the challenge of the increasingly serious lack of ecosystem services, which greatly hinders the implementation of the national construction strategy and the sustainable economic development of the Greater Bay Area. It is critical to understand the quantification of ecosystem services trade-offs / synergies relationships in urban agglomeration so as to enhance the overall effectiveness of ecosystem services and maintenance. Two models are introduced in this paper. Firstly, a future land-use simulation (GeoSOS-FLUS) model was employed for a 12-year (up to 2030) land-use distribution under three scenarios, namely, history trend, planning and ecological protection, respectively. Secondly, 4 ecosystem services from 1995 to 2030, which are water service, the carbon sequestration, soil conservation, and food supply, are evaluated by using InVEST model in the study area. Then, trade-off or collaborative relationship between each pair of ecosystem service types are explored and discussed. The results are as follows. (1) The water service increased from 1995 to 2008 while the carbon sequestration, soil conservation and food supply decreased. (2) Each ecological service exhibits an obvious spatiotemporal heterogeneity, in which the water services of areas with high value increase while areas with low value decrease; the carbon sequestration drops greater in lower value area than in the other. Except Hong-Kong, soil conservation of other areas have showed a decreasing trend, which are found sporadically in the entire area; the high and reduced food supply are distributed in central regions such as Dongguan, Foshan, Zhongshan and Shenzhen. (3) Optimal status can be reached for the four ecosystem services, namely, water service under planning scenario, carbon sequestration and soil conservation under ecological protection scenario, food supply under history trend scenario, and comprehensive benefit of ecosystem service under ecological protection scenario. (4) The maximized trade-off relationship between ecosystem services are observed under history trend scenario and the maximized synergies relationship under ecological protection scenario, which witnessed has a stable development trend in 1995-2018. In summary, the estimation of ecosystem service of the Greater Bay Area and explanation to the mechanism of the synergistic effects of the ecosystem service with the ecological coupling models can bring to light the relationship and mechanism among different ecosystem services, and further provide reference for regional ecosystem service management and socio-economic development plan.
Keywords:ecosystem services;trade-offs/synergies;scenario simulation;GeoSOS-FLUS;Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area


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本文引用格式
林媚珍, 刘汉仪, 周汝波, 龚建周. 多情景模拟下粤港澳大湾区生态系统服务评估与权衡研究[J]. 地理研究, 2021, 40(9): 2657-2669 doi:10.11821/dlyj020200943
LIN Meizhen, LIU Hanyi, ZHOU Rubo, GONG Jianzhou. Evaluation and trade-offs of ecosystem services in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area under multi-scenario simulation[J]. Geographical Research, 2021, 40(9): 2657-2669 doi:10.11821/dlyj020200943


1 引言

生态系统服务是指生态系统形成和维持的人类赖以生存发展的环境条件与效用,是人类直接或间接从生态系统中得到的所有收益[1,2,3],主要分为调节、供给、支持和文化服务四种类型[4]12。各类生态系统服务之间关系复杂,存在着权衡或协同关系[1,5]。权衡是指不同生态系统服务之间此消彼长,协同则是指不同生态系统服务相互增益或相互减损[6,7]。生态系统服务的定量评估及其权衡/协同关系的研究,既是生态系统服务研究的重要组成部分,更是生态系统管理和决策制定的前提[8],已成为****们研究的重点内容之一。

土地利用/覆被变化是全球环境变化的重要部分,也是人类活动对自然环境影响的最直接表现[9]。土地利用/覆被变化影响生态系统的格局与过程,继而导致生态系统的供给能力发生改变,生态系统服务间的权衡/协同关系也随之变化[10]。因此,随着人类对自然环境控制力的不断提高,人们往往通过改变某种土地利用类型从而使某一种生态系统服务功能最大化[11],加剧生态系统服务权衡/协同关系的变化[12]。而情景分析方法可通过设定不同的自然和人文条件,模拟、分析不同情景下的土地利用情况,进而揭示土地利用/覆被变化对生态系统供给能力、作用关系和总体效益的影响,因此越来越多****也开始关注在不同情景下土地利用与生态系统服务间的关系[1]。如在《千年生态系统服务报告》中,通过情景模拟发现2000—2050年,耕地的扩张将导致耕地提供的生态系统服务与其他生态用地提供的生态系统服务之间呈现权衡关系[4]22;Alcamo等[13]分别设定了4种不同情景,发现不同生态系统服务之间的权衡关系在21世纪将会不断加剧;通过设定自然、规划与保护3种情景,税伟等[14]研究认为,自然情景下权衡关系加剧,保护情景下的权衡关系最弱,规划情景居中;陈心盟等[15]在研究青藏高原时发现,在生态保护情景下,各种生态系统服务之间的权衡关系最弱,最有利于青藏高原生态环境的和谐发展。尽管如此,由于生态系统服务研究进展的阶段性以及权衡研究的不确定性,结合不同区域特色及其发展需求,进行不同情景下的土地利用变化对生态系统服务以及其权衡/协同关系的影响研究,仍然很迫切。

改革开放以来,全国社会经济发展迅速,粤港澳大湾区更是发展成为世界上的第四大湾区。与此同时,《粤港澳大湾区生态足迹报告2019》指出,粤港澳大湾区面临愈趋严重的生态系统服务匮乏挑战,而生态系统供给服务匮乏的背后则隐藏着生态系统调节服务与支持服务下降风险,极大阻碍大湾区经济的可持续发展[16]。进行该区域生态系统服务及权衡关系的量化研究,有助于直观、准确地掌握粤港澳大湾区的生态系统服务动态,为区域未来土地利用规划制定以及生态安全维持的科学决策提供参考[17,18]

本文以粤港澳大湾区城市群为研究对象,基于InVEST模型和CASA模型评估其1995—2018年间生态系统服务及其变化;设定历史趋势、规划与保护3种情景,通过GeoSOS-FLUS模型,预测粤港澳大湾区2030年的土地利用情况;最后,对生态系统服务间权衡/协同关系进行量化,为粤港澳大湾区生态系统的可持续管理以及深入推进粤港澳大湾区建设提供基础的研究支撑。

2 研究区概况与研究方法

2.1 研究区概况

粤港澳大湾区(21º25′N~24°30′N,111°12′E~115°35′ E)是包括港深都市圈、广佛都市圈及珠澳都市圈的区域,总面积5.6万 km2。粤港澳大湾区属于亚热带季风气候,常年气候温和,年均气温介于21~23℃,降水丰富且集中在夏季,多年平均降水量为1808 mm,地带性植被为南亚热带常绿阔叶季雨林。

截至2018年末,粤港澳大湾区GDP约为10.87万亿元;总人口已达7000万人,其中常住人口城镇化率高达85%[19],是中国人口密度最大的区域。

2.2 数据来源与处理

2.2.1 数据来源 研究数据包括土地利用栅格数据、气候数据、DEM、土壤数据、NDVI等空间数据,以及人口、经济、食物总产值等属性数据。其中,属性数据来源于各市/行政区的1995—2018年统计年鉴。空间数据的来源如下:

(1)土地利用栅格数据来源于欧洲太空局(European Space Agency,ESA,简称欧空局)的全球陆地覆盖数据集( https://www.esa-landcover-cci.org/),该数据是欧空局通过全球合作完成了300 m分辨率的全球地表覆盖制图(GlobCover),采用联合国粮农组织22类的分类方案(FAO-LCCS),已被应用于中国多地的研究当中,具有一定的可靠性与适用性[20]

(2)降水量和气温等气象数据来自中国气象数据网《中国地面气候资料年值数据集》( http://data.cma.cn/)。

(3)DEM数据源于地理空间数据云( http://www.gscloud.cn/),分辨率为30 m。

(4)相关土壤数据来源于FAO基于世界土壤数据库(HWSD)中国土壤数据集(1:100万)。

(6)人口、经济、食物总产值等属性数据来自于各市/行政区的统计年鉴。

2.2.2 数据处理 根据数据特征,数据处理包括空间数据和非空间(统计)数据的处理。

(1)对于空间数据,主要进行以下方面的处理:欧洲航天局(ESA)全球陆地覆盖数据集共有22种地表覆盖类型,根据数据本身精度及本研究需要,将其整合为耕地、林地、草地、水域、建设用地和未利用地共六大类土地利用类型;对降水量和气温两种气象数据进行克里金空间插值,得到粤港澳大湾区的年降水量、年均气温、月均温空间分布图;将地理空间数据云获取的DEM数据,在ArcGIS软件支持下进行填洼、流向分析等处理,得到符合研究需要的数字高程数据。

(2)对于非空间(统计)数据,统计各市/行政区的食物产值数据,并将各类食物的总产值与土地利用类型进行一一关联,以实现其空间化表达。其中,农业粮食产值对应耕地面积,畜牧产品产值对应草地面积,林果业产值对应林地面积,渔业总产值对应水体面积。

2.3 研究方法

2.3.1 基于GeoSOS-FLUS的土地利用变化情景模拟 本研究利用未来土地利用变化情景模拟模型(GeoSOS-FLUS模型),模拟粤港澳大湾区未来土地利用变化。主要有情景设置和模型构建两部分内容。一方面,土地作为人类活动的载体,土地利用类型的变化及空间分布特征很大程度上取决于人们对于未来经济发展与生态保护间的取舍。因此,根据前人的研究[14,22]以及粤港澳大湾区各市/行政区的具体规划政策文本,本研究设定历史趋势情景、规划情景和生态保护情景,然后分析各种情景下粤港澳大湾区生态系统的变化情况。不同情景设置及相应的土地利用变化规则见表1

Tab. 1
表1
表1不同情景下粤港澳大湾区土地变化规则
Tab. 1Land change rules of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area in different scenarios
情景类型情景描述
历史趋势情景土地利用变化以2010—2018年的变化速率为依据
规划情景
根据粤港澳大湾区各市/行政区的2006—2020年土地利用总体规划以及《珠江三角洲地区改革发展规划纲要(2008—2020年)》,统计到2020年粤港澳大湾区各种土地利用类型的控制面积,根据控制面积的范围值设置2020年的土地利用转移矩阵,并以此转换概率为依据,模拟粤港澳大湾区2030年的土地利用类型
生态保护情景
调整林地、耕地、水体和草地的转换概率,将林地、耕地、草地转换为建设用地的面积降低10%,同时禁止水体向建设用地转换,生态系统服务高值区禁止土地利用类型转换

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另一方面,GeoSOS-FLUS模型是传统元胞自动机(CA)的基础改进而来,用于模拟人类活动与自然双重影响下的土地利用变化以及未来情景的模型,主要参照文献进行土地利用情景模拟[21]。该模型包括以下两个框架内容:

(1)基于某一时期土地利用数据及其相关的多种驱动力因子(人为与自然),采用神经网络算法(ANN)获取各类用地类型的适宜性概率。本文选取DEM、坡度、坡向、人口、GDP、到市中心的距离、到铁路的距离7种因素作为土地利用变化的驱动力因子,计算粤港澳大湾区的适宜性概率。计算结果的验证方法为:基于2010年研究区土地利用类型,模拟得到2018年的土地利用分布图,将其与同年已有的土地利用分布图进行对比,计算Kappa系数为0.7464,总精度达84.20%,表明模拟结果良好。

(2)模型从一期土地利用分布数据中采样,并提出一种轮盘赌选择的自适应惯性竞争机制,模拟土地利用情景分布。由于多种土地利用类型同时受自然作用与人类活动共同影响,发生土地利用转换时则存在互转化时的不确定性与复杂性;正由于采样方式及竞争机制的运用,该模型较好的避免误差传递的发生,有效地规避不确定性与复杂性的负面影响,使得FLUS模型具有较高的模拟精度,能获得与现实土地利用分布相似的结果[14,21,22]

2.3.2 生态系统服务评估

(1)生态系统服务评估。分别计算了研究区四种生态系统服务的物质量,详细的计算公式见软件帮助文件。一是,运用InVEST模型的产水模计算生态系统产水服务[23],该模块是基于水热耦合平衡原理和年平均降水量数据,考虑到气候、植被、土壤等因素,定量评估栅格单元中不同景观组分的产水能力。二是,运用InVEST模型的土壤保持模块计算土壤保持能力[23]。该模块考虑了地块本身对上游沉积物截留能力,是在土壤流失方程的基础上来估算土壤侵蚀量,使土壤保持量计算更为准确。三是采用朱文泉改进的CASA模型[24],计算粤港澳大湾区的固碳服务。四是参考郝梦雅等[25],结合土地利用数据与食物总产值数据,将各类食物产值分别对应于相应的土地利用类型上,实现空间化表达。

(2)生态系统服务综合效益分析。为了衡量粤港澳大湾区生态系统服务的整体效益,对不同情景下的生态系统服务进行标准化处理,使其值域介于0~1,然后进行加权叠加,分析不同情景下研究区生态系统服务综合效益的情况。

2.3.3 生态系统服务权衡/协同关系的量化表达 采用相关分析法,探讨不同情景下2030年粤港澳大湾区4类生态系统服务的权衡/协同关系。两两服务间的权衡/协同关系以相关系数的正、负号作为判断标准,权衡/协同关系的强弱程度则以相关系数绝对值的大小作为判断标准。分以下三个步骤完成:

(1)生态系统服务物质量及变化统计。以镇/区为单位,对不同情景的各项生态系统服务进行分区统计,再计算相邻时段内各项生态系统服务的变化量。

(2)生态系统服务两两之间相关系数的计算。通过标准化进行去量纲处理,导入SPSS中进行相关性分析,得到产水服务、固碳服务、土壤保持服务、食物供给服务两两之间的相关系数矩阵。

(3)两两生态系统服务的权衡/协同关系及强弱的判断。若某对生态系统服务之间的相关系数通过了0.10水平的显著性检验,并且相关系数为负值,则该对生态系统服务之间存在显著的权衡关系;反之,若通过显著性检验,但其值为正,则该对生态系统服务为显著的协同关系。

3 结果分析

3.1 粤港澳大湾区土地利用时空变化特征

3.1.1 粤港澳大湾区土地利用变化 由图1图2可知,林地和耕地是粤港澳大湾区最主要的土地利用类型,其次是建设用地。林地分布于粤港澳大湾区的西部、西北部和东部地区,耕地多分布在粤港澳大湾区的中部、西南部和东部地区,建设用地多集中分布于粤港澳大湾区城镇化水平较高的中部地区。在1995—2005年间,粤港澳大湾区的耕地面积减少最多(减少了1148.13 km2),林地、草地、水域也呈现出减少趋势,建设用地呈增加趋势,在10年间共增加了2397.24 km2,增幅达95.56%。在2005—2018年间,耕地、草地、水域、未利用地的面积不断减少,其中减少最多的是耕地,为1951.92 km2。2005—2018年间,受《广东省生态环境建设规划(2001—2018年)》、珠江三角洲地区生态安全体系一体化规划(2014—2020年)等政策、规划的影响,以及多个城市基本生态控制线划定的约束作用下,建设用地(增加了2621.52 km2)对草地、林地等生态用地的侵占有所减缓,林地在近13年间也有略微增加,增幅为0.06%。

图1

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图11995—2018年粤港澳大湾区土地利用变化

Fig. 1Land use change within the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, 1995-2018



图2

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图21995—2018年粤港澳大湾区土地利用空间分布

注:此图基于国家自然资源部标准地图服务系统的标准地图(审图号:GS(2019)4342号)绘制,底图无修改。
Fig. 2Land use landscape within the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, 1995-2018



3.1.2 不同情景下粤港澳大湾区土地利用变化 不同情景的土地利用预测结果见表2。在历史趋势情景中,粤港澳大湾区的优势地类是林地,面积达26171.46 km2,占整个研究区的45.27%,其次是耕地,面积为19277.46 km2,占总面积的33.35%,建设用地则占14.46%。由于历史趋势情景的设置是基于2010—2018年的土地利用变化速率,与2018年土地利用情况相比,耕地、草地、水域面积均呈减少趋势,分别减少了1001.97 km2、78.66 km2和5.49 km2,林地和建设用地面积则呈增加趋势,分别增加了255.42 km2和831.33 km2。由此可见,在历史趋势情景下,建设用地的扩张并未得到较好地约束,不断对耕地、草地等生态用地进行侵占,不利于区域生态安全格局的构建。

Tab. 2
表2
表2粤港澳大湾区土地利用现状结构及2030年情景预测值
Tab. 2Land use structure in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area in different scenarios (km2
土地利用类型2018年历史趋势情景规划情景生态保护情景
耕地20279.4319277.4619531.9819859.04
林地25916.0426171.4626201.1626349.30
草地568.08489.42396.81590.94
水域3514.773509.283410.013414.06
建设用地7527.338358.668266.417592.94
未利用地1.080.450.360.45

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在规划情景下,林地依然是粤港澳大湾区的优势地类,面积占整个区域的45.33%,其次是耕地,占总面积的33.79%。与2018年相比,耕地减少了747.75 km2,减少幅度低于历史趋势情景,而建设用地增加了739.08 km2,增幅也低于历史趋势情景。由于规划情景的设定是以粤港澳大湾区各市/行政区的2005—2020年土地利用总体规划为依据,因此说明了各市/行政区政府已开始有意识地对建设用地的扩张进行控制,并严格保护林地、基本农田等生态用地,不断地对土地利用结构和空间格局进行优化,生态格局也朝着积极方向发展。

在生态保护情景下,林地、耕地、草地等生态用地所受到的压力减少,与2018年相比,林地和草地分别增加433.26 km2和22.86 km2,耕地减少420.39 km2,降幅远低于历史趋势情景和规划情景;建设用地虽有增加,但增幅也远低于历史趋势情景和规划情景。

3.2 粤港澳大湾区生态系统服务

3.2.1 粤港澳大湾区生态系统服务时空变化 通过InVEST模型与CASA模型的模拟得到粤港澳大湾区产水服务、固碳服务、土壤保持服务和食物供给服务4项生态系统服务的物质量及空间分布格局(见图3)。

图3

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图31995—2018年粤港澳大湾区生态系统服务时空变化

注:此图基于国家自然资源部标准地图服务系统的标准地图(审图号:GS(2019)4342号)绘制,底图无修改。
Fig. 3Spatiotemporal changes of ecosystem services in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area from 1995 to 2018



(1)粤港澳大湾区产水服务的空间分布格局为中部高、东西部低;在1995—2018年间,粤港澳大湾区的产水量呈现出明显的增加趋势,增加的区域主要发生在中部地区,减少情况主要发生在肇庆市的南部、江门市的南部和珠海市。

(2)粤港澳大湾区固碳服务的高值区位于肇庆市、江门市、惠州市和香港,即呈现四周高中部低的空间分布格局,原因在于该地区的林地分布面积大,具有较高的植被覆盖率,固碳能力强;而固碳服务低值区则分布于粤港澳大湾区的中部地区。在1995—2018年间,粤港澳大湾区的固碳量呈下降趋势,下降的地区主要分布在粤港澳大湾区的中部。

(3)粤港澳大湾区土壤保持服务的空间分布格局为东部、西北部、西南部高,中部低,主要是因为这些地区地表植被覆盖度高,林地、耕地等可通过林冠层、枯枝落叶层和土壤层拦截降雨,减少雨水对土壤的冲刷,故土壤保持能力较强;而中部地区除了植被覆盖度低外,地势相对平坦,导致土壤潜在侵蚀量和实际侵蚀量均较小,因此土壤保持量较小;在1995—2018年间土壤保持量呈现出减少趋势,土壤保持量减少的地区呈零星分布状,增加的地区分布在香港的中部地区。

(4)粤港澳大湾区的食物供给服务在近23年间整体出现大幅度的下降;从空间上看,食物供给服务高值区位于粤港澳大湾区的中部,而1995—2018年间食物供给减少的区域也集中于中部,如东莞、佛山、中山、深圳等地。

3.2.2 不同情景下粤港澳大湾区生态系统服务

(1)情景预测下的生态系统服务。根据模拟得到的2030年3种不同情景下的粤港澳大湾区土地利用数据,运用InVEST模型、CASA模型等评估不同情景下粤港澳大湾区的产水服务、固碳服务、土壤保持服务和食物供给服务,并将2018年的生态系统服务作为现状情景与3种模拟情景下的服务进行对比分析(见表3,见第2664页)。总的来看,与2018年相比,在历史趋势情景与规划情景下,固碳服务和食物供给服务均呈现出不同程度的下降趋势,产水服务和土壤保持服务则呈现上升趋势;而在生态保护情景下,除了食物供给服务呈现下降趋势外,其余3种服务均呈上升趋势。

Tab. 3
表3
表3不同情景下生态系统服务
Tab. 3Ecosystem services in different scenarios
产水服务(亿 m3固碳服务(万 gC)土壤保持服务(亿 t)食物供给能力(元/km2
2018年
613.5128617.18120.65130.22
历史趋势情景616.6328539.81128.90123.93
规划情景616.7328590.01128.89119.60
生态保护情景615.2728665.38129.00128.82

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基于3种设定情景,模拟得到的4种生态系统服务的空间格局差异不大,规划或生态保护情景下的生态系统服务物质量相对偏高,此处仅绘制规划情景模拟的生态系统服务空间分布(见图4)。

图4

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图4规划情景下粤港澳大湾区生态系统服务空间分布

注:此图基于国家自然资源部标准地图服务系统的标准地图(审图号:GS(2019)4342号)绘制,底图无修改。
Fig. 4Spatial distribution of ecosystem services in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area in planning scenarios



① 产水服务呈现出中部高、东西部低的空间分布格局。与2018年相比,规划情景下产水量增加最多,共增加了3.23亿 m3,增加的区域主要位于广州市中部和东莞、深圳等地,主要是因为在规划情景下较大面积的其他用地类型向建设用地转移,导致不透水表面面积占比较高,地表蒸散量低。历史趋势情景和生态保护情景下产水量均有所增加但增幅较少,说明了在规划情景下产水服务达到最佳。

② 固碳服务的高值区主要位于西北部、西南部和东部等植被覆盖率高的地区,低值区分布在中部地区。与2018年相比,历史趋势情景和规划情景下固碳服务呈下降趋势,其中历史趋势情景下降最多,下降了77.37万gC,主要是因为历史趋势情景下建设用地的增长所受制约较少,大量的耕地、草地、林地转移到建设用地。生态保护情景下,由于林地、草地等生态用地面积增加,使得区域内植被覆盖率提高,固碳能力也随之提高,使得研究区的固碳服务达到最佳。

③ 土壤保持服务高值区主要分布于东部、西北和西南部地区,而中部地区除了植被覆盖度低之外,地势也较为平坦,导致土壤保持量少。与2018年相比,3种情景下的土壤保持服务均呈上升趋势,上升幅度最大的是生态保护情景,说明土壤保持服务在生态保护情景下达到最佳,也说明了生态保护情景下能有效抑制建设用地的扩张,有利于提高区域的土壤保持能力。

④ 食物供给服务则呈现出中部高、西北和东部低的空间格局。与2018年相比,3种情景下食物供给能力都呈下降趋势,其中在规划情景中下降最大,共下降了10.62元/km2,主要是由于规划情景中建设用地的扩张,占用了大量可提供食物供给服务的耕地和林地等用地类型;而在生态保护情景下食物供给能力下降最小,仅下降了1.4元/km2。因此,食物供给服务在生态保护情景中达到最佳。

(2)生态系统服务综合效益分析。粤港澳大湾的土地利用现状(2018年)与3种模拟对应的生态系统服务综合效益空间分布格局较为一致,为此仅绘制2018年与生态保护情景下研究区生态系统服务综合效益图(见图5)。可见,综合效益较高的地区位于研究区东部,如惠州市、广州市北部和西南部的江门市;综合效益较低的区域主要分布于研究区的中部。相对于2018年,3种情景模拟的综合效益均有所上升,可见研究区生态环境正朝正向方向发展。但综合效益有所差异,表现为生态保护情景>规划情景>历史趋势情景>现状情景,也说明了生态保护情景下更利于粤港澳大湾区生态系统服务的发展(见图5c)。

图5

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图5不同情景下粤港澳大湾区生态系统服务综合效益

注:此图基于国家自然资源部标准地图服务系统的标准地图(审图号:GS(2019)4342号)绘制,底图无修改。
Fig. 5Comprehensive benefits of ecosystem services in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area in different scenarios



3.3 粤港澳大湾区生态系统服务权衡与协同关系量化

表4可知,在3种不同情景下,粤港澳大湾区的食物供给服务与产水服务、土壤保持服务之间的相关系数均为负,并通过了0.01水平上的显著性检验,表明这两对生态系统服务之间具有明显的权衡关系。从相关系数的大小可知,食物供给服务与产水服务之间的权衡程度为历史趋势情景>规划情景>生态保护情景,而食物供给服务与土壤保持服务之间的权衡程度为生态保护情景>历史趋势情景>规划情景,说明粤港澳大湾区两种供给型服务在历史趋势情景下的权衡程度最大,不同的供给型服务与调节型服务在生态保护情景下权衡程度达到最大。在3种不同情景下,固碳服务与产水服务、土壤保持服务与固碳服务、产水服务与土壤保持服务的相关系数均为正,并通过了0.01或0.05水平上的显著性检验,表明生态系统服务之间具有明显的协同关系,且3对生态系统服务在生态保护情景下的协同程度达到最大,说明在生态保护情景下有利于提高粤港澳大湾区的生态系统服务的供给能力。

Tab. 4
表4
表42030年粤港澳大湾区生态系统服务权衡与协同关系
Tab. 4Trade-offs among ecosystem services in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area in 2030
情景食物供给
与固碳
食物供给
与产水
食物供给与
土壤保持
固碳与
产水
固碳与
土壤保持
产水与
土壤保持
历史趋势情景0.131-0.614**-0.437**0.207*0.520**0.829**
规划情景0.017-0.609**-0.364**0.445**0.621**0.841**
生态保护情景0.023-0.534**-0.550**0.904**0.856**0.878**
注:**、*分别在0.01、0.05水平(双侧)上显著相关。

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4 结论与讨论

4.1 讨论

不同用地类型阶段性变化特征表明,在过去的发展历程中,粤港澳大湾区各市/行政区政府采取的土地利用规划与生态保护政策,起到了有效的保护效果。基于本地政府制定的土地利用总体规划的社会发展,可有效遏制城市的蔓延。尽管如此,在满足区域经济持续高速发展以及人口快速增长需要的前提下,生态保护情景的土地利用策略能促进各项服务发挥出最大效益,这对于粤港澳大湾区生态源地的选取、生态廊道以及生态安全网络的构建具有重要的参考意义。

研究结果发现,具有较强水分蒸散作用的林地向其他类型用地转移时,会使区域的产水量增加,这结果与李屹峰等[26]对密云水库的研究一致;当草地、林地面积增加时,会使固碳能力和土壤保持能力增强,这结果与尚二萍等[27]对黔桂喀斯特山地的研究一致;建设用地侵占耕地导致农作物生产能力下降,这与钱彩云等[28]研究结果一致。由此可知,林地、草地、耕地和建设用地等类型,是粤港澳大湾区生态系统服务间权衡与协同关系形成与变化的主要驱动因子。例如,林地与草地面积的增加,既能增强区域的固碳能力也能促进土壤保持,二者具有协同作用;耕地面积的减少,并大量向建设用地转移,会导致区域内产水量增加,但食物供给能力却呈下降趋势。

相关系数虽能够直观地揭示生态系统服务间的权衡/协同作用关系,也能反映生态系统服务之间权衡/协同的程度,但由于生态系统服务之间的权衡与协同关系异常复杂,相关系数法仍无法充分反映生态系统服务权衡与协同的内部机理和作用机制。因此,采取切实有效的模型与方法,更为细致的权衡与协同机理与机制研究显得尤为重要。同时,本研究只选取了4种生态系统服务进行分析,这样对粤港澳大湾区生态系统服务权衡与协同关系的研究是不够全面的,需进一步开展更为精细的生态系统服务权衡/协同关系的量化模拟研究。

4.2 结论

本文以粤港澳大湾区为研究区域,定量评估了粤港澳大湾区1995—2018年间产水服务、固碳服务、土壤保持服务和食物供给服务4种生态系统服务的物质量;并利用GeoSOS-FLUS模型预测了研究区2030年3种情景(历史趋势情景、规划情景、生态保护情景)下的土地利用空间格局和生态系统服务及权衡的演变趋势。主要结论如下:

(1)在1995—2018年内,粤港澳大湾区各用地类型变化是城镇化快速发展过程中的常态表现,即耕地、林地、草地、水域、未利用地面积减少和建设用地面积增加;而在不同时段中,研究区的林地面积先减后增,耕地面积的减少幅度不断降低,建设用地增加速度也开始减缓。

(2)从不同情景下的土地利用类型情况可知,若粤港澳大湾区的社会发展不加以理性调整,2030年的建设用地面积仍将达最高值,由此导致各生态系统服务两两之间的权衡程度最大,各服务间的竞争关系最为激烈。

(3)生态保护情景下,各项生态系统服务之间的协同程度较高、综合效益达到最佳。因此认为,对生态用地的侵占会威胁城市群的生态安全,粤港澳大湾区建设需严格划定城镇开发边界,尽可能提高土地利用效率,严守最严格的节约用地制度,推动建设用地集约发展。

致谢:

真诚感谢多位匿名评审专家在论文中所付出的时间和精力,评审专家对本文摘要部分、结论、讨论部分内容的修改意见,使本文获益匪浅。


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傅伯杰, 张立伟. 土地利用变化与生态系统服务: 概念、方法与进展
地理科学进展, 2014, 33(4):441-446.

DOI:10.11820/dlkxjz.2014.04.001 [本文引用: 3]
生态系统服务作为生态学与地理学的研究前沿和热点,受到众多****与研究组织的关注。土地利用变化通过对生态系统格局与过程的影响,改变着生态系统产品与服务的提供能力。本文对土地利用变化与生态系统服务相关研究背景和概念进行了介绍,总结了生态系统服务评估方法的特点,对目前研究中存在的问题进行了分析,展望了未来的研究趋势。加强土地利用变化驱动下生态系统过程与服务的相互关系、生态系统服务之间的相互关系以及生态系统服务的区域集成与优化是生态系统服务研究的前沿科学问题,这些科学问题的解决将为生态系统管理提供重要的理论和方法支持。
[ Fu Bojie, Zhang Liwei. Land-use change and ecosystem services: concepts, methods and progress
Progress in Geography, 2014, 33(4):441-446.]. DOI: 0.11820/dlkxjz.2014.04.001.

[本文引用: 3]
As a frontier and hot topic in ecology and geography, the study of ecosystem services has attracted the interest of many scholars and research institutions. By changing the structure and processes of ecosystems, landuse change affects the provisioning capability of ecosystems for products and services. Study of the relationships between ecosystem processes and services, the relationships among multiple ecosystem services, and the integration and optimization of these services at the regional scale in the context of land-use change urgently needs to be enhanced. The results of such research will be critically important for informing and supporting activities of ecosystem management. This paper introduces the concepts and methods of the study of land- use change and ecosystem services and discusses the shortcomings of existing studies and future prospects of land-use change and ecosystem services research.

Costanza R, D'Arge R, Groot R D, et al. The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital
Nature, 1997, 387(6630):253-260. DOI: 10.1038/387253a0.

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Daily G C. Nature's Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. Washington D C: Island Press, 1997: 1-3.
[本文引用: 1]

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being Synthesis. Washington DC: Island Press, 2005.
[本文引用: 2]

Rodríguez J P, Beard T D, Bennett E M, et al. Trade-offs across space, time, and ecosystem services
Ecology & Society, 2005, 11(1):709-723. DOI: 10.5751/ES-01667-110128.

[本文引用: 1]

Bennett E M, Peterson G D, Gordon L J. Understanding relationships among multiple ecosystem services
Ecology Letters, 2009, 12(12):1394-1404. DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01387.x.

PMID:19845725 [本文引用: 1]
Ecosystem management that attempts to maximize the production of one ecosystem service often results in substantial declines in the provision of other ecosystem services. For this reason, recent studies have called for increased attention to development of a theoretical understanding behind the relationships among ecosystem services. Here, we review the literature on ecosystem services and propose a typology of relationships between ecosystem services based on the role of drivers and the interactions between services. We use this typology to develop three propositions to help drive ecological science towards a better understanding of the relationships among multiple ecosystem services. Research which aims to understand the relationships among multiple ecosystem services and the mechanisms behind these relationships will improve our ability to sustainably manage landscapes to provide multiple ecosystem services.

戴尔阜, 王晓莉, 朱建佳, . 生态系统服务权衡: 方法、模型与研究框架
地理研究, 2016, 35(6):1005-1016.

DOI:10.11821/dlyj201606001 [本文引用: 1]
生态系统服务之间存在着此消彼长的权衡关系或彼此增益的协同关系,科学理解和权衡这些作用关系有利于指导生态系统管理实践,也对实现社会经济发展和生态保护的“双赢”目标具有重要意义。系统梳理了国内外现有的生态系统服务权衡研究工作,归纳总结了权衡研究的主要方法:统计学、空间分析、情景模拟和服务流动性分析方法;对权衡研究中常用的生态系统服务权衡模型进行了机理介绍和应用分析;进一步提出了权衡研究的理论框架和重要切入点,即生态系统服务的时空尺度特征、相互作用、效益和驱动机制。对生态系统服务权衡未来的进一步深化研究进行了展望,旨在为国内相关研究提供启迪和参考。
[ Dai Erfu, Wang Xiaoli, Zhu Jianjia, et al. Methods, tools and research framework of ecosystem service trade-offs
Geographical Research, 2016, 35(6):1005-1016.]. DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201606001.

[本文引用: 1]
Ecosystem services are the benefits humans received from the natural environment, which are closely related to the environmental process and human activities. With the deepening understanding one cosystem services, their relationships and integrated effects between different ecosystem services have been paid more and more attention both at spatial and temporal dimensions. Due to the complex relationships between diverse ecosystem services, there is likely to be a contradictory mutual relationship between various ecosystem services, which is mainly shown as reciprocal trade-offs or mutual gain synergies. Scientific understanding and weighing these trade-offs and synergies relationship would have contributed to ecosystem management and decision-making, and have great significance on realizing "win-win" polices for the economic development and ecological protection. In this paper, based on the literature review of ecosystem services worldwide, primary methods for trade-offs were firstly classified as statistical analysis, spatial analysis, scenarios analysis and ecosystem service flowing analysis, and summarized the advantages and disadvantages. In addition, some important models and tools for ecosystem service trade-offs were systematically reviewed. Furthermore, a theoretical framework of ecosystem service trade-offs analysis was proposed to explore the scale characteristics, interactions, overall benefit evaluation and optimization and drive mechanism of various ecosystem services. Eventually, this paper presented the prospects of future studies for ecosystem service trade-offs as following: (1) Quantizing and simulating the multi-scale spatial and temporal characteristics of the relationship between trade-offs and synergies is an important content in the study of ecosystem services trade-offs. (2) The models for ecosystem services trade-offs management would become the important methods to explore the interactions between various ecosystem services. (3) Model applications, parameter localization and regionalization are critical steps in the process of the ecosystem services research, shown as the flow of "quantitation, trade-offs and decision-making". (4) Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary comprehensive research is the most important direction in future trade-offs and synergies of ecosystem services research. These prospects and reviews would help to offer revelation and reference for domestic relevant researches, and could provide the theoretic grounds for the practice of the study of the regional ecological environment management.

彭建, 胡晓旭, 赵明月, . 生态系统服务权衡研究进展: 从认知到决策
地理学报, 2017, 72(6):960-973.

DOI:10.11821/dlxb201706002 [本文引用: 1]
作为沟通自然生态系统与人类社会的重要桥梁,生态系统服务一直以来都是地理学、生态学等学科的研究前沿和热点。正确认知生态系统服务之间的关系,是开展多种生态系统服务可持续管理决策的前提,有助于人类福祉的全面提升。本文通过厘定生态系统服务权衡的概念内涵,梳理了生态系统服务权衡的空间、时间和可逆性特征,将多层次人类福祉的满足作为权衡的最终目标,视生态补偿为权衡决策的基本保障途径。生态系统服务权衡关系的识别依托于定量指标法和综合模型法,且权衡关系可能随时空尺度的推移发生改变;情景分析与多目标分析是生态系统服务权衡决策的有效手段。生态系统服务权衡多尺度关联、生态系统服务流与远程耦合、生态系统服务消费与生态补偿,成为当前生态系统服务权衡研究的重点方向。
[ Peng Jian, Hu Xiaoxu, Zhao Mingyue, et al. Research progress on ecosystem service trade-offs: From cognition to decision-making
Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(6):960-973.]. DOI: 10.11821/dlxb201706002.

[本文引用: 1]
As a hot spot in geography, ecology and related disciplines, ecosystem services have been playing a vital role in bridging the human society with the ecosystem. A deep understanding of the relationship among ecosystem services is a critical enabling factor for sustainable management and decision-making in multiple ecosystem services, in turn realizing the dual goals of economic development and ecological protection and thus contributing to the overall wellbeing of human. Through a systematic review of the concept of ecosystem service trade-offs, this article explores their characteristics in terms of spatial scales, temporal scales and reversibility, considering human's wellbeing at different levels as the ultimate goal of ecosystem service trade-offs and ecological compensation as a baseline method of protection in trade-offs. Such ecosystem services trade-offs are expressed by quantitative indexing and integrated modelling. While such trade-offs and synergies among ecosystem services could present significant variations by spatial and temporal scales, scenario simulation and multi-objective analysis are effective ways to support decision-making in ecosystem service trade-offs. Based on these findings, the multi-scale correlation of ecosystem service trade-offs, the flow of ecosystem service based on telecoupling, and the consumption and compensation of ecosystem services are identified to be the main directions for future research on ecosystem service trade-offs.

王军, 顿耀龙. 土地利用变化对生态系统服务的影响研究综述
长江流域资源与环境, 2015, 24(5):798-808.

[本文引用: 1]

[ Wang Jun, Dun Yaolong. A peview on the effects of land use change on ecosystem services
Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2015, 24(5):798-808.]. DOI: 10.11870/cjlyzyyhj201505012.

[本文引用: 1]

王晓萌, 潘佩佩, 王晓旭, . 基于土地利用的河北省生态系统服务权衡/协同关系研究
地理与地理信息科学, 2021, 37(1):80-88.

[本文引用: 1]

[ Wang Xiaomeng, Pan Peipei, Wang Xiaoxu, et al. Research on ecosystem service trade-off/Synergy relationship in Hebei province based on land use. Geography and
Geo-Information Science, 2021, 37(1):80-88.]. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-0504.2021.01.013.

[本文引用: 1]

Chisholm R. A. Trade-offs between ecosystem services: Water and carbon in a biodiversity hotspot
Ecological Economics, 2001, 69(10):1973-1987. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.05.013.

URL [本文引用: 1]

李双成, . 生态系统服务地理学. 北京: 科学出版社, 2017: 125-128.
[本文引用: 1]

[ Li Shuangcheng, et al. The Geography of Ecosystem Services. Beijing: Science Press, 2017: 125-128.]
[本文引用: 1]

Alcamo J, Vuuren D V, Ringler C, et al. Changes in nature's balance sheet: Model-based estimates of future worldwide ecosystem services
Ecology & Society, 2005, 10(2):19. DOI: 10.5751/ES-01551-100219.

[本文引用: 1]

税伟, 杜勇, 王亚楠, . 闽三角城市群生态系统服务权衡的时空动态与情景模拟
生态学报, 2019, 39(14):5188-5197.

[本文引用: 3]

[ Shui Wei, Du Yong, Wang Yanan, et al. Spatio-temporal dynamics and scenarios simulation of trade-offs between ecosystem services in Min Delta urban agglomeration
Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2019, 39(14):5188-5197.]. DOI: 10.5846 /stxb201809141982.

[本文引用: 3]

陈心盟, 王晓峰, 冯晓明, . 青藏高原生态系统服务权衡与协同关系
地理研究, 2021, 40(1):18-34.

DOI:10.11821/dlyj020200399 [本文引用: 1]
青藏高原被称为世界的“第三极”,随着全球变化和频繁的人类活动,生态系统服务之间彼此消长,分析生态系统服务的时空变化及权衡协同关系对青藏高原地区的生态环境和经济的协调发展具有重要意义。本文结合遥感、气象、土地利用等多源数据,并基于逐像元相关分析法,对研究区长时间序列下产水价值量、固碳价值量和气候调节价值量间的权衡与协同关系时空动态特征进行分析。结果表明:① 1990—2015年,青藏高原三种生态系统服务产水、固碳和气候调节均呈现由西北向东南增加的空间分布格局,26年间,产水服务和气候调节服务呈波动增加的趋势,固碳服务年际间波动大涨幅小。② 不同土地利用类型中,林地类型中三种服务价值量总体较高,水体类型中固碳和气候调节价值量均较低,产水价值量较高,2015年不同的土地利用类型上,产水服务的价值量表现为:林地>水体>草地>耕地;固碳价值量呈现为:林地>耕地>草地>水体;气候调节价值量呈现为:林地>草地>耕地>水体。③ 青藏高原中,气候调节与产水、固碳与产水间存在着此消彼长的权衡关系,而气候调节与固碳服务则具有相互促进的协同关系,固碳与气候调节的相关度最强,气候调节与产水的相关性最弱。④ 保护情景下,气候与产水呈现弱协同关系,气候与固碳的协同性最强,产水与固碳间的权衡性最弱,最有利于青藏高原生态环境的良好发展。
[ Chen Xinmeng, Wang Xiaofeng, Feng Xiaoming, et al. Ecosystem service trade-off and synergy on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
Geographical Research, 2021, 40(1):18-34.]. DOI: 10.11821/dlyj020200399.

[本文引用: 1]
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is known as the "third pole" of the world. With the global changes and frequent human activities, its ecological problems are exacerbated. Analysis of the spatiotemporal changes of ecosystem services and trade-off synergy has important significance for the coordinated development of the ecological environment and economy in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Based on climate regulation services, carbon sequestration and water production services, we combine remote sensing, meteorology, land use and other multi-source data, and use pixel-by-pixel correlation analysis to study the spatiotemporal dynamic characteristics of trade-offs and synergies in long-term sequences in the study area. The results showed that: (1) From 1990 to 2015, all the three ecosystem services presented a spatial distribution pattern, in which water production, carbon sequestration, and climate regulation increased from northwest to southeast. In the 26 years, water production services and climate regulation services showed a trend of increasing volatility, and inter-annual fluctuations in carbon sequestration services rose slightly. (2) Among different land use types, the three types of services in the forest land type are generally higher in value, while the values of carbon sequestration and climate regulation in the water body type are lower, and the value of water production is higher. In terms of land use types in 2015, the value of water production services was listed as forest land > water body > grassland > cultivated land; the value of carbon sequestration was presented as forest land > arable land > grassland > water body; the value of climate regulation was forest land > grassland > arable land > water body. (3) In the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, there is a trade-off relationship between climate regulation and water production, carbon sequestration and water production. Climate regulation and carbon sequestration services have a mutually reinforcing synergistic relationship. Carbon sequestration and climate regulation are closely related. The correlation between climate regulation and water production is the weakest. (4) Under the protection scenario, the climate and water production exhibit a weak synergy relationship, with the strongest synergy between climate and carbon sequestration, and the weakest balance between water production and carbon sequestration, which is most conducive to the healthy development of the ecological environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

谢高地, 曹淑艳, 毕明丽, . 粤港澳大湾区生态足迹报告2019
北京: 世界自然基金会, 2019: 3-4.

[本文引用: 1]

[ Xie Gaodi, Cao Shuyan, Bi Mingli, et al. Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Ecological Footprint Report 2019
Beijing: World Wide Fund for Nature, 2019: 3-4.]

[本文引用: 1]

王世豪, 黄麟, 徐新良, . 粤港澳大湾区生态系统服务时空演化及其权衡与协同特征
生态学报, 2020, 40(23):8403-8416.

[本文引用: 1]

[ Wang Shihao, Huang Lin, Xu Xinliang, et al. Spatial and temporal evolution of ecosystem services and its trade-offs and synergies in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area
Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2020, 40(23):8403-8416.]. DOI: 10.5846 /stxb202003270717.

[本文引用: 1]

毛齐正, 黄甘霖, 邬建国. 城市生态系统服务研究综述
应用生态学报, 2015, 26(4):1023-1033.

PMID:26259442 [本文引用: 1]

[ Mao Qizheng, Huang Ganlin, Wu Jianguo. Urban ecosystem services: A review
Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2015, 26(4):1023-1033.]. DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.2015.0016.

PMID:26259442 [本文引用: 1]
Maintaining and improving ecosystem services in urban areas and human well-being are essential for sustainable development and therefore constitute an important topic in urban ecology. Here we reviewed studies on ecosystem services in urban areas. Based on the concept and classification of urban ecosystem services, we summarized characteristics of urban ecosystem services, including the human domination, high demand of ecosystem services in urban areas, spatial heterogeneity and temporal dynamics of ecosystem services supply and demand in urban areas, multi-services of urban green infrastructures, the socio-economic dimension of ecosystem services supply and ecosystem disservices in urban areas. Among different urban ecosystem services, the regulating service and cultural service are particularly indispensable to benefit human health. We pointed out that tradeoffs among different types of ecosystem services mostly occur between supportive service and cultural service, as well as regulating service and cultural service. In particular, we emphasized the relationship between landscape design (i.e. green infrastructure) and ecosystem services supply. Finally, we discussed current gaps to link urban ecosystem services studies to landscape design and management and pointed out several directions for future research in urban ecosystem services.

赵晓斌, 强卫, 黄伟豪, . 粤港澳大湾区发展的理论框架与发展战略探究
地理科学进展, 2018, 37(12):1597-1608.

DOI:10.18306/dlkxjz.2018.12.002 [本文引用: 1]
粤港澳大湾区是在“一带一路”倡议下,由珠三角经济圈的强化合作而产生的新地理概念。作为新兴的全球化港湾,粤港澳大湾区如何突破新自由主义框架理论,探索出符合社会主义市场经济体制的发展路径,是当前决策者和规划者需要思考的重要问题。本文简要梳理了现有的城市群、区域增长极理论,新经济地理集群理论,全球产业链网络理论并结合大湾区现状优势,对湾区发展战略定位与发展路径进行探究,认为可通过粤港澳三方通力合作,创造一个内生型的经济与产业本土增长模式为主要方向。具体表现为:首先,要以先进制造业为立足点、实现自我创新的产业升级,形成完善的制造业产业链,并成为全球生产网络的重要节点与区域性枢纽;其次,大湾区还应利用自身的科研与教育、金融与创新资源优势,推进“一国两制三关税区”、尤其是与香港在大湾区建设中的全方位参与联动,完善产权制度,加强合规和规则经济的市场经济体系建设,将大湾区打造为中国的科创中心及全球性金融中心。
[ Zhao Xiaobin, Qiang Wei, Huang Weihao, et al. Theoretical framework and development strategy of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area
Progress in Geography, 2018, 37(12):1597-1608.]. DOI: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2018.12.002.

[本文引用: 1]
The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is a new geographical concept arising from the enhanced cooperation of the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone under China's Belt and Road Initiative. As a new global bay area, how to make a theoretical breakthrough in neoliberalism framework and explore the development pathway in line with the socialist market economic system is an important issue that policymakers and planners need to think about. Based on a systematic review of the existing theories in urban agglomeration, regional growth pole theory, the cluster theory in new economic geography, and the global production network theory, this article seeks for a theoretical framework and grounding for understanding the development issues in the Greater Bay Area. In line with the existing advantages of the Greater Bay Area, this article identifies the strategic positioning and development pathway for the area, and argues that creating a new development model of endogenous growth with indigenous innovation is the first development priority for the Greater Bay Area. That is, through deepening the cooperation between Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macau under "one country, two systems, three tariff zone," the Greater Bay Area could first achieve the transformation and upgrading in advanced manufacturing industry and secure a strategic position as an important regional hub in the global production network. Second, the Greater Bay Area should also use its own strengths in education, scientific research, and international financial services to develop China's innovation hub and global financial center with strong property rights, compliance, and rule-based economic system.

杜国明, 刘美, 孟凡浩, . 基于地学知识的大尺度土地利用/土地覆盖精细化分类方法研究
地球信息科学学报, 2017, 19(1):91-100.

DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1047.2017.00091 [本文引用: 1]
人类活动对生态环境具有显著影响,大尺度土地利用/覆盖变化(Land Use/Cover Change,LUCC)作为人类活动最直接的表征,能够很好地反映这一过程,因此进行精确而迅速的大尺度土地利用/覆盖分类与提取方法研究尤为关键。全球覆盖产品GlobCover(2005/2006)数据已经具有良好的空间精度和数据准确度,但仍然存在一些分类误差。为提高地表覆被分类精度,本文以GlobCover(2005/2006)的巴西数据为例,以2005年Landsat TM/ETM影像为主要信息源,结合相应地学知识与辅助数据,利用人机交互逐栅格修改方法得到2005年土地利用数据产品。结果表明:通过对GlobCover数据和本次成果数据进行精度评价与对比分析,GlobCover数据巴西地区的总体精度为67.17%,Kappa系数为0.58,改进后产品总体精度为93.39%,Kappa系数为0.91。此外,改进后数据显示巴西常绿阔叶林面积最大,面积比例达45.67%;农地/自然植被镶嵌面积次之,比例为19.19%;封闭灌丛面积最小,比例为12.34%。农地/自然植被镶嵌和灌丛与草地2种地类的修改比例最大,其中混合像元地类比例减少3.54%,灌丛与草地比例增加3.81%。综上,改进方法可以有效地提高土地利用/覆盖分类的效率和精度,为后续大尺度LUCC产品的制作和以LUCC产品为基础的相关研究提供参考。
[ Du Guoming, Liu Mei, Meng Fanhao, et al. Fine classification method study of large-scale land use/cover based on geoscience knowledge. Journal of Geo-information
Science, 2017, 19(1):91-100.]. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1047.2017.00091.

[本文引用: 1]

Liu X P, Liang X, Li X, et al. A future land use simulation model (FLUS) for simulating multiple land use scenarios by coupling human and natural effects
Landscape and Urban Planning, 2017, 168(5):94-116. DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.09.019.

URL [本文引用: 2]

杜勇, 税伟, 孙晓瑞, . 海湾型城市生态系统服务权衡的情景模拟: 以福建省泉州市为例
应用生态学报, 2019, 30(12):4293-4302.

PMID:31840476 [本文引用: 2]

[ Du Yong, Shui Wei, Sun Xiaorui, et al. Scenario simulation of ecosystem service trade-offs in bay cities: A case study in Quanzhou, Fujian province, China
Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2019, 30(12):4293-4302.]. DOI: 10.13287 /j.1001-9332.201912.014.

PMID:31840476 [本文引用: 2]
Bay cities have abundant land-sea resources and higher environmental carrying capacity. The high density of population and industry surrounding the bay makes bay cities a type of ecologically fragile areas. With Quanzhou, a typical bay city, as an example, we simulated the land use and landscape pattern change in 2030 based on multiple data sources (land use data, meteorological site data, topographic data and statistical data) using Logistic-CA-Markov coupling model to set natural scenarios, planning scenarios and protection scenarios. Four key ecosystem service (ES) including water retention, soil conservation, carbon sequestration (NPP), food supply and their trade-offs were calculated and predicted. Under the three scenarios, the area of cultivated land and construction land in Quanzhou City would increase in 2030. Forest land, grassland and water area would be reduced in varying degrees. The fragmentation of land use would be serious. In comparison with 2015, except for soil conservation service, water retention, carbon sequestrtion and food supply of Quanzhou City would decline to varying degrees in 2030. Ecosystem service function in natural scenario would be more decreased, with the decline under the protection scenario being lower than the planning scenario. In the protection and planning scenarios, the synergy between water conservation and soil conservation, water conservation and carbon sequestrtion, soil conservation and carbon sequestrtion in 2030 would be enhanced and the trade-offs would be weakened.

Sharp R, Tallis HT, Ricketts T, et al. InVEST User's Guide
Stanford: University of Minnesoto, 2015.

[本文引用: 2]

朱文泉, 潘耀忠, 张锦水. 中国陆地植被净初级生产力遥感估算
植物生态学报, 2007, 31(3):413-424.

DOI:10.17521/cjpe.2007.0050 [本文引用: 1]
该文在综合分析已有光能利用率模型的基础上,构建了一个净初级生产力(NPP)遥感估算模型,该模型体现了3方面的特色:1)将植被覆盖分类引入模型,并考虑植被覆盖分类精度对 NPP 估算的影响,由它们共同决定不同植被覆盖类型的归一化植被指数(NDVI)最大值;2)根据误差最小的原则,利用中国的NPP实测数据,模拟出各植被类型的最大光能利用率,使之更符合中国的实际情况;3)根据区域蒸散模型来模拟水分胁迫因子,与土壤水分子模型相比,这在一定程度上对有关参数实行了简化,使其实际的可操作性得到加强。模拟结果表明,1989~1993年中国陆地植被NPP平均值为3.12 Pg C (1 Pg=10<sup>15</sup> g),NPP模拟值与观测值比较接近,690个实测点的平均相对误差为4.5%;进一步与其它模型模拟结果以及前人研究结果的比较表明,该文所构建的NPP遥感估算模型具有一定的可靠性,说明在区域及全球尺度上,利用地 理信息系统技术将遥感数据和各种观测数据集成在一起,并对NPP模型进行参数校正, 基本上可以实现全球范围不同生态系统NPP的动态监测。
[ Zhu Wenquan, Pan Yaozhong, Zhang Jinshui. Estimation of net primary productivity of Chinese terrestrial vegetation based on remote sensing
Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2007, 31(3):413-424.]. DOI: CNKI: SUN: ZWSB.0.2007-03-009.

[本文引用: 1]
<p><em>Aims</em> Net primary productivity (<em>NPP</em>) is a key component of the terrestrial carbon cycle. Model simulation is commonly used to estimate regional and global NPP given difficulties to directly measure<em>NPP</em> at such spatial scales. A number of <em>NPP</em> models have been developed in recent years as research issues related to food security and biotic response to climatic warming have become more compelling. However, large uncertainties still exist because of the complexity of ecosystems and difficulties in determining some key model parameters. <br><em>Methods</em> We developed an estimation model of <em>NPP</em> based on geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) technology. The vegetation types and their classification accuracy are simultaneously introduced to the computation of some key vegetation parameters, such as the maximum value of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for different vegetation types. This can remove some noise from the remote sensing data and the statistical errors of vegetation classification. It also provides a basis for the sensitivity analysis of<em>NPP</em> on the classification accuracy. The maximum light use efficiency (<em>LUE</em>) for some typical vegetation types in China is simulated using a modified least squares function based on NOAA/AVHRR remote sensing data and field-observed <em>NPP</em> data. The simulated values of <em>LUE</em> are greater than the value used in the CASA model and less than the values simulated with the BIOME-BGC model. The computation of the water restriction factor is driven with ground meteorological data and remote sensing data, and complex soil parameters are avoided. Results are compared with other studies and models. <br><em>Important findings</em> The simulated mean <em>NPP</em> in Chinese terrestrial vegetation from 1989-1993 is 3.12 Pg C (1 Pg=10<sup>15</sup> g). The simulated NPP is close to the observed<em>NPP</em>, and the total mean relative error is 4.5%for 690 <em>NPP</em> observation stations distributed in the whole country. This illustrates the utility of the model for the estimation of terrestrial primary production over regional scales.</p>

郝梦雅, 任志远, 孙艺杰, . 关中盆地生态系统服务的权衡与协同关系动态分析
地理研究, 2017, 36(3):592-602.

DOI:10.11821/dlyj201703016 [本文引用: 1]
测算2000-2012年关中盆地的净初级生产力(NPP)价值量、土壤保持价值量和食物供给价值量,通过引入玫瑰图来研究不同土地利用类型中生态系统服务的时空差异,进而探究三种生态系统服务的权衡和协同关系,并分析其在近13年间的动态变化特征,最后研究土地利用变化对生态系统服务权衡和协同关系的影响来探究其驱动机制。结果表明:① 研究区NPP单位面积年均价值量约为1720.495 元/hm<sup>2</sup>,土壤保持单位面积年均价值量约为768.889元/hm<sup>2</sup>,食物供给单位面积年均价值量约为167.874元/hm<sup>2</sup>。从空间角度分析,NPP和土壤保持的高值区均分布在盆地边缘的山地,低值区集中于盆地中部,而食物供给呈相反格局。从时间角度分析,三种生态系统服务均呈现增加的趋势。2000-2012年,NPP单位面积价值量增幅为21%,土壤保持单位面积价值量增幅为46.7%,食物供给单位面积价值量增幅为245.7%。② NPP与土壤保持呈现协同关系,而NPP与食物供给、土壤保持与食物供给呈现权衡关系。③ 13年来关中盆地生态系统服务呈现冲突加强协同减弱的趋势。具体而言,NPP与土壤保持的协同关系表现出明显的下降趋势,NPP与食物供给的权衡关系逐渐增强,而土壤保持与食物供给的权衡关系在13年间基本保持稳定状态。④ 从土地利用变化的角度看,研究区生态系统服务权衡增加协同减少主要归因于耕地和林地的大量减少。同时,权衡土地资源利用中各类冲突对于土地资源的优化使用也有重大的意义。
[ Hao Mengya, Ren Zhiyuan, Sun Yijie, et al. The dynamic analysis of trade-off and synergy of ecosystem services in the Guanzhong Basin
Geographical Research, 2017, 36(3):592-602.]. DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201703016.

[本文引用: 1]
The Guanzhong Basin is the economic center of Northwest China. In recent years, with the development of the economy, many ecological environment problems have emerged in this region. Therefore, it is important to examine the dynamic changes of trade-off and synergy of ecosystem services in the Guanzhong Basin and explore their influencing factors. In this paper, many models are used to estimate the net primary production (NPP), soil retention and food supply in the basin from 2000 to 2012. And research is conducted on the spatial and temporal change of ecosystem services in different types of land covers by using Rose diagram. Then, we explored the trade-off and synergy among three ecosystem services by correlation diagram made by R software and analyzed its dynamic characteristics in the 13 years. At last, we analyzed the effect of the land cover change on the relationship of trade-off and synergy to explore its driving mechanism. The results indicate that: (1) The annual average NPP per unit area, the annual average value of soil retention per unit area and the annual average value of food supply per unit area were 1720.495 yuan/hm2, 768.889 yuan/hm2 and 167.874 yuan/hm2, respectively. From the perspective of space, the high value regions of NPP and soil retention were distributed over mountains and low value regions were over the central part of the basin. But the food supply presented the opposite pattern. From the perspective of time, three ecosystem services were increased in the 13 years. The annual average NPP per unit area, the annual average value of soil retention per unit area and the annual average value of food supply per unit area increased by 21%, 46.7% and 245.7%, respectively. (2) There were trade-off between NPP and food supply, soil retention and food supply. And there were synergy between NPP and soil retention. (3) On the whole, the trade-off of ecosystem services enhanced and the synergy weakened during the 13 years in the Guanzhong Basin. The degree of synergy between NPP and soil retention decreased. The degree of trade-off between NPP and food supply increased. And the trade-off relationship between soil retention and food supply remained stable during the 13 years. (4) From the perspective of land cover changes, the reduction of cultivated land and forest land is the main driving force of the change of relationship among ecosystem services. At the same time, it is significant to balance conflicts in land resource to use land resource better.

李屹峰, 罗跃初, 刘纲, . 土地利用变化对生态系统服务功能的影响: 以密云水库流域为例
生态学报, 2013, 33(3):726-736.

[本文引用: 1]

[ Li Yifeng, Luo Yuechu, Liu Gang, et al. Effects of land use change on ecosystem services: A case study in Miyun reservoir watershed
Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2013, 33(3):726-736.]. DOI: 10.5846 /stxb201205280787.

URL [本文引用: 1]

尚二萍, 许尔琪. 黔桂喀斯特山地主要生态系统服务时空变化
资源科学, 2017, 39(10):2000-2015.

[本文引用: 1]

[ Shang Erping, Xu Erqi. Temporal and spatial variation of main ecosystem services in Guizhou and Guangxi Karst Mountainous region
Resources Science, 2017, 39(10):2000-2015.]. DOI: 10.18402/resci.2017.10.18.

[本文引用: 1]

钱彩云, 巩杰, 张金茜, . 甘肃白龙江流域生态系统服务变化及权衡与协同关系
地理学报, 2018, 73(5):868-879.

DOI:10.11821/dlxb201805007 [本文引用: 1]
甘肃白龙江流域是长江上游主要的水源涵养区和环境脆弱区,近几十年来高强度的人类活动加剧了生态环境压力,因此开展白龙江流域生态系统服务变化及权衡协同关系研究对该区域的可持续发展具有重要意义。本文通过生态系统服务变化指数(ESCI)、空间自相关、相关系数法,定量分析了1990-2014年甘肃白龙江流域生态系统服务时空变化过程、空间集聚特征及生态系统服务间的权衡与协同关系。结果表明:① 1990-2014年间产水量、碳储量、土壤保持和农作物生产4种典型生态系统服务的ESCI值变化迥异,空间分布各具特色,具体表现为:产水量ESCI极值变化超过1倍且前后两时段(1990-2002年,2002-2014年)分布格局有较大出入,而两时段内的碳储量ESCI值变化相同,分布格局也相似,土壤保持ESCI值两极化趋势较农产品生产不明显,但这两者后一时段均与前一时段的ESCI分布相反;② 4种典型生态系统服务存在空间自相关,局部上正相关类型“组团”出现,集聚性较强,负相关类型散布,集聚性低,空间异质性显著;③ 两种供给服务(产水量与农作物生产)呈负相关的权衡关系,两种调节服务(碳储量与土壤保持)呈正相关的协同关系,不同的供给和调节服务之间关系既有权衡也有协同关系;④ 数值关系上,不同生态系统服务之间的权衡/协同关系在Moran's I和相关系数上表现不一;空间格局上,生态系统服务间的权衡/协同关系异质性显著。
[ Qian Caiyun, Gong Jie, Zhang Jinxi, et al. Change and tradeoffs-synergies analysis on watershed ecosystem services: A case study of Bailongjiang Watershed, Gansu
Acta Geographica Sinica, 2018, 73(5):868-879.]. DOI: 10.11821/dlxb201805007.

[本文引用: 1]
Bailongjiang watershed in Gansu belongs to the upper reaches of Yangtze River water conservation area and the environment fragile area with frequent landslides and debris flow. Recently, the high-intensive human activities have caused the deterioration of natural systems. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the changes of ecosystem services and its trade-offs. In this paper, the spatial and temporal changes, spatial aggregation and the trade-offs/synergies between ecosystem services from 1990 to 2014 were quantitatively analyzed via the ecosystem service change index, spatial autocorrelation and correlation coefficient. The results showed that the ESCI ranges of the four typical ecosystem services types, namely, water yield, carbon storage, soil conservation and crop production were different from 1990 to 2014 with the difference of spatial distribution. There are spatial autocorrelation in four typical ecosystem services with obvious clustering characteristics. The cluster character and agglomeration of positive correlation of the local scale is strong, the agglomeration of the negative correlation type is low and scattered, and the spatial heterogeneity is significant. There is a negative correlation trade-offs between the two provisioning services (water yield and crop production), and positive correlation synergies between the two regulating services (carbon stocks and soil conservation). The relationships between the provisioning and regulating services have both trade-offs and synergies. There were both strong positive correlation synergies between water yield and soil conservation, and between water yield and carbon storage, and there were weak negative correlation trade-offs between soil conservation and crop production. As for the numerical relation, the trade-offs/synergies of ecosystem service changed differently in terms of Moran's I and correlation coefficient. There is significant heterogeneity of trade-offs/synergies between ecosystem services on the spatial pattern.
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