城市建成环境如何影响居民生理健康?——中介机制与实证检验

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How urban built environment affects residents' physical health? Mediating mechanism and empirical test

ZHANG Yanji, DENG Weitao, ZHAO Lizhen^,, LI MiaoyiDepartment of Urban and Rural Planning, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China

通讯作者: 赵立珍（1978- ）,女,湖北武汉人,博士研究生,副教授,主要研究方向为健康城市规划。E-mail: 87327214@qq.com

收稿日期:2019-05-4修回日期:2019-11-13网络出版日期:2020-04-20

基金资助:

教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目.19YJCZH258
国家社会科学基金青年项目.19CJY013

Received:2019-05-4Revised:2019-11-13Online:2020-04-20
作者简介 About authors
张延吉（1989-）,男,上海人,博士,讲师,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为城市地理学E-mail:chairman7up@126.com。

摘要
建成环境对公共健康的影响路径仍藏于黑箱中,且既有片段式分析多未考虑居住自选择问题。基于福州市社会调查,建构结构方程模型。研究发现：通过体力活动的中介作用,密度及多样性、道路通达性、形象维护管理、体育设施可达性均与生理健康自评值存在正向关联;前三类建成环境特征主要经由社会资本、犯罪活动、居住安全感对休闲型步行产生间接正向效应,中高强度体力活动则受到实体要素直接影响;通过饮食行为的中介作用,提高健康食物可达性能有效减少罹患慢性病的种类数。即使规避了自选择干扰,上述建成环境特征依然对生理健康状况具有显著影响,证明建成环境优化确是改善公共健康的可行途径,需在城市规划中兼顾体育和食物环境两项重点、硬件和软件环境两个层面。
关键词： 建成环境;体力活动;饮食行为;健康城市;居住自选择

Abstract

The influence mechanism as well as impact path of built environment on public health was still hidden in the black box, and the existing western fragment analysis mostly failed to consider the issue of residential self-selection, which would cause estimation bias. To solve this problem, this research did a sample survey in the core urbanized area of Fuzhou so as to identify the mediating variables between urban built environment and the physiological health of residents. In order to avoid self-selection bias, robustness test was focused on the subgroups living in Danwei, Fanggaifang, or public housing communities that were unable to choose their own house independently. By using data of social survey, point of interest, road network and according to the structural equation model, functional density and diversity, road network accessibility, image maintenance and management, and accessibility of sports facilities had positive relationships with self-assessed physical health through the mediating role of physical activities. The above three characteristics had indirect positive effects on leisure walking behavior via accumulating community social capital, diminishing criminal activity and evaluating the sense of living security, while the moderate to vigorous physical activity was directly positively influenced by road network accessibility, functional density and diversity at the macro scale. Improving the accessibility of community sports facilities can promote both leisure walking and moderate to vigorous physical activity at the same time. Through mediating effect of healthy dietary behavior and unhealthy dietary behavior, the accessibility of healthy food was strongly negatively correlated with the number of chronic diseases. Even if the interference of residential self-selection was controlled within the subgroups, the above five types of built environment characteristics still had significant impact on physiological health, which proved that the optimization of built environment was indeed an effective and proactive way to improve public health. According to the standardized total effect, the influence of sports facilities and healthy food accessibility on physiological health was the highest, and the influence of the other three built environments was similar and moderate. Therefore, it was necessary to perfect both sports environment and food environment, while we evaluate both hardware environment (increasing road network density and functional diversity) and software environment (improving image maintenance and management) in healthy urban planning. The limitation of this paper is that the analysis was based on cross-sectional data and subjective measurements of physical activities and health indicators, which remained to be improved.

Keywords：built environment;physical activity;eating behavior;healthy city;residential self-selection

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本文引用格式
张延吉, 邓伟涛, 赵立珍, 李苗裔. 城市建成环境如何影响居民生理健康?——中介机制与实证检验. 地理研究[J], 2020, 39(4): 822-835 doi:10.11821/dlyj020190359
ZHANG Yanji. How urban built environment affects residents' physical health? Mediating mechanism and empirical test. Geographical Research[J], 2020, 39(4): 822-835 doi:10.11821/dlyj020190359

1 引言

伴随城市化与机动化进程,慢性非传染性疾病取代急性传染病,成为公共健康的首要威胁。2015年中国男女超重率分别达34.5%和30.1%,比1999年上升14.8和9.5个百分点^[1],糖尿病、心脏病、高血压等慢性病患病率由2003年的5.6‰、14.3‰、26.2‰增至2013年的35.1‰、22.1‰、142.5‰^[2],造成了严重的经济社会负担。

较之被动应对的医学技术,建成环境优化旨在通过主动干预的空间政策,营造有利于体力活动和均衡膳食的人居环境,具有作用效果的长期性、惠及人群的广泛性、社会成本的经济性等诸多优势^[3]。因此,在城市蔓延引发健康危机的当下,建成环境是否以及如何对公共健康发挥影响已是健康地理与预防医学研究的共同焦点^[4]。唯有从理论上明确建成环境对生理健康的影响机制,才能为健康城市规划提供有效之策。

在欧美国家,以高密度、功能混合、路网通达为特征的步行友好型环境对肥胖、高血压、心脏病、糖尿病具有显著抑制作用^[5],增加要素紧凑性、功能多样性、公交邻近性还可降低糖尿病、心血管疾病、呼吸系统疾病的伤残调整寿命年（DALYS）^[6],良好的健康食物可达性则能控制肥胖率上升^[7]。在中国,多功能、密路网、健康设施及健康食物充足的社区环境同样有助于减少超重和慢性病发生^[8],公园可达性也与心脑血管、内分泌、关节性疾病率存在负向关系^[9],提高土地利用密度却因出行距离缩短而使超重概率不降反增^[10]。

然而目前的实证分析尚存缺憾：① 从研究内容来看,建成环境对生理健康的具体影响路径仍藏于黑箱中。部分研究试图揭示体力活动、饮食行为、社会资本或城市安全的中介作用^[11],但将上述因素同时置于一个框架下的量化研究极为少见,仅凭片段式分析无法有效检验变量的中介效应,难以完整建构健康城市理论^[6]。② 从研究方法来看,建成环境对生理健康的影响或因居住自选择而产生有偏估计^[12]。居住自选择系指个体择居时会为自身偏好、习惯所左右,如运动爱好者更易选择体育场所丰富的社区居住。这一机制已在中外城市研究中得到证实^[13],但八成以上文献没有考虑自选择干扰^[14]。③ 从研究地域来看,现有分析集中在人口稀疏、经济发达的欧美国家,缺乏能指导发展中国家规划实践的本土理论^[11]。

鉴于此,本文在梳理“建成环境-生理健康”关系的文献基础上,针对福州市民开展抽样调查。通过结构方程模型纳入中介变量,以厘清建成环境对生理健康的影响机制。然后,利用中国住房制度为控制自选择提供的契机进行稳健性检验,最终提出适用于中国东南地区高密度人居环境下的健康城市理论。

2 “建成环境-生理健康”关系的文献综述

作为健康城市的理论基础,生态模型认为,个体生理健康状况不仅受自身遗传基因和社会经济属性影响,也与外部建成环境、社会环境、自然环境有关^[15]。在探讨建成环境对生理健康的影响机制时,体力活动、饮食行为、社会资本、犯罪活动、居住安全感先后被视为中介变量^[11]。拼合现有片段式分析,可得待检验的完整影响路径（图1）,具体包括如下环节：

图1

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图1“建成环境-生理健康”的影响路径示意图

Fig. 1Influence path of built environment to physical health

2.1 体力活动和饮食行为对生理健康的影响

体力活动以骨骼肌收缩产生能量消耗为特征,定期体力活动能控制血压、改善睡眠、提高胰岛素敏感性^[16],久坐行为则会增加肥胖、糖尿病、心血管疾病的患病率^[17]和血脂异常风险^[18]。经测算,体力活动未达标导致了全球6%的冠心病、7%的糖尿病、10%的过早死亡^[19]。

饮食行为也对生理健康起到显著影响。高钠、低杂粮、低水果饮食已是心血管疾病、肿瘤和糖尿病的主因^[20]。若蔬果摄入量达到600g/天,心脏病及中风风险将分别减少31%和19%^[21]。而以红肉、高脂品为主的西式膳食者罹患高血压的概率为精明膳食者的5倍^[22]。

2.2 建成环境对体力活动的直接影响

城市建成环境涉及“硬件”层面的实体要素与“软件”层面的管理维护。前者多以密度（density）、混合度（diversity）、道路设计（design）、目的地可达性（destination accessibility）、到公交距离（distance to transit）等5D维度测量^[23],后者聚焦环境美观、整洁和有序程度。

多数西方研究发现,提高要素紧凑性、增加功能多样性、强化路网通达性、改善设施可达性、提升街景美观性都可带动体力活动^[14,24]。但各类建成环境特征对不同体力活动的影响有所差异^[12],人口、交叉口、公交站及公园密度与中高强度体力活动更为相关^[25],商业文娱场所的可达性和环境美观度对步行行为更具促进作用^[26]。

2.3 社会资本对生理健康的影响及建成环境对社会资本的影响

社会资本系指促成集体行动的信任、规范及网络^[27]^15-30,包含以网络规模、互动频率为测度内容的结构性社会资本和以归属感、信任感为测度内容的认知性社会资本^[28],其对生理健康具有双刃剑作用。一方面,增加社会网络规模、社区活动频次、信任归属感能激发互助行为、巩固社会规范,进而促进体力活动^[29],提升健康自评值^[30];另一方面,社会资本可能经由群体压力而使成员更易沾染上有损健康的不良嗜好^[31]。

社会资本积累有赖于人性化空间带来的互动机会和情感归属^[32]。85%、75%、60%的研究证实了目的地可达性、道路通达性、功能多样性对社会资本的积极作用,人口密度的影响仍存争议^[33]。低密度蔓延引起的长距离通勤、小汽车依赖、卖场式购物减少了社交机会^[27]^204-215;但市区与郊区居民的社交时长并无明显差异^[34],密集的混杂人群反会阻碍社会资本形成^[33]。

2.4 城市安全对体力活动的影响及建成环境、社会资本对城市安全的影响

城市安全涵盖客观犯罪活动与主观安全感知两方面^[35]。在42.7%、10.1%、47.2%的研究中,居住安全感对体力活动起着显著正向、显著负向和无显著影响^[36]。对既有实证结果进行量化归纳的元分析（meta-analysis）显示,低社区犯罪率、高安全感样本的体力活动量分别比高社区犯罪率、低安全感样本多28%和27%^[37]。

城市安全水平深受建成环境影响。在“硬件”层面,街道眼理论主张功能混合、路网通达的开放空间,以期通过空间使用达到自然监控目的^[38];防卫空间理论却推崇功能单一的封闭空间,以期排除混杂人员侵扰^[39]。在“软件”层面,破窗理论把安全风险归咎于公物损坏、路灯昏暗、垃圾满地等维护管理环节中的环境失序现象,认为失序透露出的衰败失控信号将吸引潜在罪犯并恶化安全感知^[35,40]。

城市安全还受到社会资本影响。社会解组理论从关注人口异质性和流动性的负面作用转向融合社会资本理论^[41],强调缺乏信任、公共参与、集体效能的社区会削弱非正式的社会控制,从而加剧不安全感和提高犯罪率^[40]。在英国,社会资本对居住安全感的影响已强于建成环境^[42]。

2.5 建成环境对饮食行为的直接影响

建成环境中的健康食物可达性多以商铺密度评价。西方文献普遍把超市和快餐店视为健康与非健康型商铺的代表,增加超市可达性、减少快餐店可达性能提高蔬果或谷物摄入量^[43]。少数研究还以商铺内食品种类的丰富程度进一步量化食物可达性^[44]。

健康食物可达性对饮食行为的影响尚无统一结论,这与部分测量方式的局限性有关^[7,44]。如由GIS测得的客观食物环境难以反映个体偏好和习惯^[45],用一两个题项调查饮食行为的做法缺乏效度^[46]。而居民主观感知的食物环境与通过24h追忆或食物频率问卷测得的详细饮食行为存在较为稳健的关系^[45,46]。

3 研究设计

3.1 数据来源

2015—2018年福州居民的慢性病致死率达83.4%,与全国水平相仿,加之针对二线城市的健康城市研究相对有限,故将福州中心城区作为案例,以厘清上述片段式分析结论在完整影响路径中的适用性及稳健性。社会调查于2017年6—8月开展,涵盖建成环境、社会资本、城市安全、体力活动、饮食行为、生理健康等内容。依第六次人口普查中街道乡镇的人口比例,确定各片区随机发放的问卷数,共回收问卷1712份。在剔除所需变量缺失的受访者后,最终获得960个有效样本（图2）。均值t检验表明,样本变量值的缺失是随机的。

图2

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图2研究地域及有效样本分布

Fig. 2Research area and sample distribution

此外,为测量部分建成环境特征,通过爬取某地图网站的检索服务API,得到2017年该市的空间兴趣点（POI）和道路路网数据。

3.2 变量测量

作为核心自变量,本文以住所为圆心、以500 m为半径界定社区范围,以密度与多样性、道路通达性、形象维护管理、体育设施可达性、健康食物可达性5个潜在变量反映“硬件”和“软件”层面的建成环境特征（表1）。密度与多样性以设施种类数^①(统计范围包括超市、便利店、快餐店、餐馆、商场、公交站、KTV或夜总会、网吧、幼儿园、小学、初中、银行、医院、派出所、宾馆、文化站或图书馆、政府、商务楼等18类设施。)和超市、餐馆、商场数为指标;道路通达性以交叉口数量和通达性感知为指标;形象维护管理涉及对卫生保洁、绿化景观、照明停车、物业工作的评价;体育设施可达性关注运动场馆、公园广场的邻近性及其设施条件;健康食物可达性结合中国实际,聚焦菜场、水果店的邻近性及其蔬果品种。

Tab. 1
表1
表1变量说明及描述统计（潜在变量）
Tab. 1Variables measurement and descriptive statistics (latent variable)

潜在变量	观察变量	释义	数据来源	均值	标准差	标准化因子载荷
密度与多样性	社区内的设施种类数(类)		POI	11.93	6.37	0.933
	社区内的超市数量(个)		POI	1.56	0.80	0.603
	社区内的餐馆数量(个)		POI	2.54	0.90	0.611
	社区内的商场数量(个)		POI	0.36	0.48	0.593
道路通达性	社区内的道路交叉口数量(个)		路网	7.23	2.16	0.714
	社区内的路网通达性评价	1(非常稀疏)~10(非常紧密)	调查	7.57	2.04	0.957
形象维护管理	社区卫生保洁状况	1(极不干净整洁)~4(非常干净整洁)	调查	2.81	0.71	0.743
	社区绿化覆盖率	1(遮阳效果极差)~4(遮阳效果极好)	调查	2.61	0.80	0.694
	社区景观和小品美观度	1(非常凌乱丑陋)~4(非常美观协调)	调查	2.74	0.73	0.760
	社区照明设施状况	1(极不明亮)~4(非常明亮)	调查	2.64	0.78	0.708
	社区乱停车现象的严重性	1(非常混乱)~4(非常有序)	调查	2.38	0.94	0.568
	对物业环卫工作的满意度	1(极不满意)~10(非常满意)	调查	6.45	2.41	0.517
体育设施可达性	社区内是否有运动场(馆)	哑变量：有=1;无=0	POI	0.30	0.46	0.532
体育设施可达性	社区内是否有公园广场(馆)	哑变量：有=1;无=0	POI	0.44	0.50	0.558
	公园广场的设施条件	1(非常简陋)~4(非常丰富)	调查	2.91	0.85	0.441
健康食物可达性	社区内是否有水果店	哑变量：有=1;无=0	POI	0.73	0.44	0.778
健康食物可达性	社区内是否有菜场	哑变量：有=1;无=0	POI	0.82	0.39	0.597
	蔬果品种的丰富程度	哑变量：丰富=1;单调=0	调查	0.69	0.46	0.437
社区社会资本	认识单元楼内的大部分邻居	1(极不符合)~4(非常符合)	调查	2.58	0.98	0.714
	能向邻居借到工具	1(极不符合)~4(非常符合)	调查	2.84	0.99	0.721
	能找到邻居聊天	1(极不符合)~4(非常符合)	调查	2.25	1.02	0.844
	能向邻居借到钱	1(极不符合)~4(非常符合)	调查	2.20	1.05	0.831
	社区活动丰富多样	1(极不符合)~4(非常符合)	调查	2.27	1.00	0.654
	邻居值得信任	1(极不符合)~4(非常符合)	调查	2.56	0.97	0.844
	遇到困难时会向居委求助	1(极不符合)~4(非常符合)	调查	2.46	0.99	0.626
	对社区充满归属感	1(极不符合)~4(非常符合)	调查	2.39	0.94	0.811
居住安全感	对社区内犯罪现象的担忧程度	1(非常担心)~4(从不担心)	调查	2.88	0.82	0.867
	对社区内步行安全的担忧程度	1(非常担心)~4(从不担心)	调查	2.58	0.83	0.667
健康饮食行为	在家摄入蔬菜的频率	1=从来不吃;2=每月吃一两次;3=一周吃一次;4=四五天吃一次;5=两三天吃一次;6=每天都吃	调查	5.70	0.85	0.711
	在家摄入水果的频率	同上	调查	5.25	1.19	0.679
	在家摄入牛奶酸奶豆浆的频率	同上	调查	4.81	1.35	0.549
	在家摄入瘦肉的频率	同上	调查	5.19	1.07	0.560
非健康饮食行为	在家摄入油炸食品的频率	同上	调查	2.54	1.24	0.831
非健康饮食行为	在家摄入烧烤食品的频率	同上	调查	2.34	1.26	0.811
	在家摄入肥肉、扣肉的频率	同上	调查	2.93	1.46	0.626
	在家摄入方便面的频率	同上	调查	2.37	1.24	0.697
	在家摄入咸肉等腌制品的频率	同上	调查	2.78	1.50	0.699

注：数据来自问卷调查;“1~n”表示采用n点李克特量表进行测量。

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作为中介变量,以邻里交往、社区活动、信任归属感等结构性和认知性内容衡量社区社会资本;以近两年在社区内经历、见到或听闻偷盗、抢劫、殴打案件的数量反映犯罪活动（表2）;以对犯罪现象与步行安全的担忧程度测量居住安全感。

Tab. 2
表2
表2变量说明及描述统计（观察变量）
Tab. 2Variables measurement and descriptive statistics (observed variable)

观察变量	释义	均值	标准差
犯罪活动	近两年在社区内经历、见到或听闻偷盗、抢劫、殴打案件数	0.67	0.73
休闲型步行	每周在社区内的休闲型步行时长,单位：小时	4.78	6.44
中高强度体力活动	每周在社区内的中高强度体力活动时长,单位：小时	5.58	9.49
自身慢性病种类数	患肥胖、高血压、糖尿病、心脏病、高血脂、高血糖的种类数	0.17	0.48
生理健康自评值	1(极不健康)~10(非常健康)	8.20	1.83
空气污染	1(极不严重)~4(非常严重)	1.86	0.78
年龄	单位：岁	31.05	9.38
性别	哑变量：女=1,男=0	0.38	0.48
阶层自评值	1(最下层)~5(最上层)	2.48	0.92
运动热爱程度	1(非常讨厌)~4(非常热爱)	2.80	0.74
父母慢性病种类数	父母患肥胖、高血压、糖尿病、心脏病、高血脂、高血糖的种类数	0.78	1.03

注：数据来自问卷调查;“1~n”表示采用n点李克特量表进行测量。

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同为中介变量,以每周在社区内开展休闲型步行和中高强度体力活动的时长2个观察变量评价体力活动^②(调查时,先统计两种活动在工作日和周末的平均时长,尔后加总求得一周总时长。)。两者皆以体育锻炼为目的,但能量消耗强度大相径庭,调查时以是否流汗为简易划分标准。饮食行为分为健康饮食与非健康饮食2个潜在变量,前者涉及蔬果、奶豆、瘦肉的摄入频率,后者涉及高脂高盐、油炸烧烤食品的摄入频率。

作为因变量,对生理健康的评价主要有客观病情和主观自评两种方式^[47],本文亦纳入2个观察变量。客观病情以罹患肥胖（BMI≥28）、高血压、糖尿病、心脏病、高血脂、高血糖等与能量失衡相关的慢性病种类数测量,生理健康自评值以普遍采用的李克特量表进行测量^[30,48]。

作为控制变量,纳入社区空气污染、年龄、性别、阶层等可能影响健康的自然环境和个体特征^[11,47]。遗传基因也是决定健康的重要因素,故将父母罹患慢性病的种类数视为代理变量并予以控制。另需加入个体的运动热爱程度,以部分规避居住自选择问题。

9个潜在变量的Cronbach a值都大于0.7,属于高信度。除公园广场的设施条件和蔬果品种的丰富程度外,观察变量的标准化因子载荷均超过0.5且具有统计显著性,说明其效度较好。但在量化体育设施和健康食物可达性时,场所、店铺的邻近度与其内部设施及食品的丰富度不尽相同。

3.3 分析框架

至此,根据“建成环境-生理健康”的影响路径框架（图1）和变量测量方式（表1、表2）,可设定完整的结构方程模型（图3）。利用Amos 24.0软件,首先针对全体有效样本进行估计,厘清社区建成环境对生理健康的具体影响机制。

图3

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图3结构方程模型的设定

Fig. 3Structural equation model setting

需注意的是,尽管控制了运动热爱程度,居住自选择引起的估计偏误难以完全克服^[49]。而中国特有的城市住房制度为解决该问题创造了契机,在1998年之前的福利分房制度和市场化改革后的保障房制度中,居民基本处于被动分配地位,几无居住自选择的可能^[50]。因此,本文遴选出入住单位大院或房改房19a以上、以及住在保障房社区的亚群体,估计其结构方程模型,即在剔除自选择干扰后对建成环境的影响路径开展稳健性检验。

4 实证发现

4.1 全体样本中各变量的直接影响效应

从全体样本的结构方程模型来看（表3）,社会资本、犯罪活动、居住安全感、休闲型步行、中高强度体力活动、健康饮食行为、非健康饮食行为均在建成环境影响生理健康的过程中发挥着中介作用。就各变量的直接影响效应而言：

Tab. 3
表3
表3建成环境影响生理健康的标准化回归系数（全体样本）
Tab. 3Standardized estimates of the impact of built environment (whole sample)

	社区社会资本	犯罪活动	居住安全感	休闲型步行	中高强度体力活动	健康饮食行为	非健康饮食行为	自身慢性病种类数	生理健康自评值
密度与多样性	0.082^*	0.031	0.100^**	0.042	0.073^*
道路通达性	0.130^***	0.044	0.206^***	-0.010	0.064^#
形象维护管理	0.332^***	-0.148^***	0.096^*	0.111^**	0.038
社区社会资本			-0.030	0.133^***	0.087^*
犯罪活动			-0.209^***	-0.064^#	0.017
居住安全感				0.083^*	0.016
体育设施可达性				0.112^*	0.107^*
休闲型步行								0.012	0.090^**
中高强度体力活动								-0.032	0.120^***
健康食物可达性						0.288^***	-0.230^***
健康饮食行为								-0.086^*	0.071^*
非健康饮食行为								0.071^*	0.046
空气污染				-0.030	-0.050^#
年龄				-0.032	-0.012	0.024	-0.245^***	0.137^***
性别				-0.062^*	-0.072^*
阶层自评值				-0.033^#	-0.055^#	0.082^*	0.202^***	0.017
运动热爱程度				0.100^**	0.191^***
父母慢性病种类数								0.147^***
自身慢性病种类数									-0.119^***

注：① ^***P<0.001,^**P<0.01,^*P<0.05,^#P<0.1;② 行为自变量,列为因变量;③ N=960;④ RMSEA=0.058,NFI=0.913,TLI=0.908,CFI=0.916,GFI=0.912,AGFI=0.906。

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第一,体力活动及饮食行为同生理健康状况存在紧密关联。其中,罹患慢性病的种类数分别受到非健康饮食行为和健康饮食行为正反两方面的影响,健康饮食还有助于提高生理健康自评值,不过健康自评值更多受到休闲型步行和中高强度体力活动的影响。既有文献中能量输入端与客观健康水平更相关、能量输出端与主观健康感知更相关的规律得到证实^[51]。

第二,建成环境对体力活动具有直接影响。高密度、多功能、通达路网所形成的人性化空间有力促进了中高强度体力活动,“软件”层面的形象维护管理则对休闲型步行起到了显著带动作用。可见低强度活动更在意微观尺度的环境品质,中高强度活动更依赖宏观尺度的路网肌理和空间结构。而良好的体育设施可达性能同时对两种体锻行为产生正向影响。

第三,建成环境“硬件”层面的实体要素和“软件”层面的管理维护均与社区社会资本存在显著关系。高密度、多功能、通达路网可为社会交往提供更多邻近的互动机会,有序美观的环境维护有利于孕育邻里信任感和社区归属感。标准化回归系数显示,后者的作用更强,且位居所有变量之首。由社区社会资本带来的社交需求和信任归属感还能进一步推动休闲型步行及中高强度体力活动的增多。

第四,建成环境对犯罪活动和居住安全感的影响存在差异,高密度、多功能、通达路网引致的密集人流可有效提升居住安全感,却未能阻遏犯罪活动发生。尽管回归系数尚不显著,密度与多样性、道路通达性同犯罪活动具有正向关联,或与过多混杂人员限制了街道眼功能和密路网便于罪犯逃逸有关。这证明,街道眼理论、防卫空间理论分别更适用于解释居住安全感和犯罪活动的成因^[52]。而如破窗理论所言,改善建成环境的管理维护水平可同时遏制犯罪活动和增进居住安全感,社区社会资本与居住安全感的负向关系则不显著。犯罪活动的减少及居住安全感的提升将有力促进休闲型步行,但未对中高强度体力活动产生显著影响。

第五,建成环境对饮食行为具有直接影响。提高社区的健康食物可达性能够显著增加以蔬果、奶豆、瘦肉为代表的健康饮食行为,同时显著抑制以高脂高盐、油炸烧烤为代表的非健康饮食行为。

4.2 全体样本中建成环境对生理健康的总体影响效应

相较于片段式分析所用的回归模型,结构方程模型能进一步揭示各类建成环境特征对生理健康的总体影响效应。本文基于具有显著性的影响路径（图4）,统计核心自变量对因变量的标准化总效应。

图4

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图4建成环境影响生理健康的路径图（全体样本）

注：红色、蓝色箭头分别表示显著正向和负向影响,箭头粗细反映显著水平,

、

分别表示在0.001、0.01、0.05、0.1的水平下显著,数值为标准化回归系数。
Fig. 4Influence path of built environment on physical health (whole sample)

经计算,密度与多样性、道路通达性、形象维护管理、体育设施可达性、健康食物可达性对生理健康自评值的总效应分别为0.0113、0.0121、0.0192、0.0229、0.0253。其中,前四类建成环境特征经由体力活动影响健康自评值,约占总效应的72.1%;33.7%、38.4%的影响效应源于休闲型步行和中高强度体力活动的中介作用;13.4%、3.6%、1.2%的影响效应源于社区社会资本、居住安全感和犯罪活动的中介作用;健康食物可达性经由饮食行为影响健康自评值,约占总效应的27.9%。罹患慢性病的种类数主要受食物环境影响,通过健康饮食行为和非健康饮食行为的中介作用,健康食物可达性对自身慢性病种类数的总效应达-0.0411。

由此可知,食物环境对慢性病的影响最为强烈,食物环境和体育环境对生理健康自评值的影响次之,建成环境“软件”层面的管理维护作用亦不容小觑,其对健康自评值的总效应略高于道路通达性、密度与多样性。

4.3 规避居住自选择后的稳健性检验

个体对运动的热爱程度会显著增加体力活动时长,其相对影响力位居各变量前列。但居住自选择不只限于住户对体育锻炼的喜好,社交、饮食、环境等方面的个人偏好也可能左右住房选择结果。这些混淆变量无法穷尽且准确追溯,仅控制运动热爱程度难以从根本上避免自选择问题^[49]。

为此,本文遴选出入住单元大院及房改房19a以上、或住在保障房社区的亚群体,他们占到有效样本的42.7%,基本缺乏自主择居的制度条件。从该群体的结构方程模型来看（表4）,在剔除自选择干扰后,各变量的影响方向、强弱及显著水平同全体样本相似,说明上述结论大体稳健,不过少数影响路径发生了改变：

Tab. 4
表4
表4建成环境影响生理健康的标准化回归系数（无居住自选择样本）
Tab. 4Standardized estimates of the impact of built environment on physical health (no self-selection sample)

	社区社会资本	犯罪活动	居住安全感	休闲型步行	中高强度体力活动	健康饮食行为	非健康饮食行为	自身慢性病种类数	生理健康自评值
密度与多样性	0.081^#	0.028	0.123^***	-0.007	0.086^#
道路通达性	0.099^#	0.035	0.250^***	-0.057	0.083^#
形象维护管理	0.336^***	-0.185^***	0.099^#	0.083	0.079
社区社会资本			0.003	0.170^**	0.040
犯罪活动			-0.200^***	0.006	-0.033
居住安全感				0.091^#	-0.042
体育设施可达性				0.333^***	0.239^**
休闲型步行								0.054	0.105^*
中高强度体力活动								-0.023	0.131^**
健康食物可达性						0.339^***	-0.244^***
健康饮食行为								-0.106^*	-0.006
非健康饮食行为								0.095^#	0.031
空气污染				-0.005	-0.052
年龄				-0.080^#	-0.042	-0.008	-0.237^***	0.108^*
性别				0.018	-0.080^#
阶层自评值				-0.105^*	-0.065	-0.073	0.270^***	0.107^*
运动热爱程度				0.164^***	0.192^***
父母慢性病种类数								0.167^***
自身慢性病种类数									-0.150^***

注：①^***P<0.001,^**P<0.01,^*P<0.05,^#P<0.1;②行为自变量,列为因变量;③N=410;④RMSEA=0.063,NFI=0.910,TLI=0.902,CFI=0.911,GFI=0.915,AGFI=0.909。

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第一,体力活动的影响因素有所变化,形象维护管理和犯罪活动对休闲型步行的作用,以及社区社会资本对中高强度体力活动的作用不再显著。总体而言,除体育设施可达性外,建成环境实体要素和管理维护对休闲型步行的影响主要经由社会资本、居住安全感等社会环境间接产生,中高强度体力活动则更多受到“硬件”层面建成环境的直接影响。第二,密度与多样性、道路通达性对社区社会资本的作用及其显著性明显下降,从侧面反映出居住自选择机制的存在,热衷社交、重视邻里生活的个体更有可能选择在步行友好、功能混合、小尺度街区等有利于社会互动的人性化环境中居住。第三,健康饮食对生理健康自评值的直接影响不再显著,健康自评值和慢性病种类数分别受能量输出端与输入端影响的规律更加明晰。

稳健性检验的影响路径显示（图5）,密度与可达性、道路通达性、形象维护管理、体育设施可达性、健康食物可达性对生理健康自评值的总体影响效应分别为0.0139、0.0150、0.0073、0.0663、0.0070。前四类建成环境特征的总效应,即经由体力活动影响健康自评值的总效应占比增至93.6%,这与健康饮食对健康自评值的直接影响不再显著有关。其中,44.8%、48.8%的总效应源于休闲型步行和中高强度体力活动的中介作用;8.4%、4.1%、0.3%的总效应源于社区社会资本、居住安全感和犯罪活动的中介作用。此外,健康食物可达性对罹患慢性病种类数的总效应达-0.0591,其中60.8%、39.2%的总效应源于健康饮食行为和非健康饮食行为的中介作用。

图5

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图5建成环境影响生理健康的路径图（无居住自选择样本）

注：红色、蓝色箭头分别表示显著正向和负向影响,箭头粗细反映显著水平,

、

分别表示在0.001、0.01、0.05、0.1的水平下显著,数值为标准化回归系数。
Fig. 5Influence path of built environment on physical health (no self-selection sample)

综上所述,体育设施可达性和健康食物可达性对生理健康的总体影响效应最强,道路通达性、密度与可达性、形象维护管理的总效应次之。健康饮食行为、非健康饮食行为、休闲型步行、中高强度体力活动在建成环境影响生理健康的过程中发挥着较为均衡的中介作用,社会资本、居住安全感、犯罪活动等社会环境因素的中介作用相对偏弱。

4.4 控制变量的影响

从控制变量的影响来看：随着年龄增长,非健康饮食行为会显著减少,罹患慢性病的种类数将相应上升;女性开展中高强度体力活动的时长少于男性;高阶层人士的非健康饮食行为多于低阶层人士,休闲型步行时间更短。父母的慢性病种类数与自身慢性病种类数具有显著正向关联,反映出遗传基因的重要性。空气污染会抑制体育锻炼,但显著性较低,或与样本取自同一城市有关。

5 结论与讨论

本文利用福州市中心城区的社会调查、POI、路网等数据,系统探究了各类建成环境特征对居民生理健康状况的影响机制,揭示了社会资本、犯罪活动、居住安全感、休闲型步行、中高强度体力活动、健康饮食行为、非健康饮食行为等因素的中介作用。除生理健康指标外,其余变量均将居住社区作为分析范围,以避免地理背景的不确定性问题。福州案例表明：

第一,高密度、多功能、通达路网、整洁有序的建成环境主要通过积累社会资本、减少犯罪活动、提升居住安全感等途径间接带动休闲型步行的增加,而中高强度体力活动更多受到密度与多样性、道路通达性的直接正向影响。改善社区的体育设施可达性能同时促进两种体力活动,提高社区的健康食物可达性则能对健康饮食行为和非健康饮食行为起到正反两方面影响。经由饮食行为和体力活动的中介作用,上述建成环境特征将分别对罹患慢性病的种类数及生理健康自评值产生间接影响,显示客观健康水平与能量输入端、主观健康感知与能量输出端更具紧密关联。

第二,中国独有的城市住房制度为规避居住自选择问题创造了条件。房改前的单位大院、房改房住户和房改后的保障房住户几无自主择居的可能,但密度与多样性、道路通达性、形象维护管理、体育设施可达性、健康食物可达性仍对该类亚群体的生理健康状况发挥着独立、稳健的影响。前四类建成环境特征对生理健康自评值具有显著正向作用,健康食物可达性主要对罹患慢性病的种类数起着显著抑制作用。这证明,城市建成环境优化是改善居民生理健康的有效之策,开展健康城市规划是实施健康中国战略的应有之义。

第三,健康食物可达性和体育设施可达性对居民生理健康的总体影响效应最强,显见食物环境与体育环境是健康城市规划的两项重点,既要重视公园、广场、运动场馆等公共空间的均等化供给及其内部设施的更新提升,也应在生活圈尺度规范菜场、水果店等贩卖健康食物的商铺数量及其经营规模。密度与可达性、道路通达性、形象维护管理的总体影响效应差距不大,说明在建成环境优化时还需兼顾“硬件”与“软件”两个层面,既鼓励小尺度、密路网、混合式、紧凑型的人性化空间设计,也应加强建成后的常态化维护和精细化管理。

受数据和篇幅所限,本文尚有如下不足：① 体力活动和健康指标源自追忆式调查,未来可利用加速度计或体检结果进行更为客观精准的测量;② 所得结论依赖横截面数据,须通过追踪调查或准实验方法进一步确认“建成环境-生理健康”的因果关系;③ 除居住社区外,基于日常活动空间的健康地理研究仍待加强。

致谢：

评审专家对本研究的变量测量、计量模型、理论总结等方面提出了客观、详实的审稿意见,特致以诚挚感谢。

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DOI:10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-31 URL [本文引用: 1]

目的探讨膳食模式与体力活动水平对江苏省南京市居民高血压发病风险的联合作用,为高血压的预防控制提供参考依据。方法于2007年5-7月采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法在南京市秦淮、白下2个行政区抽取7个社区共3376名30~75岁城市居民进行高血压筛查,将其中筛查出的418例新发高血压患者和782名未患高血压人群分别作为病例组和对照组进行问卷调查和体格检查。结果 418例病例组新发高血压患者中,采用西式膳食模式(WDP)和精明膳食模式(PDP)者分别占58.37%和41.63%,体力活动不足和充足者分别占56.22%和43.78%;782名对照组未患高血压人群中,采用WDP和PDP者分别占23.40%和76.60%,体力活动不足和充足者分别占48.98%和51.02%;在调整了性别、年龄、文化程度、婚姻状况、职业、家庭年均收入、体质指数(BMI)等混杂因素后,多因素条件logistic回归分析结果显示,采用PDP者发生高血压的风险为采用WDP者的0.208倍(OR=0.208,95%CI=0.160~0.270),体力活动充足者发生高血压的风险为体力活动不足者的0.756倍(OR=0.756,95%CI=0.593~0.962),采用PDP且体力活动不足者、采用WDP且体力活动充足者和采用PDP且体力活动充足者发生高血压的风险分别为采用WDP且体力活动不足者的0.124倍(OR=0.124,95%CI=0.084~0.183)、0.357倍(OR=0.357,95%CI=0.237~0.539)和0.103倍(OR=0.103,95%CI=0.068~0.156)。结论采用健康的膳食模式和保持充足的体力活动均可降低高血压的发病风险,2种方式联合降低高血压发病风险的效果更好。

[ Feng

Hongwei

, Hong

Xin

, Wang

Zhiyong

, et al. Joint association of dietary patterns and physical activity with hypertension among urban residents in Nanjing
Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2016,32(5):676-679.]

DOI:10.11847/zgggws2016-32-05-31 URL [本文引用: 1]

Ewing

, Cervero

. Travel and the built environment: A meta-analysis
Journal of the American Planning Association, 2010,76(3):265-294.

DOI:10.1080/01944361003766766 URL [本文引用: 1]

[24]

Smith

, Hosking

, Woodward

, et al. Systematic literature review of built environment effects on physical activity and active transport: An update and new findings on health equity
International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 2017,14(1):158.

DOI:10.1186/s12966-017-0613-9 URLPMID:29145884 [本文引用: 1]

Evidence is mounting to suggest a causal relationship between the built environment and people's physical activity behaviours, particularly active transport. The evidence base has been hindered to date by restricted consideration of cost and economic factors associated with built environment interventions, investigation of socioeconomic or ethnic differences in intervention effects, and an inability to isolate the effect of the built environment from other intervention types. The aims of this systematic review were to identify which environmental interventions increase physical activity in residents at the local level, and to build on the evidence base by considering intervention cost, and the differential effects of interventions by ethnicity and socioeconomic status.

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Sallis J

, Cerin

, Conway T

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Lancet, 2016,387(10034):2207-2217.

DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01284-2 URLPMID:27045735 [本文引用: 1]

Physical inactivity is a global pandemic responsible for over 5 million deaths annually through its effects on multiple non-communicable diseases. We aimed to document how objectively measured attributes of the urban environment are related to objectively measured physical activity, in an international sample of adults.

[26]

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, Cao

, Mokhtarian P

. Self-Selection in the relationship between the built Environment and walking
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[27]

Putnam R

. Bowling Alone
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[本文引用: 2]

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Moore

, Kawachi

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Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 2017,71(5):513-517.

DOI:10.1136/jech-2016-208313 URLPMID:28087811 [本文引用: 1]

Research on social capital in public health is approaching its 20th anniversary. Over this period, there have been rich and productive debates on the definition, measurement and importance of social capital for public health research and practice. As a result, the concepts and measures characterising social capital and health research have also evolved, often drawing from research in the social, political and behavioural sciences. The multidisciplinary adaptation of social capital-related concepts to study health has made it challenging for researchers to reach consensus on a common theoretical approach. This glossary thus aims to provide a general overview without recommending any particular approach. Based on our knowledge and research on social capital and health, we have selected key concepts and terms that have gained prominence over the last decade and complement an earlier glossary on social capital and health.

[29]

Ho E

, Hawkley

, Dale

, et al. Social capital predicts accelerometry-measured physical activity among older adults in the U.S.: A cross-sectional study in the national social life, health, and aging project
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DOI:10.1186/s12889-018-5664-6 URLPMID:29945588 [本文引用: 1]

Older adults receive important health benefits from more robust social capital. Yet, the mechanisms behind these associations are not fully understood. Some evidence suggests that higher levels of social capital ultimately affect health through alterations in physical activity (PA), but most of this research has relied on self-reported levels of PA. The aim of this study was to determine whether components of social capital, including social network size and composition as well as the frequency of participation in various social and community activities, were associated with accelerometry-measured PA levels in a nationally representative sample of community-dwelling older adults (≥ 62?years).

[30]

Pinillos-Franco

, Kawachi

. The relationship between social capital and self-rated health: A gendered analysis of 17 European countries
Social Science & Medicine, 2018,219:30-35.

DOI:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.10.010 URLPMID:30359904 [本文引用: 2]

Women live longer than men, but they report worse self-rated health. Using data from 17 European countries, we sought to test whether gender differences in social capital could account for the male/female gap in self-rated health.

[31]

Villalonga-Olives

, Kawachi

. The dark side of social capital: A systematic review of the negative health effects of social capital
Social Science & Medicine, 2017,194:105-127.

DOI:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.10.020 URLPMID:29100136 [本文引用: 1]

There is a growing literature demonstrating the health benefits of social capital (defined as the resources accessed through social connections). However, social capital is also acknowledged to be a &quot;double-edged&quot; phenomenon, whose effects on health are not always positive. We sought to systematically review studies that have found a negative (i.e. harmful) association between social capital and health outcomes. Our objective was to classify the different types of negative effects, following a framework originally proposed by Portes (1998). We conducted a literature search in Pubmed, Embase and PsychInfo. We identified 3530 manuscripts. After detailed review, we included 44 articles in our systematic review. There are at least two negative consequences of social capital besides the classification proposed by Portes: behavioral contagion and cross-level interactions between social cohesion and individual characteristics. When leveraging the concept of social capital for health promotion interventions, researchers need to take account of these potential &quot;downsides&quot; for health outcomes.

[32]

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[本文引用: 1]

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DOI:10.1177/0013916516687343 URL [本文引用: 2]

[34]

Morris E

, Pfeiffer

. Who really bowls alone? Cities, suburbs, and social time in the United States
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[本文引用: 1]

[35]

Foster

, Giles-Corti

. The built environment, neighborhood crime and constrained physical activity: An exploration of inconsistent findings
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DOI:10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.03.017 URLPMID:18499242 [本文引用: 2]

Personal safety is commonly cited in qualitative research as a barrier to local walking, yet the relationship between safety and constrained physical activity has received mixed support in quantitative studies. This paper reviews the quantitative evidence to date, seeking to explain the inconsistencies, and offers recommendations for future research.

[36]

da Silva I

, Payne V L

, Hino A

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DOI:10.1123/jpah.2015-0156 URLPMID:26694628 [本文引用: 1]

The aim of this study was to review the evidence to date on the association between physical activity and safety from crime.

[37]

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, Hathaway E

, Gay J

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Preventive Medicine, 2018,111:307-313.

DOI:10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.11.017 URLPMID:29157975 [本文引用: 1]

Perceived safety from crime and objectively-measured crime rates may be associated with physical inactivity. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to estimate the odds of accumulating high levels of physical activity (PA) when the perception of safety from crime is high and when objectively-measured crime is high. Peer-reviewed studies were identified through PubMed, Web of Science, ProQuest Criminal Justice, and ScienceDirect from earliest record through 2016. Included studies measured total PA, leisure-time PA, or walking in addition to perceived safety from crime or objective measures of crime. Mean odds ratios were aggregated with random effects models, and meta-regression was used to examine effects of potential moderators: country, age, and crime/PA measure. Sixteen cross-sectional studies yielded sixteen effects for perceived safety from crime and four effects for objective crime. Those reporting feeling safe from crime had a 27% greater odds of achieving higher levels of physical activity (OR=1.27 [1.08, 1.49]), and those living in areas with higher objectively-measured crime had a 28% reduced odds of achieving higher levels of physical activity (OR=0.72 [0.61, 0.83]). Effects of perceived safety were highly heterogeneous (I²=94.09%), but explored moderators were not statistically significant, likely because of the small sample size. Despite the limited number of effects suitable for aggregation, the mean association between perceived safety and PA was significant. As it seems likely that perceived lack of safety from crime constrains PA behaviors, future research exploring moderators of this association may help guide public health recommendations and interventions.

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Jacobs

. The Death and Life of Great American Cities
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URLPMID:2662752 [本文引用: 1]

Modern scientific techniques may be applied to solve historical--even ancient--mysteries. Many such mysteries have been studied by forensic scientists, including anthropologists. One example is the recent examination of the artifacts and grave sites at the Little Bighorn in Montana, the scene of the battle between General George A. Custer's troops and the Northern Plains Indian tribes. Similarly, skeleton remains of the Indian tribes of the Pre-Columbian and Columbian periods have been studied to answer many questions regarding life and death in those early civilizations. The Ripper Project began as a research activity of the Milton Helpern International Center for the Forensic Sciences at Wichita State University Wichita, Kansas, in 1981, after the concept had been discussed in a night session during the annual meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences in Los Angeles. These century-old serial murders of five prostitutes--The Whitechapel Murders--in London in 1888 were discussed in great detail from the standpoints of the forensic pathologist, the forensic psychiatrist, the criminalist, the forensic historian, and the forensic dentist. The information gained during this phase of the project plus the advances made possible by the development of criminal personality profiling by the FBI led to the present status of this project, which was recently discussed in a live telecast, and which is the subject of this article.

[39]

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[本文引用: 1]

[40]

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[本文引用: 2]

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, Pauwels L J

, Weerman F

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[本文引用: 1]

[42]

Lorenc

, Petticrew

, Whitehead

, et al. Fear of crime and the environment: Systematic review of UK qualitative evidence
BMC Public Health, 2013,13:496.

DOI:10.1186/1471-2458-13-496 URLPMID:23705936 [本文引用: 1]

The fear of crime may have negative consequences for health and wellbeing. It is influenced by factors in the physical and social environment. This study aimed to review and synthesize qualitative evidence from the UK on fear of crime and the environment.

[43]

Lytle L

, Sokol R

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Health & Place, 2017,44:18-34.

DOI:10.1016/j.healthplace.2016.12.007 URLPMID:28135633 [本文引用: 1]

Many studies have examined the relationship between the food environment and health-related outcomes, but fewer consider the integrity of measures used to assess the food environment. The present review builds on and makes comparisons with a previous review examining food environment measures and expands the previous review to include a more in depth examination of reliability and validity of measures and study designs employed.

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Sacks

, Robinson

, Cameron A

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Current Obesity Reports, 2019,8(2):98-111.

DOI:10.1007/s13679-019-00342-4 URLPMID:30879246 [本文引用: 2]

There is a broad consensus that policies to create healthier food environments are needed to address obesity. However, previous reviews of the relationships between the healthiness of food environments and diet/obesity-related outcomes have typically reported either mixed associations or none at all. This paper aimed to synthesise measurement and interpretation issues in this field, based on findings from previous reviews.

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Caspi C

, Sorensen

, Subramanian S

, et al. The local food environment and diet: A systematic review
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DOI:10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.05.006 URLPMID:22717379 [本文引用: 2]

Despite growing attention to the problem of obesogenic environments, there has not been a comprehensive review evaluating the food environment-diet relationship. This study aims to evaluate this relationship in the current literature, focusing specifically on the method of exposure assessment (GIS, survey, or store audit). This study also explores 5 dimensions of &quot;food access&quot; (availability, accessibility, affordability, accommodation, acceptability) using a conceptual definition proposed by Penchansky and Thomas (1981). Articles were retrieved through a systematic keyword search in Web of Science and supplemented by the reference lists of included studies. Thirty-eight studies were reviewed and categorized by the exposure assessment method and the conceptual dimensions of access it captured. GIS-based measures were the most common measures, but were less consistently associated with diet than other measures. Few studies examined dimensions of affordability, accommodation, and acceptability. Because GIS-based measures on their own may not capture important non-geographic dimensions of access, a set of recommendations for future researchers is outlined.

[46]

Kirkpatrick S

, Reedy

, Butler E

, et al. Dietary assessment in food environment research: A systematic review
American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2014,46(1):94-102.

DOI:10.1016/j.amepre.2013.08.015 URLPMID:24355678 [本文引用: 2]

The existing evidence on food environments and diet is inconsistent, potentially because of heterogeneity in measures used to assess diet. The objective of this review, conducted in 2012-2013, was to examine measures of dietary intake utilized in food environment research.

[47]

顾丽娟, Rosenberg

, 曾菊新 . 社会经济及环境因子对不同收入群体自评健康的影响
地理研究, 2017,36(7):1257-1270.

[本文引用: 2]

[ Gu

Lijuan

, Rosenberg

, Zeng

Juxin

. The impacts of socioeconomic and environmental factors on self-rated health status among different income groups in China
Geographical Research, 2017,36(7):1257-1270.]

[本文引用: 2]

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Doyle

, Kelly-Schwartz

, Schlossberg

, et al. Active community environments and health: The relationship of walkable and safe communities to individual health
Journal of American Planning Association, 2006,72(1):19-31.

[本文引用: 1]

[49]

Wang

, Lin

. Built environment, travel behavior, and residential self-selection: A study based on panel data from Beijing, China
Transportation, 2019,46(1):51-74.

DOI:10.1007/s11116-017-9783-1 URL [本文引用: 2]

[50]

Wang

, Zhou

. The built environment and travel behavior in urban China: A literature review
Transportation Research Part D, 2017,52(S1):574-585.

DOI:10.1016/j.trd.2016.10.031 URL [本文引用: 1]

[51]

Xue

, Cheng

. Social capital and health in China: Exploring the mediating role of lifestyle
BMC Public Health, 2017,17:863-873.

DOI:10.1186/s12889-017-4883-6 URLPMID:29110657 [本文引用: 1]

Although social capital as a key determinant of health has been well established in various studies, little is known about how lifestyle factors mediate this relationship. Understanding the cross-relationships between social capital, health, and lifestyle factors is important if health promotion policies are to be effective. The purpose of this study is to explore whether different dimensions of social capital and lifestyle factors are related, and whether lifestyle factors mediate the association between social capital and self-rated health (SRH) and psychological well-being (PWB) in China.

[52]

张延吉, 秦波, 朱春武 . 北京城市建成环境对犯罪行为和居住安全感的影响
地理学报, 2019,74(2):238-252.

DOI:10.11821/dlxb201902003 URL [本文引用: 1]

犯罪地理学领域存在“街道眼”理论、防卫空间理论、破窗理论、环境设计预防犯罪等多种观点,但在开放与封闭谁更有益、设计与管理谁更重要、以及客观犯罪行为与主观安全感知的影响机制差异等问题上仍有争议。本文整合北京市的大样本调查、刑事案件及空间数据,系统探究城市建成环境对犯罪行为和居住安全感的影响。研究发现：① 社区出入控制有助于提升居住安全感,并能抑制小尺度上的犯罪活动,但封闭式居住小区存在犯罪现象的“挤出效应”,无法有效削减较大空间尺度上的犯罪总量。② 人流活动密集、城市功能集中、可渗透性较好的开放性空间对增进居住安全感具有正面影响,但由于为罪犯提供了更多作案对象和逃逸机会,助长了犯罪活动的发生。③ 城市环境的管理维护比设计建设环节更能增进居住安全感,也是在较大尺度上阻遏犯罪行为的关键手段。

[ Zhang

Yanji

, Qin

, Zhu

Chunwu

. The impact of urban built environment on criminal behavior and residential security in Beijing
Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019,74(2):238-252.]

DOI:10.11821/dlxb201902003 URL [本文引用: 1]