Reconstruction of provincial cropland area and its spatial-temporal characteristics in the Ming Dynasty
LI Meijiao1,2,3, HE Fanneng,1, YANG Fan1,3, ZHAO Liang1,3 1. Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China 2. Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, College of Resources and Environment, Taiyuan 030006, China 3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Abstract Based on the historical registered data on taxes-cropland and military-oriented cropland, population data, and the historical records on taxation system and land system in the Ming Dynasty, this paper analyzed the reliability of these data, and identified the main impact factors which may lead to the difference between historical registered data and real cropland area. Then, the provincial cropland areas for 1393 and 1583 were reconstructed. The results are shown as follows: (1) The main factors which lead to the difference between historical registered data and real cropland area include record errors, classified statistics of taxes-cropland and military-oriented cropland, and registration and taxation of non-cropland, including mountain, pond, lake, and marsh. (2) Because of the record errors, the registered taxes-cropland areas of Henan and Huguang provinces for 1393 were greater than their actual taxes-cropland areas. And the revised results of the two provinces were 0.41×10 6 mu (Chinese area unit, 1 mu=666.7 m 2) and 0.18×10 6 mu. The total military-oriented cropland area of the study area was 56.2×10 6 mu in 1393. (3) According to the historical records, in 1391, the proportion values of non-cropland data to the total taxes-cropland data were 24.7%, 23.3%, 4.4%, and 3.7% in Zhejiang, South Zhili, Jiangxi, and Huguang provinces, respectively. And in 1583, the proportion values of non-cropland data to the total areas of taxes-cropland and military-oriented cropland in the four provinces were 28.9%, 16.2%, 19.2%, and 11.6%, respectively. (4) The total cropland area of the whole study area increased from 495.5×10 6 mu in 1393 to 754.3×10 6 mu in 1583. In the study period, changes of the reclamation rate presented obvious regional differences. The reclamation rates of Henan and Shandong provinces increased by roughly 15 percentage points, Huguang and Sichuan provinces increased by more than 3 percentage points, and Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, and border areas increased by less than 1 percentage point. Reconstruction of historical land use and cover change at regional level is not only an objective requirement for regional eco-environmental effects simulation, which can provide a reference for enriching and improving global datasets. Keywords:historical land use and land cover change;reconstruction of cropland area;historical documents;Ming Dynasty
PDF (4591KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章导出EndNote|Ris|Bibtex收藏本文 本文引用格式 李美娇, 何凡能, 杨帆, 赵亮. 明代省域耕地数量重建及时空特征分析. 地理研究[J], 2020, 39(2): 447-460 doi:10.11821/dlyj020181315 LI Meijiao. Reconstruction of provincial cropland area and its spatial-temporal characteristics in the Ming Dynasty. Geographical Research[J], 2020, 39(2): 447-460 doi:10.11821/dlyj020181315
1 引言
历史时期土地利用/土地覆被变化(land-use and land-cover change,LUCC)作为全球气候变化研究的重要组成部分,因其可为长时间尺度气候变化模拟、地表过程及碳循环研究等提供下垫面数据,而受到国际学术界的广泛关注[1,2]。其中,耕地是陆地表层最普遍的土地利用形式之一,也是人类活动影响最大的土地类型,其动态过程对陆地生态系统碳循环和全球环境具有深刻的影响[2]。因此,耕地动态过程及特征是LUCC研究的热点和重要内容[3,4]。
近年来,国内外以耕地数据重建为核心内容的LUCC研究取得了较为丰硕的成果。其中,国际上最具代表性的当数3个全球数据集,包括全球历史环境数据集(history database of the global environment, HYDE,最新版3.2重建时段为10000 BC—AD 2015)[3]、全球农牧空间数据集(PJ Dataset,重建时段为AD 800—AD 1992年)[4]和Kaplan等重建的全球土地利用数据集(KK10,重建时段为8000 BP—AD 1850)[5]均含有耕地数据。全球数据集自发布以来,在全球和区域尺度得到广泛应用[6,7],但因各数据集重建结果差异过大,其可靠性也不断受到质疑,如:Kaplan等研究认为:HYDE数据集估算所得工业化以前人为土地覆被变化量比KK10数据集低估约80%[5]。同时,全球数据集重建结果在区域尺度上,也被认为还存在较大的不确定性,如****有关全球数据集在中国和欧洲区域上的评估结果表明:其重建结果不能客观反映历史时期中国耕地、草地[8,9,10]和欧洲人为土地利用[11]的时空变化特征。因此,为给予全球气候变化模拟以更可靠的历史LUCC数据,LandCover 6k计划指出:要充分利用区域考古资料、自然证据和历史文献记录等,开展6000年以来乃至万年以来的区域LUCC重建研究[5]。
Fig. 5The proportions of cropland area or non-cropland area to the total registered taxes-cropland area for 1391 in Zhejiang, Jiangxi, South Zhili, Huguang, and Fujian provinces
Tab. 1 表1 表1清初浙江、江西、南直隶、湖广和广东等省原额耕地和非耕地数据[51] Tab. 1The registered cropland and non-cropland data for Zhejiang, Jiangxi, South Zhili, Huguang, and Guangdong provinces in the early Qing Dynasty[51]
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