英国经济和社会研究委员会(Economic and Social Research Council)国际合作项目.BH170896 国家自然科学基金项目.41571129 文化和旅游部万名旅游英才计划项目.WMYC20181-025 广东省省级科技计划项目.2018A070712015 广州市哲学社会科学“十三五”规划课题.2018GZGJ120
Received:2018-06-1Revised:2019-01-5Online:2019-08-20 作者简介 About authors 曾国军(1977-),男,湖南华容人,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为酒店管理与饮食地理E-mail:zenggj@mail.sysu.edu.cn。
Abstract The sustainable development of food in the age of environmental change and global food crisis has become a public concern and simultaneously a central research agenda that gains growing attention from scholars with diverse research backgrounds. This paper presents a systematic review on the historical evolution of what is termed 'sustainable food system' in Western geography from the 1960s up till now and based on this retrospect, a relational perspective is put forward in this paper, which focuses on the embodiment of foodways and the interconnections between body and environment. This study sums up the cardinal rationales and principles in this new paradigm of sustainable food system in two steps. First, it suggests that 'body-food relation', after a prolonged neglect in productivism agriculture geography and consumerism food geography, does function as the fundamental ontology in sustainable food system research. Above all, this relational paradigm rejects the nature-society dualism that fueled the division between food researches in physical and human geography, namely division between agriculture geography and food's cultural geography. It undermines the traditional opinion on food as a transcendental reality that can achieve sustainability in-itself through spatial fix or quality certification. In contrast, relational paradigms conceptualize food as a unity of nature and society that emerges, in a bodily-connections manner, from the process of 'things becoming food'. In this perspective, sustainable 'body-food relation', which is radically unstable and embedded in dynamic socio-natures, is the fundamental rationale in a relationally sustainable food system. Meanwhile, food is not simply a container of energy or nutrition and bodies are also not merely a passive recipient of material or meaning. Instead, they are reciprocally constituted in both material and symbolic ways and are intrinsically place-based. Put another way, sustainable food system should be ever-changing and can only be achieved through re-localized foodways. Second, this paper identifies three key principles, namely food authenticity, food security and food health, in building a sustainable food system. Such principles should not be understood as a static goal, but a fluid process in place-based socio-nature contexts. Because food is considered to emerge from the process of 'body-food encounter', these principles inevitably involve both materially and socially constructed authenticity, quantity security and cultural acceptability, physiological health and psychosocial wellbeing. Besides, relationally sustainable food system also highlights a focus on the socio-nature environment and multi-scale connotations of these principles, which further extends their meanings, such as food justice, food sovereignty, and nutrition convention. In summary, this study seeks to promote the synergies in food geography and it also calls for Chinese food geographers to be engaged in sustainable food researches through an integrative and systematic perspective. Keywords:food geography;sustainable food system;food authenticity;food security;food health
PDF (1838KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章导出EndNote|Ris|Bibtex收藏本文 本文引用格式 曾国军, 王龙杰. 可持续饮食系统的研究进展与理论框架. 地理研究[J], 2019, 38(8): 2068-2084 doi:10.11821/dlyj020180570 ZENG Guojun. Sustainable food system: Review and research framework. Geographical Research[J], 2019, 38(8): 2068-2084 doi:10.11821/dlyj020180570
首先,关于“身体-食物”关系的内在延续性。关系地理学强调事件发展的连续性[55,63],已有研究仅限于对关系主义阶段中的“身体-食物”之关系的探讨,而相对忽略这一关系是如何从前两个阶段演变而来的。“人如其食(you are what you eat)”表明[21,40,64],“身体”客观地存在于饮食系统中,因而不论是生产主义认识,还是消费主义认识,其本质上都体现了某种形式的“身体-食物”关系,而以这一关系为内在线索,能够梳理饮食系统演变的脉络。明确这一线索之后,饮食系统研究还需要界定分析“身体-食物”关系的具体维度。有研究指出,“身体-食物”关系实质上一种具身化的饮食体验和感受[65,66],亦即食物突破“身体”的边界、进入到人体,向其输送物质能量、文化情感,进而内化为人体一部分的过程[54,61,67]。通过这一过程能够满足人类基本的生存需求[46,47,68],以及在此基础上对更全面、更综合的营养需要[67,69,70],前者为饮食安全,后者为饮食健康。而国内经济社会的飞速发展,催生了人们在生活方式、食物消费结构、观念行为等方面的急剧变迁[38,71,72],这凸显出“饮食原真”问题在当代中国的重要现实意义[24,73,74]。需要说明,“原真”一词的概念多元、内涵相异[75,76,77],不同学科的研究传统也不一致,而此处的“饮食原真”是指一种参照基准[78],意在刻画“身体-食物”之关系的变化。这一变化不仅体现在从生产主义认识到关系主义认识的阶段性差异,而且同时受“身体”和“食物”两方面的影响。总结之,本文将以“身体-食物”关系为内在线索,从饮食安全、饮食健康、饮食原真等具体维度来追踪饮食系统的演变路径。
20世纪80年代后期,饮食实践逐渐摆脱经济至上和效率优先的固有认知,学界也开始从消费终端来反思生产主义饮食系统[69]。这一时期主要受到文化转向和消费主义的影响,尤其是Valentine的经典之作《Consuming geographies: We are where we eat》的问世,将传统的农作物地理(agri-food geography)推向了饮食地理(geographies of food)[51]。自此,相关研究越发关注食物质量(quality turn)、食物消费及其在日常生活中的价值和意义[4,99],并认为增进人们对食物的消费自主权是推动饮食系统变革的关键[29,100]。在此基础上,地理****较多采用商品链条(commodity chain)、行动者网络(actor network theory)等分析方法[4,48,101],主要探讨食物从生产到消费过程中个体消费自主权的变化,以期破除商品交换关系对日常生活意义的遮蔽,进而从消费端重构饮食系统。在实践方面,消费者也主动寻求生产主义饮食系统之外的替代性食物地理(alternative food geographies)[102],例如农夫市集、社区支持农业、有机农场等,认为食物质量嵌入于传统的、再地化的饮食实践中[10,26,54,62]。而这种对食物质量的关注,大多根源于消费者对生产主义饮食系统的不信任[53,81],特别是标准化的质量传统及其引发的食物全球同质化、安全恐慌(例如疯牛病、手足口病等)和肥胖流行病等[2,21,96]。
质量可持续同样隐含着对“身体-食物”关系的再次认识,并通过再地化的转型来实践。具体而言,在消费主义认识中,食物被视为文化意义的载体[103],“身体”则是自我表达和实现的手段[51,104],食物之于“身体”更多是满足个人审美、认同等符号性需求,而饮食系统的目的则在于提供差异性和多样化的食物来供其选择。但在生产主义所奉行的去地化策略下,食物已然沦为外表统一、无差别的工业化产品[2,96],其地方意义和文化价值不断消解,人们亦无从判别食物的质量和价值。为此,消费主义饮食系统诉诸于“再地化”的转型,主张通过追踪原产地、挖掘其背后故事等方式,来重新编织食物之于“地方”的关系[79],进而为食物赋予社会生命(social life of things)[27],以此来制造(manufacture)食物的质量和意义[105,106]。但在实践中,这一转型并没有脱离生产主义的控制,消费者仍须依赖零售部门来获得食物信息[50,103],而零售商则借助符号化的原真、标签化的质量认证等来展现“食物背后的故事”[40,73,74,105]。在饮食安全和健康问题上,这一饮食系统宣扬的是通过消费者的自主选择来强化自身的价值认同,而零售部门则顺势将责任和风险转嫁给消费者[16,20]:表面上,消费者可以通过环境友好型消费、道德式消费、支付健康溢价等方式来践行自己的食物消费自主权[40,81,107];实际上,消费者早已被隐蔽地剥夺了对食物的选择能力,而只能在其设定的框架内做妥协,根本上无权决定饮食系统的走向。
4.2.2 饮食原真与饮食健康 饮食原真与饮食健康分别对应人地间物质能量、文化情感交换关系的原生稳定与和谐统一,二者相互区别又交织融合。同样地,在具体分析时,也需综合考虑“身体-食物”关系所依附的“地方”情境。例如,从饮食原真与饮食健康的交叉视角,可探究“中国居民平衡膳食宝塔”(亦称为“膳食宝塔”)的局限性。“膳食金字塔(Dietary Guidelines for Americans)”是“膳食宝塔”的原型,它起源于美国,主张通过科学的营养健康观念,来引导和控制人们的卡路里摄入量,进而降低肥胖率,因其强调“同类互换”而得以在不同地区推广和应用[97,117,118]。具体到中国情境,“膳食金字塔”中原有的面包、意大利面和生菜等食材,被“同类互换”为米饭、面条和豌豆等,进而演变成为指导中国居民健康饮食的“膳食宝塔(the Chinese Dietary Guidelines)”。乍看之下,膳食宝塔似乎同时考虑了饮食原真和饮食健康,但静心思之,它只是客体原真视角下对“地方”的片面理解。具体而言,膳食宝塔虽然推崇根据“地方”情境来同类互换特定食材,以此保障“身体-食物”关系的原生稳定,但其隐含的根本假设在于饮食健康的标准是统一的,并且可以通过精细计算卡路里的摄入量、固定的营养搭配方案来实现[98,117]。这意味着,膳食宝塔符合客观的食材原真,但被引入国内时,未考虑“地方”情境中的体质差异、生活方式、营养需要、生命历程等[24,46],也未考虑中国内部的区域差异[72,113],对饮食健康的标准化认知也使其背离了“地方”的异质性。
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