黄胜敏2,,,
覃芳3,
蒲晓东4,
韦文恒4,
黄渺淼5
1. 澳大利亚国立大学, 考古学与人类学学院, 堪培拉 2600
2. 南宁师范大学北部湾环境演化与资源利用教育部重点实验室, 广西地表过程与智能模拟重点实验室, 广西 南宁 530001
3. 广西壮族自治区文物保护与考古研究所, 广西 南宁 530007
4. 广西壮族自治区南宁市博物馆, 广西 南宁 530221
5. 中山大学社会学与人类学学院, 广东 广州 510275
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（批准号：41962003）资助
详细信息
作者简介: 张烨昆, 男, 33岁, 博士研究生, 植物考古研究, E-mail: yekun.zhang@anu.edu.au
通讯作者: 黄胜敏, E-mail: hshmin81@163.com
中图分类号: K871.13;P914.2;Q949.4收稿日期:2021-04-22
修回日期:2021-07-11
刊出日期:2021-09-30
Analysis of subsistence strategy and settlement pattern of the Early Holocene shell midden site in the Yong River basin, Guangxi: Comprehensive evidence from archaeobotanical remains
ZHANG Yekun1,,HUANG Shengmin2,,,
QIN Fang3,
PU Xiaodong4,
WEI Wenheng4,
HUANG Miaomiao5
1. School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra 2600, ACT
2. Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf(Nanning Normal University), Ministry of Education and Guangxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Intelligent Simulation, Nanning 530001, Guangxi
3. Guangxi Institute of Cultural Relics Protection and Archaeology, Nanning 530007, Guangxi
4. Nanning City Museum, Nanning 530221, Guangxi
5. School of Sociology and Anthropology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong
More Information
Corresponding author: HUANG Shengmin,E-mail:hshmin81@163.com
MSC: K871.13;P914.2;Q949.4--> Received Date: 22 April 2021
Revised Date: 11 July 2021
Publish Date: 30 September 2021
摘要
摘要:河旁贝丘遗址是广西新石器时代早中期的一种重要文化遗址类型，目前对其生业状态和定居模式的研究还相对薄弱。本研究使用综合性植物考古学研究方法，对邕江流域豹子头、石船头和那北咀这3个河旁贝丘遗址进行了大遗存分析、薄壁组织（parenchyma）遗存分析、炭屑分析以及淀粉粒和植硅体等微体遗存分析。本研究的分析结果与以往的研究成果表明，邕江流域河旁贝丘群体的食谱范围非常广泛，且包含了多种回报率档次差异极大的食物资源，其生业模式应为广谱采集。磨石、陶器、炭化食物遗存的发现以及对棕榈的强化利用行为，表明贝丘群体已经具备改造环境、提高多种食物资源回报率的能力，但是对植物资源的强化利用程度仍然较为初级。贝丘群体掌握了新的食物收获和处理技术，并且可能意识到某些资源的可预测性，这为贝丘群体降低流动意愿乃至定居下来提供了基础条件。贝丘遗址可能是作为采食群体定期或季节性的定居点，以便于采集坚果、棕榈、块茎和贝类等资源，而非作为永久性的定居居址。
关键词: 邕江流域/
贝丘遗址/
植物遗存分析/
生业形态/
定居模式/
全新世早期
Abstract:The riverside shell midden site is an important cultural type of archaeological site in Guangxi in the early and middle Neolithic Age. There have been few studies of plant utilisation in southern China, especially for the period before the introduction of rice farming to Guangxi. The results of archaeobotanical and palaeoecological assessments of three freshwater shell middens-Baozitou(22°46'25.0″N, 108°19'46.4″E), Shichuantou(22°46'18.6″N, 108°23'39.3″E) and Nabeizui(22°47'53.4″N, 108°30'19.6″E)-that are located along the Yong River in Nanning City, Guangxi, provide significant data on pre-agricultural subsistence status in southern China. Multiple archaeobotanical methods were applied in this study, including the analyses of macrobotanical remains, archaeological parenchyma, microcharcoal, starch grains, and phytoliths, as well as radiocarbon dating.
The radiocarbon dating results have refined the chronology of freshwater shell middens in the Yong River Basin. Based on the calibrated dates of the shells, Baozitou dates to ca. 12000~11130 cal.a B. P., Shichuantou to ca. 11250~10500 cal.a B. P. and Nabeizui to ca. 11060~9560 cal.a B. P. These are maximum ages for the occupation at these middens, and their real ages could be overestimated by up to more than 1000 years due to the freshwater reservoir effects. Nonetheless, the three studied shell middens were all used during the Early Holocene. Each shell midden was used for a maximum of 750 years to 1500 years, although probably for much shorter occupation periods. The periods of use for the three sites show significant overlaps.
Phytolith and microcharcoal results indicate that palaeoecological trends present in different ways at each site during the period of the occupation. Baozitou and Shichuantou share more similarities in the transformation of the local environment, which is characterised as cumulative decreases in forestland and concomitant increases in grassland with persistent burning over time, whereas Nabeizui exhibits opposite trends to the other sites-namely, an increase in forest cover accompanied by slightly lower indicators of burning than at the other two sites. In addition to the inconsistencies in the palaeoecological trends, each site exhibits a similar period during which palm phytoliths are present. The similar occurrence of palms during a discrete period of occupation at each site is suggestive of human-directed resource intensification of palms in the landscape.
The number of starch grains found at the three shell midden sites is not large, but the sources of species are relatively diverse. The starch grains from the three shell midden sites can be classified into four types, including Fagaceae(e.g. Castanopsis sp. and Cyclobalanopsis sp.), Poaceae, underground storage organs(USOs) and unknown taxa. The relative abundance of species reflects the diversity of tool-processed food and the diversity of food structure of the subsistence strategy of shell midden people. In terms of the artefacts, most of the starch grains come from three artefacts, and each site has one artefact with relatively rich starch grains. The extracted starch grains from the Nabeizui grinding stone suggest it is a multifunctional tool for processing multiple types of edible plant materials.
The diversity of macrobotanical remains is relatively rich, indicating that the shell midden people exploited and utilised a variety of food resources(e.g. nuts, USOs, grass seeds and fruits). The discovery of carbonised food remains also suggests that humans learned to process and cook starchy foods. Many carbonised parenchyma fragments were found in the macrobotanical remains, which were preliminarily identified as originating from some parts of fruits and USOs. Some parenchyma fragments can be identified as bulb and Lotus root(Nelumbo nucifera) by using a combination of scanning methods, including transmitted light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and MicroCT.
The analysis results of this study combined with previous research results indicate that the diet breadth of the shell midden people in the Yong River Basin is extensively broad, including a variety of food resources(e.g. nuts, grass seeds, USOs, palm, aquatic and terrestrial animals and molluscs) with great difference in the rate of return, which suggests shell midden people adopted broad-spectrum collecting as their subsistence strategy. The discovery of grinding stones, pottery and carbonised food remains, as well as the intensive use of palm, suggest that the shell midden people had been able to remould environment and improve the return rate of various food resources, but the intensive use of plant resources is still in a relatively primitive stage. The shell midden community adopted new techniques for harvesting and processing food, and might have realised the predictability of certain resources. This provides the basic conditions for the shell midden people to reduce their mobility and enhance the willingness to settle down.
According to the palaeoecological data, coupled with available archaeological findings for shell midden sites in this region, communities in the Yong River Basin during the Early Holocene adopted a logistical strategy to obtain resources in the landscape. The riverside shell midden sites might serve as periodical or seasonal settlements rather than as permanent settlements for foraging groups to exploit multiple resources. The shell midden communities did not live at a specific site year-round, but they did reside and utilise the midden site for an extended period within each year and such a connection was maintained over an extended timeframe.
Key words:the Yong River Basin/
shell midden/
archaeobotanical analysis/
subsistence strategy/
settlement pattern/
Early Holocene
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