,1,2, 李萌1, 厉秀梅1, 石玉祥2, 张敏红,1, 冯京海1Effects of the Daily Cycle Variation of the Moderate Ambient Temperatures on the Serum Brain Gut Peptide and the Diversity of Caecal Microflora in Broilers
CHANG ShuangShuang,1,2, LI Meng1, LI XiuMei1, SHI YuXiang2, ZHANG MinHong,1, FENG JingHai1通讯作者:
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收稿日期:2018-02-21接受日期:2018-09-12网络出版日期:2018-11-16
| 基金资助: |
Received:2018-02-21Accepted:2018-09-12Online:2018-11-16
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常双双, 李萌, 厉秀梅, 石玉祥, 张敏红, 冯京海. 日循环变化偏热环境对肉鸡血清脑肠肽和盲肠菌群多样性的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(22): 4364-4372 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.22.014
CHANG ShuangShuang, LI Meng, LI XiuMei, SHI YuXiang, ZHANG MinHong, FENG JingHai.
0 引言
【研究意义】应激可改变脑肠轴功能和肠道菌群结构[1],其中热应激是影响畜禽健康最为主要的环境影响因素之一。【前人研究进展】笔者所在课题组近年来初步探讨了偏热环境对肉鸡生理、行为、物质代谢、肠道菌群和生产性能等方面的影响。研究发现,26和30℃偏热处理影响肉鸡休息行为且30℃偏热处理显著升高肉鸡体核温度[2];持续偏热处理（26和31℃）影响肉鸡糖脂代谢及禽类解偶联蛋白（av UCP）m RNA表达,降低肉鸡生长性能,且不同偏热程度对肉鸡影响程度不同[3];持续偏热处理（26 和31℃）与 21 ℃相比,降低肉鸡盲肠菌群多样性[4]。脑肠肽是一类同时存在于中枢神经系统和胃肠道的胃肠肽类激素,以旁分泌、自分泌或内分泌等形式作用于胃肠效应细胞[5],调控着肠道运动、感觉、分泌等功能,由血液所携带的脑肠肽是胃肠道向脑内传递的重要化学信号。现已发现5-羟色胺（5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT）、血管活性肽（vasoactive intestinal peptide,VIP）、P物质（substance P,SP）等脑肠肽与胃肠活动相关[6]。脑肠肽影响肠道菌群的多样性,VIP可以改善肠道微环境,促进肠道有益菌的定植[7]。反过来,肠道菌群及其代谢产物也影响脑肠肽的分泌[8],如产芽孢细菌（SP）及其代谢产物短链脂肪酸（SCFA）[9,10]可以影响5-HT的产生;肠道菌群紊乱可导致5-HT水平的失衡,而利用益生菌制剂后可以明显缓解5-HT的失衡 [11]。可见,脑肠肽分泌与肠道菌群多样性之间存在着相互影响的关系。另外也发现,不同变温模式对脑肠肽和菌群的影响不一样,如长期热应激（31±1.5℃）影响胆囊收缩素（CCK）的表达[12]。急性热应激（35±1℃）发生时,脑肠肽（如促生长素Ghrelin和CCK）在对食欲的调节发挥重要的作用,尤其是腺胃、十二指肠和空肠中增加Ghrelin是导致采食量降低的重要原因[13]。【本研究切入点】目前有关环境温度对肉鸡肠道菌群的影响大多集中于32℃以上且通常采用恒温模式,但实际养殖过程中多数情况下环境温度都不是恒定的;近年来,主要研究热应激下脑肠肽（CCK与Ghrelin等）对机体摄食行为的控制作用,而有关环境温度对肉鸡血清脑肠肽5-HT、VIP和SP影响的相关研究尚未见报道。【拟解决的关键问题】本试验通过检测肉鸡血清脑肠肽的含量与盲肠菌群16SrDNA DGGE图谱分析,探讨日循环变化偏热环境对肉鸡血清脑肠肽和盲肠菌群多样性的变化。1 材料与方法
研究于2016年10—11月在中国农业科学院北京畜牧兽医研究所动物营养学国家重点实验室昌平基地的人工环境控制舱完成。1.1 试验动物与饲养管理
选取22d健康、体重相近爱拔益加（AA）肉鸡120只,随机分成2个处理组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鸡（公母各5只）。试验在动物营养学国家重点实验室的环境控制舱内进行,温、湿度自动控制（精度±1℃、±7%）,无风、24 h 光照。试验肉鸡均采用单层平养,所选用笼具为动物营养学国家重点实验室研发的单层平养笼具[14],自由采食与饮水,常规免疫。试验动物所用饲粮与文献[2,3,4]的试验配方一致。1.2 试验设计
将2个处理组的肉鸡转入环境温度为21℃、相对湿度为60%的环境控制舱适应7d。29d时开始正式试验,试验组环境温度采用24h循环变温（26℃-29℃-32℃-29℃-26℃）见表1,相对湿度为60%;对照组环境温度恒定为21℃,相对湿度为60%,试验条件维持至试验结束,共计14d。Table 1
表1
表1环境温度变化时间表
Table 1
| 时间 Time | 温度 Temperature (℃) |
|---|---|
| 8：00-11：00 | 26 |
| 11：00-14：00 | 29 |
| 14：00-17：00 | 32 |
| 17：00-20：00 | 29 |
| 23：00-08：00 | 26 |
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1.3 测定指标与方法
1.3.1 血液采集与测定方法 分别于试验第7和14天,每组随机选取6只肉鸡（公母各半,每个重复1只肉鸡）,肉鸡采用静脉采血,静置2h后,3 000r/min低温离心10min吸取血清,至-80℃冰箱保存。采用酶联免疫吸附测定（enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA）,委托北京方程生物科技有限公司测定血清中5-HT、VIP、SP的含量。
1.3.2 肠道样品的采集与测定方法
1.3.2.1 盲肠样品的收集 分别于试验第7和14天,每组随机选取6只肉鸡（公母各半,每个重复1只肉鸡）剪断颈静脉处死,全身消毒后剖开腹腔,分离肠道,结扎回盲交界处,剪下盲肠迅速移至超净工作台,用无菌剪刀剪开肠壁,收集盲肠内容物,将同一处理组的6个样品迅速混匀,装置无菌离心管中,液氮速冻,-80℃保存备用。
1.3.2.2 细菌16S rDNA片段的PCR扩增 以样品基因组 DNA 为模板,采用细菌通用引物 GC-338F 和 518R 扩增样品 16S rDNA 高变区序列,引物信息见表2。
Table 2
表 2
表 2引物信息
Table 2
| 引物 Primer | 序列 Sequence |
|---|---|
| 338F | CCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG |
| 518R | ATTACCGCGGCTGCTGG |
| GC338F | CGCCCGGGGCGCGCCCCGGGGCGGGGCGGGGGCGCGGGGGGCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG |
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PCR 扩增体系（50 μL）为：10×PCR buffer 5 μL;dNTPMixture（2.5 mmol·L-1）3.2 μL;ExTaq（5 U·μL-1）0.4 μL;GC-338F（20 μmol·L-1）1 μL;518R（20 μmol·L-1）1 μL;模板 DNA 50 ng;补ddH2O至50 μL。
PCR 扩增程序为：94℃预变性 5 min;94℃变性 1 min,55℃复性 45 s,72℃延伸 1 min,30 个循环;最终 72℃延伸 10 min。
PCR产物采用OMEGA公司DNAGel Extraction Kit 纯化回收。
PCR 仪为 Biometra 公司生产的 T-gradient,凝胶成像仪为 Bio-Rad 公司的 Gel-Doc2000 凝胶成像系统。
1.3.2.3 PCR产物的变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）分析
取10 μL PCR 的产物进行变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）分析。采用变性梯度为 35%—55%、浓度为 7%的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶在 1×TAE缓冲液中 150V 60℃下电泳5h。
变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）完毕后、采用银染法染色、步骤如下：
a) 固定液（乙醇 50 mL、冰醋酸 2.5 mL、定容 500 mL）固定 15 min;
b) Milli-Q纯水清洗、20 s 和 2 min各一次;
c) 银染液（硝酸银 1 g、37%甲醛 0.75 mL、定容 500 mL）染色 15 min;
d) Milli-Q纯水清洗、20 s 和 2 min各一次;
e) 显色液（氢氧化钠 7.5 g、37%甲醛 2.5 mL、定容 500 mL）显色 5—7 min;
最后用终止液（乙醇 50 mL、冰醋酸 2.5 mL、定容 500 mL）终止反应。
1.3.2.4 DGGE 图谱中优势电泳条带的序列测定 DGGE 凝胶条带回收后,以338F/518R 为引物进行 PCR 扩增,PCR 产物纯化后连接到pMD18-T载体上,转化至DH5α感受态细胞中,筛选阳性克隆测序。测序结果与GenBank 中的序列进行比对,得到条带所代表的细菌类型。每个回收条带选取3个克隆进行了序列测定。
1.4 数据处理
试验数据使用SAS9.2统计分析软件进行单因素分析（One-way ANOVA）,P<0.05为差异显著;采用软件Quantity One分析DGGE图谱多样性。2 结果
2.1 日循环变化偏热环境对肉鸡血清脑肠肽的影响
由表3可以看出,试验第7天时,日循环变化偏热环境组肉鸡血清5-HT含量显著高于21℃组（P<0.05）; 而对照组和日循环变化偏热环境组肉鸡VIP和SP并无显著差异。试验第14天时,日循环变化偏热环境组肉鸡血清VIP含量显著低于对照组（P<0.05）,对照组和日循环变化偏热环境组肉鸡血清5-HT和SP并无显著差异。Table 3
表3
表3日循环变化偏热环境对肉鸡血清脑肠肽的影响
Table 3
| 项目 Items | 时间 Time (d) | 温度Temperature | P值 P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 21℃ | 26℃-29℃-32℃-29℃-26℃ | |||
| 5-羟色胺 5-HT | 7 | 176.63±12.86b | 255.92±49.78a | <0.05 |
| 14 | 206.31±23.30 | 209.76±29.39 | 0.8259 | |
| 血管活性肽VIP | 7 | 161.87±31.12 | 127.85±23.77 | 0.0592 |
| 14 | 197.85±18.07a | 73.51±22.16b | <0.05 | |
| P物质 SP | 7 | 6.42±0.91 | 5.44±1.08 | 0.1293 |
| 14 | 8.70±0.54 | 8.68±1.20 | 0.9607 | |
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2.2 日循环变化偏热环境对肉鸡肠道菌群多样性的影响
2.2.1 肉鸡肠道菌群PCR-DGGE扩增指纹图谱 通过肉鸡肠道菌群PCR-DGGE指纹图谱（图1）可以看出,试验第7天,日循环变化偏热环境组较对照组细菌条带数减少2条;试验第14天,对照组和日循环化偏热环境组细菌条带数相同。图1
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左图编号2代表为试验第7天对照组;编号5为试验第7天日循环变化偏热环境组;右图编号2为试验第14天对照组;第二个编号5为试验第14天日循环变化偏热环境组
Fig. 1DGGE profiles generated from chicken cecal contents
The left Bands number 2 represents the control group on the 7th day of the experiment; the number 5 represents the heat treatment group on the 7th day of the experiment; the right figure Bands 2 represents the control group on the 14th day of the experiment; the number 5 represents the heat treatment group on the 14th day of the experiment
2.2.2 肉鸡肠道菌群结构多样性分析 由表4可以看出,试验第7天,对照组和日循环化偏热环境组细菌间的相似系数为79.9%;试验第14天,对照组和日循环化偏热环境组细菌间的相似系数为66.1%;试验第14天与第7天相比,日循环化偏热环境组细菌间相似系数下降。
Table 4
表4
表4戴斯系数比较PCR-DGGE图谱的相似性
Table 4
| Lane | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 100 | 79.9 | 52 | 68.9 |
| 2 | 79.9 | 100 | 53.4 | 64.6 |
| 3 | 52 | 53.4 | 100 | 66.1 |
| 4 | 68.9 | 64.6 | 66.1 | 100 |
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2.2.3 肉鸡肠道特异性菌群和共性菌群分析 从肉鸡肠道菌群16S rDNA V3区PCR-DGGE指纹图谱中分别割胶回收了2条特异性条带和5条共性条带,由图1和表5可以看出,试验第7天和14天肉鸡盲肠内容物中均检测出共性条带：1号菌条带（Clostridium josui）、3号菌条带（Bacteroides vulgatus）、4号菌条带（Parabacteroides johnsonii）、5号菌条带（Bacteroides dorei）和7号菌条带（Ruminococcus flavefaciens）;日循环变化偏热环境处理后,肠道菌群发生变化,试验第14天较第7天,日循环化偏热环境组1、3和7号菌条带丰富度下降而4号和5号菌条带丰富度显著增加;且试验第14天日循环化偏热环境组并未检测出2号菌条带（Intestinimonas butyriciproducens）和6号菌条带（Subdoligranulum variabile）从测序结果可见,7条菌群序列均分布于厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）,与 GenBank 数据库中细菌的同源性绝大多数都在90%以上。
Table 5
表5
表5DGGE 图谱中条带的基因片段序列比对
Table 5
| 条带编号 Band name | GenBank数据库中最相近的菌种名称 NCBI BLAST matches | 登录号 Access number | 相似度 Similarity (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Clostridium josui | NR_112037.1 | 91% |
| 2 | Intestinimonas butyriciproducens | NR_118554.1 | 97% |
| 3 | Bacteroides vulgatus | NR_074515.1 | 99% |
| 4 | Parabacteroides johnsonii | NR_041464.1 | 99% |
| 5 | Bacteroides dorei | NR_041351.1 | 99% |
| 6 | Subdoligranulum variabile | NR_028997.1 | 90% |
| 7 | Ruminococcus flavefaciens | NR_025931.1 | 93% |
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3 讨论
3.1 对肉鸡血清脑肠肽的影响
脑肠肽可以直接作用于中枢神经系统,由血液所携带的脑肠肽是胃肠道向脑内传递的重要化学信号,这些信号物质可以通过脑干的最后区直接入脑而作用于脑干迷走复合体,进而影响迷走神经的传出功能,参与胃肠运动、食欲及摄食功能的调节[15]。5-羟色胺（5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT）,又名血清素（serotonin）,是一种神经递质,也是重要的肠道生理调节器,主要由肠内分泌细胞产生,参与调解肠道运动、感觉,直接或间接刺激肠道分泌。本试验结果显示,试验第7天,日循环变化偏热环境组肉鸡血清5-HT含量显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,而试验第14天并无显著差异。由此可推断血清5-HT的增加可能会通过肠道分泌和运动的变化而引起肠道菌群的变化。
血管活性肠肽（vasoactive intestinal peptide,VIP）是一种非胆碱能非肾上腺素能抑制系统的神经递质,对胃肠活动起抑制性调节作用,引起全胃肠环形肌松弛[16]。研究报道,血管活性肠肽分泌神经元可刺激胰液和肠液分泌,保护肠黏膜,调节胃肠吸收[17]。此外还能改善肠黏膜组织微循环及内环境,为肠上皮细胞提供营养物质和氧,并清除过多的氧自由基等有害物质[18]。有研究表明,VIP含量减少,对肠道动力的抑制作用减小,致使肠道蠕动增强,改变肠道内环境。本试验结果得出,试验第7天和14天,日循环变化偏热环境组肉鸡血清VIP均低于对照组。从以上相关研究结果可以认为,本试验血管活性肠肽的下降可能将导致肠道内环境及菌群结构的变化。
P物质（substance P,SP）本身又是一种速激肽,可增加胃肠蠕动,强烈促消化道平滑肌收缩,加强结肠的集团推进运动,刺激小肠、结肠黏膜分泌水和电解质,使胃肠道的血管扩张,通透性增高,血浆外渗,并参与炎症过程和免疫反应[19]。该研究结果发现,试验第7和14天,两组肉鸡血清SP并无显著差异。
3.2 对肉鸡盲肠菌群多样性的影响
早先研究表明肉鸡盲肠肠道内含有复杂的微生物菌群[20,21,22,23],主要以厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）为主,其次为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）和放线菌门（Actinobacteria）[24,25]。而家禽在生长发育过程中,温度过高改变家禽肠道微生物菌群结构[26]。研究报道,持续偏热环境（26℃和31℃）下肉鸡盲肠细菌条带数和菌群多样性下降[4]。本研究通过对肉鸡盲肠微生物进行图谱条带和多样性分析得出,第7天日循环变化偏热环境组较对照组,肉鸡盲肠细菌条带数下降,第14天日循环变化偏热环境组和对照组细菌条带数相同但细菌间相似性下降,结果表明日循环变化偏热环境影响肉鸡盲肠菌群平衡,且随着偏热环境时间的增加,对菌群结构的影响增大。据报道,肉鸡暴露于34—38℃下,热应激导致拟杆菌属、柔嫩梭菌属、颤螺菌属、梭菌属、考拉杆菌属、萨特氏菌属、Dorea 丰度比例降低;而毛螺旋菌科和瘤胃菌科的瘤胃球菌属、厌氧原体属、Anaerotruncus、Blautia、Eubacterium、Butyricimonas丰度比例增加[27]。本研究发现试验第14天日循环变化偏热环境组Clostridium josui、Bacteroides vulgatus和Ruminococcus flavefaciens丰度下降而Parabacteroides johnsonii和Bacteroides dorei丰度显著增加,同时日循环变化偏热环境组不利于Intestinimonas butyriciproducen和Subdoligranulum variabile的定植。Parabacteroides和Bacteroides属于拟杆菌门,拟杆菌门是肠道革兰氏阴性菌中数量最大的一类细菌,产降解植物细胞壁的酶,参与植物细胞壁的降解,从而与肠道的消化功能有关。Clostridium josui、Ruminococcus flavefaciens和Subdoligranulum variabile属于厚壁菌门,研究表明,后肠微生物区系中的优势菌群是厚壁门菌,其含量大约占60%—70%,其中丁酸盐产生菌对肠上皮细胞的发育具有重要作用[28],而宿主肠道内丁酸盐产生菌大多来自厚壁菌门中的柔嫩梭菌类群（Clostridium leptum, Clostridial clusters IV）和球状梭菌类群（Clostridium coccoides, Clostridial clusters XIVa）。瘤胃球菌（Ruminococus faecis）是最重要的一种可水解纤维素的细菌,它通过一系列可被纤维素衍生物抑制的作用机制吸附在纤维素上,进而参与纤维素的降解消化,在肠道的消化功能上起到重要作用[29]。Intestinimonas butyriciproducen在肉鸡肠道内的作用机制有待进一步研究探讨。
3.3 盲肠菌群多样性与脑肠肽分泌的关系
肠道内既定植着400—1 000种细菌,总数达一百万亿,是人体自身细胞总数的10倍[30,31],这些细菌具有维持宿主肠道微生态平衡、调节肠道动力、提高免疫功能、影响营养物质的吸收等多种重要的生理功能[32,33,34,35,36];同时肠道也是人体最大的内分泌器官,能分泌胃泌素、胃动素、胆囊收缩素等多种肽类激素。有研究表明[7,8,9,10,11],肠道菌群结构和种类与脑肠肽分泌之间存在相互影响的关系。5-HT的产生受到肠道菌群及其代谢产物影响,特别是产芽孢细菌（SP）和短链脂肪酸（SCFA）[8,9]。宿主肠道内SCFA丁酸盐产生菌大多来自厚壁菌门中的柔嫩梭菌类群,而丁酸盐产生菌对肠上皮细胞的发育具有重要作用;来自健康老鼠和人类微生物群的固有的SP促进结肠EC产生5-HT[37]。据报道,在生命早期缺乏菌群的时候,会导致血浆色氨酸水平的升高[38]。还有研究表明双歧杆菌可以影响色氨酸的代谢[39],口服婴儿双歧杆菌可诱导大鼠神经递质多巴胺、5-HT血浆浓度升高[40]。肠道菌群紊乱可导致5-HT水平的失衡,而利用益生菌制剂后可以明显缓解5-HT失调的症状[11]。反过来,脑肠肽也会影响菌群的多样性。VIP可以改善肠道微环境,减少脂多糖对肠黏膜的损伤,促进有益菌的定植使菌群比例恢复正常[7]。以上结果说明,本试验得出的5-HT和VIP含量的变化与肉鸡菌群多样性的变化是有关系的,但是5-HT含量的增加和VIP含量降低与细菌菌群结构变化（Parabacteroides johnsonii和Bacteroides dorei的增加,以及Intestinimonas butyriciproducen和Subdoligranulum variabile的减少）的确切关系还需进一步研究。4 结论
4.1
日循环变化偏热环境升高血清5-HT含量,降低血清VIP含量。4.2
日循环变化偏热环境降低肉鸡盲肠细菌多样性,改变菌群结构,促进Parabacteroides johnsonii和Bacteroides dorei的生长,抑制Intestinimonas butyriciproducen和Subdoligranulum variabile的定植。且随着日循环偏热环境作用时间的延长,肉鸡盲肠菌群相似性差异增大。（责任编辑 林鉴非）
参考文献 原文顺序
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被引期刊影响因子
DOI:10.1053/j.gastro.2013.02.038URLPMID:23470617 [本文引用: 1]
Stress alters brain ut interactions and could exacerbate intestinal disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome. Alterations in the intestinal microbiota have been associated with irritable bowel syndrome. Maintenance of healthy microbiota requires nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein-like receptors, pyrin-domain containing (NLRP)-6 inflammasomes. We investigated the involvement of NLRP6 in water-avoidance stress (WAS)-induced intestinal disorders in mice. B57BL6 mice were subjected to WAS for 1 hour each day for 10 days; body weights and intestinal inflammation and permeability were analyzed. We investigated signaling via the NLRP3 and NLRP6 inflammasomes, and the role of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in WAS-associated inflammation and NLRP6 inhibition. Mice that were not exposed to stress were co-housed with mice subjected to WAS to determine the effects of WAS-induced dysbiosis, measured by sequencing bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA. We also assessed the effects of a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- agonist and probiotics. WAS-induced small-bowel inflammation (enteritis) was associated with inhibition of NLRP6, but not NLRP3, and was prevented by a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- agonist, which induced epithelial expression of NLRP6. CRH was released during WAS and inhibited NLRP6 expression. WAS induced alterations in the gut microbiota of mice; co-housed nonstressed mice developed enteritis associated with increased CRH and decreased levels of NLRP6. Probiotic therapy reduced intestinal inflammation in mice with WAS-induced enteritis. Exposure of mice to stress inhibits NLRP6 and alters the composition of the gut microbiota, leading to intestinal inflammation. These findings might explain the benefits of probiotics for patients with stress-associated gastrointestinal disorders.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2015.07.012URLMagsci [本文引用: 2]
本文旨在研究持续偏热刺激对爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡休息行为、生理和生产性能的影响。将健康、体重接近的192只22日龄AA肉鸡(公母各占1/2)平均分成4个处理,分别置于4个相同环境控制室,每个处理6个重复,每个重复8只鸡。适应7 d。29日龄08:00将各室温度分别逐渐(30 min内)调到18、22(热中性温度)、26和30 ℃(±0.5 ℃)并保持不变,试验期14 d。结果表明:温度处理2 h,与22 ℃处理相比,26和30 ℃处理坐着休息时间百分比显著下降(<em>P</em><0.05),俯伏休息时间百分比显著升高(<em>P</em><0.05)。第3、10天,18和26 ℃处理下丘脑热休克蛋白70(HSP70)浓度显著高于22 ℃处理(<em>P</em><0.05)。第1、3和10天,26 ℃处理体核温度、血浆皮质酮和三碘甲腺原氨酸(T3)浓度与22 ℃处理差异不显著(<em>P</em>>0.05),30 ℃处理体核温度显著高于其他处理(<em>P</em><0.05)。1~7 d和8~14 d,26和30 ℃处理平均日采食量(ADFI)显著低于22 ℃处理(<em>P</em><0.05)。1~14 d,26和30 ℃处理的ADFI、平均日增重(ADG)显著低于22 ℃处理(<em>P</em><0.05)。由此可得,26 ℃偏热刺激在一定程度上降低了29~42日龄AA肉鸡坐着休息时间百分比和生产性能,提高了俯伏休息时间百分比和下丘脑HSP70浓度。
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2015.07.012URLMagsci [本文引用: 2]
本文旨在研究持续偏热刺激对爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡休息行为、生理和生产性能的影响。将健康、体重接近的192只22日龄AA肉鸡(公母各占1/2)平均分成4个处理,分别置于4个相同环境控制室,每个处理6个重复,每个重复8只鸡。适应7 d。29日龄08:00将各室温度分别逐渐(30 min内)调到18、22(热中性温度)、26和30 ℃(±0.5 ℃)并保持不变,试验期14 d。结果表明:温度处理2 h,与22 ℃处理相比,26和30 ℃处理坐着休息时间百分比显著下降(<em>P</em><0.05),俯伏休息时间百分比显著升高(<em>P</em><0.05)。第3、10天,18和26 ℃处理下丘脑热休克蛋白70(HSP70)浓度显著高于22 ℃处理(<em>P</em><0.05)。第1、3和10天,26 ℃处理体核温度、血浆皮质酮和三碘甲腺原氨酸(T3)浓度与22 ℃处理差异不显著(<em>P</em>>0.05),30 ℃处理体核温度显著高于其他处理(<em>P</em><0.05)。1~7 d和8~14 d,26和30 ℃处理平均日采食量(ADFI)显著低于22 ℃处理(<em>P</em><0.05)。1~14 d,26和30 ℃处理的ADFI、平均日增重(ADG)显著低于22 ℃处理(<em>P</em><0.05)。由此可得,26 ℃偏热刺激在一定程度上降低了29~42日龄AA肉鸡坐着休息时间百分比和生产性能,提高了俯伏休息时间百分比和下丘脑HSP70浓度。
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2015.07.011URLMagsci [本文引用: 2]
本试验研究了持续不同温度处理(21、26和31 ℃)对肉鸡生长性能、血清糖脂代谢相关指标、胸肌和肝脏解偶联蛋白(<em>avUCP</em>)mRNA表达的影响。试验选取22日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡144只转入环境控制舱,随机分成3组,每组6个重复,每个重复8只鸡(公母各4只)。适应期7 d,温度21 ℃,相对湿度60%。29日龄时,试验温度分别调整到21、26和31 ℃,相对湿度60%,直至试验结束,共14 d。结果表明:1)31 ℃组肉鸡平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)极显著低于21、26 ℃组(<em>P</em><0.01),料重比(F/G)显著高于21、26 ℃组(<em>P</em><0.05);26 ℃组肉鸡ADG、ADFI显著低于21 ℃组(<em>P</em><0.05),F/G和21 ℃组无显著差异(<em>P</em>>0.05)。2)31 ℃组肉鸡血清葡萄糖(GLU)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、游离脂肪酸(FFA)含量显著高于21 ℃组(<em>P</em><0.05);26 ℃组血清生化指标与21 ℃组无显著差异(<em>P</em>>0.05)。3)31 ℃组肉鸡血清甲状腺素(T<sub>4</sub>)、瘦素(LEP)、皮质酮(CORT)含量显著高于21 ℃组(<em>P</em><0.05);除T<sub>4</sub>含量外(<em>P</em><0.05),26 ℃与21 ℃组之间血清激素指标无显著差异(<em>P</em>>0.05)。4)试验第7天,31 ℃组胸肌<em>avUCP</em> mRNA表达显著低于21、26 ℃组(<em>P</em><0.05);第14天,26、31 ℃组胸肌<em>avUCP</em> mRNA表达极显著低于21 ℃组(<em>P</em><0.01);试验第7、14天,31 ℃组肉鸡肝脏<em>avUCP</em> mRNA表达极显著高于21、26 ℃组(<em>P</em><0.01)。综上,与21 ℃相比,持续偏热处理(26、31 ℃)影响肉鸡糖脂代谢及<em>avUCP</em> mRNA的表达,并显著降低生长性能,且不同偏热程度对肉鸡影响程度不同。
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2015.07.011URLMagsci [本文引用: 2]
本试验研究了持续不同温度处理(21、26和31 ℃)对肉鸡生长性能、血清糖脂代谢相关指标、胸肌和肝脏解偶联蛋白(<em>avUCP</em>)mRNA表达的影响。试验选取22日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡144只转入环境控制舱,随机分成3组,每组6个重复,每个重复8只鸡(公母各4只)。适应期7 d,温度21 ℃,相对湿度60%。29日龄时,试验温度分别调整到21、26和31 ℃,相对湿度60%,直至试验结束,共14 d。结果表明:1)31 ℃组肉鸡平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)极显著低于21、26 ℃组(<em>P</em><0.01),料重比(F/G)显著高于21、26 ℃组(<em>P</em><0.05);26 ℃组肉鸡ADG、ADFI显著低于21 ℃组(<em>P</em><0.05),F/G和21 ℃组无显著差异(<em>P</em>>0.05)。2)31 ℃组肉鸡血清葡萄糖(GLU)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、游离脂肪酸(FFA)含量显著高于21 ℃组(<em>P</em><0.05);26 ℃组血清生化指标与21 ℃组无显著差异(<em>P</em>>0.05)。3)31 ℃组肉鸡血清甲状腺素(T<sub>4</sub>)、瘦素(LEP)、皮质酮(CORT)含量显著高于21 ℃组(<em>P</em><0.05);除T<sub>4</sub>含量外(<em>P</em><0.05),26 ℃与21 ℃组之间血清激素指标无显著差异(<em>P</em>>0.05)。4)试验第7天,31 ℃组胸肌<em>avUCP</em> mRNA表达显著低于21、26 ℃组(<em>P</em><0.05);第14天,26、31 ℃组胸肌<em>avUCP</em> mRNA表达极显著低于21 ℃组(<em>P</em><0.01);试验第7、14天,31 ℃组肉鸡肝脏<em>avUCP</em> mRNA表达极显著高于21、26 ℃组(<em>P</em><0.01)。综上,与21 ℃相比,持续偏热处理(26、31 ℃)影响肉鸡糖脂代谢及<em>avUCP</em> mRNA的表达,并显著降低生长性能,且不同偏热程度对肉鸡影响程度不同。
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.01.017URL [本文引用: 3]
【目的】环境温度是影响家禽肠道菌群的重要因素之一,随着环境温度的改变,家禽肠道正常菌群也会受到影响,研究持续偏热环境对肉鸡肠道微生物多样性及结构的影响,为肉鸡健康养殖提供理论依据。【方法】试验选取22 d爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡144只转入环境控制舱,随机分成3个处理组(21、26和31℃),每个处理6个重复,每个重复8只鸡(公母各4只),在21℃、相对湿度60%的环境下适应7 d。29 d时,试验温度分别调整到21、26和31℃,相对湿度60%,至试验结束,共14 d。于试验第7、14天末,每处理随机选取6只(公母各3只;每重复选1只),无菌采集盲肠内容物,将同一处理组的6个样品混合均匀,迅速放入无菌的离心管中,液氮速冻,-80℃冰箱保存备用。采用16S r DNA的PCR-DGGE分子技术,结合共性和特异性条带割胶回收DNA进行克隆和测序,分析持续偏热处理7、14 d时,对盲肠内容物菌群的结构和多样性的影响。【结果】(1)26、31℃组肉仔鸡盲肠DGGE条带数(菌群丰富程度)均低于21℃组,且31℃组低于26℃组;31℃组肉仔鸡盲肠DGGE条带数,在试验14 d明显低于试验7 d;(2)不同组之间聚类图和多样性指数分析可知,26、31℃组对肉鸡盲肠菌群的影响较大,且31℃组肉鸡盲肠菌群多样性,在试验14 d明显低于试验7 d;(3)DGGE图谱条带序列分析表明,适温和偏热环境下肉鸡盲肠内的共性菌群是Alistipes timonensis和Barnesiella viscericola,21℃组肉鸡盲肠中特异性菌群是Ruminococus faecis,26、31℃组肉鸡盲肠中特异性菌群是Lutispora thermophila和Faecalibacterium prausnitzii,31℃组肉鸡盲肠中特异性菌群是Gemmiger formicilis。【结论】持续偏热处理(26和31℃)与21℃组相比,影响肉鸡肠道菌群的结构和多样性,且不同偏热程度、偏热处理时间对肉鸡影响程度不同。
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.01.017URL [本文引用: 3]
【目的】环境温度是影响家禽肠道菌群的重要因素之一,随着环境温度的改变,家禽肠道正常菌群也会受到影响,研究持续偏热环境对肉鸡肠道微生物多样性及结构的影响,为肉鸡健康养殖提供理论依据。【方法】试验选取22 d爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡144只转入环境控制舱,随机分成3个处理组(21、26和31℃),每个处理6个重复,每个重复8只鸡(公母各4只),在21℃、相对湿度60%的环境下适应7 d。29 d时,试验温度分别调整到21、26和31℃,相对湿度60%,至试验结束,共14 d。于试验第7、14天末,每处理随机选取6只(公母各3只;每重复选1只),无菌采集盲肠内容物,将同一处理组的6个样品混合均匀,迅速放入无菌的离心管中,液氮速冻,-80℃冰箱保存备用。采用16S r DNA的PCR-DGGE分子技术,结合共性和特异性条带割胶回收DNA进行克隆和测序,分析持续偏热处理7、14 d时,对盲肠内容物菌群的结构和多样性的影响。【结果】(1)26、31℃组肉仔鸡盲肠DGGE条带数(菌群丰富程度)均低于21℃组,且31℃组低于26℃组;31℃组肉仔鸡盲肠DGGE条带数,在试验14 d明显低于试验7 d;(2)不同组之间聚类图和多样性指数分析可知,26、31℃组对肉鸡盲肠菌群的影响较大,且31℃组肉鸡盲肠菌群多样性,在试验14 d明显低于试验7 d;(3)DGGE图谱条带序列分析表明,适温和偏热环境下肉鸡盲肠内的共性菌群是Alistipes timonensis和Barnesiella viscericola,21℃组肉鸡盲肠中特异性菌群是Ruminococus faecis,26、31℃组肉鸡盲肠中特异性菌群是Lutispora thermophila和Faecalibacterium prausnitzii,31℃组肉鸡盲肠中特异性菌群是Gemmiger formicilis。【结论】持续偏热处理(26和31℃)与21℃组相比,影响肉鸡肠道菌群的结构和多样性,且不同偏热程度、偏热处理时间对肉鸡影响程度不同。
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-8861.2006.z1.023URL [本文引用: 1]
胃肠运动受神经内分泌免疫网络的调控,它们相互影响,相互补充成为一个不可分离的整体。胃肠激素作为神经内分泌免疫网络中的一分子,它与其他成分如细胞因子、化学递质等共同作用,影响着胃肠道的运动,维持机体正常的生理功能。现就胃肠激素在神经内分泌免疫网络中的特殊作用综述胃肠激素对胃肠动力的影响。
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-8861.2006.z1.023URL [本文引用: 1]
胃肠运动受神经内分泌免疫网络的调控,它们相互影响,相互补充成为一个不可分离的整体。胃肠激素作为神经内分泌免疫网络中的一分子,它与其他成分如细胞因子、化学递质等共同作用,影响着胃肠道的运动,维持机体正常的生理功能。现就胃肠激素在神经内分泌免疫网络中的特殊作用综述胃肠激素对胃肠动力的影响。
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DOI:10.1074/jbc.M114.560573URLPMID:4031515 [本文引用: 3]
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is an anti-inflammatory neuropeptide recently identified as a potential antimicrobial peptide. To overcome the metabolic limitations of VIP, we modified the native peptide sequence and generated two stable synthetic analogues (VIP51 and VIP51(6-30)) with better antimicrobial profiles. Herein we investigate the effects of both VIP analogues on cell viability, membrane integrity, and ultrastructure of various bacterial strains and Leishmania species. We found that the two VIP derivatives kill various non-pathogenic and pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as the parasite Leishmania major through a mechanism that depends on the interaction with certain components of the microbial surface, the formation of pores, and the disruption of the surface membrane. The cytotoxicity of the VIP derivatives is specific for pathogens, because they do not affect the viability of mammalian cells. Docking simulations indicate that the chemical changes made in the analogues are critical to increase their antimicrobial activities. Consequently, we found that the native VIP is less potent as an antibacterial and fails as a leishmanicidal. Noteworthy from a therapeutic point of view is that treatment with both derivatives increases the survival and reduces bacterial load and inflammation in mice with polymicrobial sepsis. Moreover, treatment with VIP51(6-30) is very effective at reducing lesion size and parasite burden in a model of cutaneous leishmaniasis. These results indicate that the VIP analogues emerge as attractive alternatives for treating drug-resistant infectious diseases and provide key insights into a rational design of novel agents against these pathogens.
DOI:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003726URLPMID:3828163 [本文引用: 3]
The article discusses the influence of bacterial production and utilization of neurochemicals on host behavior. It notes that an individual with inflammatory bowel disease have poorer emotional functions such as anxiety and depression. It also discusses the role of neuroendocrine hormones in the pathogenesis of infectious disease.
DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.047URLPMID:25860609 [本文引用: 3]
Indigenous spore-forming microbes from the gut microbiota produce metabolites that promote host serotonin biosynthesis in the gastrointestinal tract and impact gastrointestinal motility and hemostasis.
[本文引用: 2]
DOI:10.1016/j.bone.2012.02.272URLPMID:22407806 [本文引用: 3]
The gut microbiota modulates host metabolism and development of immune status. Here we show that the gut microbiota is also a major regulator of bone mass in mice. Germ-free (GF) mice exhibit increased bone mass associated with reduced number of osteoclasts per bone surface compared with conventionally raised (CONV-R) mice. Colonization of GF mice with a normal gut microbiota normalizes bone mass. Furthermore, GF mice have decreased frequency of CD4+T cells and CD11b+/GR 1 osteoclast precursor cells in bone marrow, which could be normalized by colonization. GF mice exhibited reduced expression of inflammatory cytokines in bone and bone marrow compared with CONV-R mice. In summary, the gut microbiota regulates bone mass in mice, and we provide evidence for a mechanism involving altered immune status in bone and thereby affected osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Further studies are required to evaluate the gut microbiota as a novel therapeutic target for osteoporosis. 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
DOI:10.1155/2012/484869URLPMID:3352661 [本文引用: 1]
The aim of this paper was to investigate the effect of heat stress on the regulation of appetite-associated genes in laying hens. Forty eight laying hens were randomly divided into two circumstances: high (3165±651.5°C; relative humidity, 82.065±652.2%) or normal (2065±652°C, control; relative humidity, 60.165±654.5%) ambient environment. Heat stress decreased body weight gain ( 39 < 0 . 0 1 ), feed intake ( 39 < 0 . 0 1 ), laying rate ( 39 < 0 . 0 5 ), average egg mass ( 39 < 0 . 0 1 ), egg production ( 39 < 0 . 0 1 ), shell thickness ( 39 < 0 . 0 1 ), and feed efficiency ( 39 < 0 . 0 5 ). High ambient temperature decreased plasma uric acid ( 39 < 0 . 0 5 ). Heat stress significantly increased mRNA levels of ghrelin and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript ( 39 < 0 . 0 5 ) and decreased mRNA levels of cholecystokinin ( 39 < 0 . 0 5 ) in the hypothalamus. Heat stress significantly increased ( 39 < 0 . 0 5 ) mRNA levels of ghrelin in the glandular stomach and jejunum but significantly decreased ( 39 < 0 . 0 5 ) mRNA levels of cholecystokinin in the duodenum and jejunum. In conclusion, heat stress plays a unique role in some special neuropeptides (e.g., ghrelin, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript, and cholecystokinin), which might participate in the regulation of feed intake in laying hens under high ambient temperature.
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DOI:10.3109/00365549709019039URLPMID:11940371 [本文引用: 1]
Conclusions The area postrema might play an important role, whichis mediated by motion, on the regulation of interdigestive MMC.Objective To determine the effect of the area postrema(AP)of themedulla oblongata on gastrointestinal Interdigestive migrating motorcomplex(MMC)and the plasma motilin level. Methods Interdigestive MMCactivities of the antrum and duodenum were recorded by strain gaugeImplanted on the serosa of 8 conscious dogs. A cannula was intubatedin femoral vein for motilion injection. The plasma motilinconcentration was measured by RIA. We observed:(1)normalinterdigestive MMC Activity and fluctuations in plasma motilinconcentration;(2)the effects of electrically damaging the AP on MMCactivity and plasma motilin level;(3)whether intravenous injection ofmotilin could induce phase Contractions after the AP was destroyed.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2008.03.026URL [本文引用: 1]
结肠运动除了受神经系统的调控外，还受胃肠道激素的影响，后者不依赖于神经系统而对结肠运动发挥作用，二者协同可对结肠功能发挥精密的调节作用。因此，胃肠肽类激素对结肠运动也有重要的调节作用。由神经末梢、内分泌及旁分泌细胞释放的这些化学物质可作用于中枢神经系统、自主神经系统、肠神经系统或肌细胞以刺激或抑制结肠收缩。现对胃肠激素对结肠运动的调节作用予以综述。
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2008.03.026URL [本文引用: 1]
结肠运动除了受神经系统的调控外，还受胃肠道激素的影响，后者不依赖于神经系统而对结肠运动发挥作用，二者协同可对结肠功能发挥精密的调节作用。因此，胃肠肽类激素对结肠运动也有重要的调节作用。由神经末梢、内分泌及旁分泌细胞释放的这些化学物质可作用于中枢神经系统、自主神经系统、肠神经系统或肌细胞以刺激或抑制结肠收缩。现对胃肠激素对结肠运动的调节作用予以综述。
DOI:10.1016/S0196-9781(98)00102-8URLPMID:9809661 [本文引用: 1]
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) are members of a family of regulatory peptides that are widely distributed in the body and share numerous biologic actions. The two peptides display a remarkable amino acid-sequence homology, and bind to a class of G protein-coupled receptors, named PACAP/VIP receptors (PVRs), whose signaling mechanism mainly involves the activation of adenylate-cyclase and phospholipase-C cascades. A large body of evidence suggests that VIP and PACAP play a role in the control of the hypothalamo ituitary drenal (HPA) axis, almost exclusively acting in a paracrine manner, since their blood concentration is very low. VIP and PACAP are contained in both nerve fibers and neurons of the hypothalamus, and VIP, but not PACAP, is also synthesized in the pituitary gland. Both peptides are expressed in the adrenal gland, and especially in medullary chromaffin cells. All the components of the HPA axis are provided with PVRs. VIP and PACAP enhance pituitary ACTH secretion, VIP by eliciting the hypothalamic release of CRH and potentiating its secretagogue action, and PACAP by directly stimulating pituitary corticotropes. Through this central mechanism, VIP and PACAP may increase mineralo- and glucocorticoid secretion of the adrenal cortex. VIP but not PACAP also exerts a weak direct secretagogue action on adrenocortical cells by activating both PVRs and probably a subtype of ACTH receptors. VIP and PACAP raise aldosterone production via a paracrine indirect mechanism involving the stimulation of medullary chromaffin cells to release catecholamines, which in turn enhance the secretion of zona glomerulosa cells via a 尾-adrenoceptor-mediated mechanism. PACAP appears to be able to evoke a glucocorticoid response through the activation, at least in the rat, of the intramedullary CRH/ACTH system. The relevance of these effects of VIP and PACAP under basal conditions is questionable, although there are indications that endogenous VIP is involved in the maintenance of the normal growth and steroidogenic capacity of rat adrenal cortex. However, indirect evidence suggests that these peptides might play a relevant role under paraphysiological conditions (e.g., in the mediation of HPA axis responses to cold and inflammatory stresses) or may be somehow involved in the pathogenesis of Cushing disease or some case of hyperaldosteronism associated with secreting pheochromocytomas.
URL [本文引用: 1]
血管活性肠肽(vasoactive intestinal polypeptide,VIP)既是胃肠激素,又是神经肽,是一种重要的脑肠肽,他涉及生理、生化、细胞生物学、分子生物学、神经学科、免疫学等多种学科.在肝脏、胆道、胰腺、胃肠道等均有分布,与消化系疾病有着密切的关系.在体内病理的循环状态中,VIP降解缓慢,其含量及受体敏感性一旦发生变化,会导致多系统疾病的发生,尤其引起消化系疾病分泌功能的紊乱.本文从VIP生物学特性、功能以及与消化系疾病的关系等方面作一概述.
URL [本文引用: 1]
血管活性肠肽(vasoactive intestinal polypeptide,VIP)既是胃肠激素,又是神经肽,是一种重要的脑肠肽,他涉及生理、生化、细胞生物学、分子生物学、神经学科、免疫学等多种学科.在肝脏、胆道、胰腺、胃肠道等均有分布,与消化系疾病有着密切的关系.在体内病理的循环状态中,VIP降解缓慢,其含量及受体敏感性一旦发生变化,会导致多系统疾病的发生,尤其引起消化系疾病分泌功能的紊乱.本文从VIP生物学特性、功能以及与消化系疾病的关系等方面作一概述.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1672-2353.2008.03.015URL [本文引用: 1]
背景脑肠肽作为一类具有神经递质和激素双重功能的小分子多肽,在肠易激综合征(IBS)的发病机制中起重要作用。目的探讨肠易激综合征(IBS)患者结肠黏膜P物质(SP)、血管活性肠肽(VIP)的变化及它们在IBS中的可能作用。方法对正常人18例、IBS腹泻型患者20例、便秘型患者22例各取回盲部、乙状结肠黏膜作SP、VIP免疫组织化学染色。结果IBS组患者肠黏膜SP、VIP免疫反应阳性神经纤维较正常对照组增多、增粗,强度增强(P0.05)。结论IBS患者结肠粘膜SP、VIP水平与腹泻或便秘症状有一定的联系,SP、VIP可能参与IBS的病理生理过程。
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1672-2353.2008.03.015URL [本文引用: 1]
背景脑肠肽作为一类具有神经递质和激素双重功能的小分子多肽,在肠易激综合征(IBS)的发病机制中起重要作用。目的探讨肠易激综合征(IBS)患者结肠黏膜P物质(SP)、血管活性肠肽(VIP)的变化及它们在IBS中的可能作用。方法对正常人18例、IBS腹泻型患者20例、便秘型患者22例各取回盲部、乙状结肠黏膜作SP、VIP免疫组织化学染色。结果IBS组患者肠黏膜SP、VIP免疫反应阳性神经纤维较正常对照组增多、增粗,强度增强(P0.05)。结论IBS患者结肠粘膜SP、VIP水平与腹泻或便秘症状有一定的联系,SP、VIP可能参与IBS的病理生理过程。
DOI:10.1080/00071667208415953URLPMID:4555258 [本文引用: 1]
A study has been made of the intestinal flora of chickens aged between 2 and 6陆 weeks. No major differences were found when rations containing 9 or 25% fish meal were compared or when two different sources of fish meal were used. Throughout the period investigated, it was confirmed that the lactobacilli are the only group of organisms generally present in the small intestine in numbers exceeding 104/g. Clostridia were regularly found at 102 to 104/g, but Clostridium welchii was isolated from only occasional samples.
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DOI:10.1080/00071667508416174URLPMID:806330 [本文引用: 1]
1. Changes in the caecal flora of chicks aged from approximately 3 h to 14 d were studied.
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Studies on the anaerobic cecal microflora of the 5-week-old chicken were made to determine a suitable roll-tube medium for enumeration and isolation of the bacterial population, to determine effects of medium components on recovery of total anaerobes, and to identify the predominant bacterial groups. The total number of microorganisms in cecal contents determined by direct microscope cell counts varied (among six samples) from 3.83 x 10(10) to 7.64 x 10(10) per g. Comparison of different nonselective media indicated that 60% of the direct microscope count could be recovered with a rumen fluid medium (M98-5) and 45% with medium 10. Deletion of rumen fluid from M98-5 reduced the total anaerobic count by half. Colony counts were lower if chicken cecal extract was substituted for rumen fluid in M98-5. Supplementing medium 10 with liver, chicken fecal, or cecal extracts improved recovery of anaerobes slightly. Prereduced blood agar media were inferior to M98-5. At least 11 groups of bacteria were isolated from high dilutions (10(-9)) of cecal material. Data on morphology and physiological and fermentation characteristics of 90% of the 298 isolated strains indicated that these bacteria represented species of anaerobic gram-negative cocci, facultatively anaerobic cocci and streptococci, Peptostreptococcus, Propionibacterium, Eubacterium, Bacteroides, and Clostridium. The growth of many of these strains was enhanced by rumen fluid, yeast extract, and cecal extract additions to basal media. These studies indicate that some of the more numerous anaerobic bacteria present in chicken cecal digesta can be isolated and cultured when media and methods that have been developed for ruminal bacteria are employed.
DOI:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00193.xURLPMID:17233749 [本文引用: 1]
Mucosa-associated microbiota from different regions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of adult broilers was studied by analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. The microbiota mainly comprised Gram-positive bacteria along the GI tract. Fifty-one operational taxonomic units (OTUs) (from 98 clones) were detected in the ceca, as compared with 13 OTUs (from 49 clones) in the crops, 11 OTUs (from 51 clones) in the gizzard, 14 OTUs (from 52 clones) in the duodenum, 12 OTUs (from 50 clones) in the jejunum and nine OTUs (from 50 clones) in the ileum. Ceca were dominantly occupied by clostridia-related sequences (40%) with other abundant sequences being related to Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (14%), Escherichia coli (11%), lactobacilli (7%) and Ruminococcus (6%). Lactobacilli were predominant in the upper GI tract and had the highest diversity in the crop. Both Lactobacillus aviarius and Lactobacillus salivarius were the predominant species among lactobacilli. Candidatus division Arthromitus was also abundant in the jejunum and ileum.
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Abstract. In modern poultry production systems, environmental stressors may influence bird performance and susceptibility to pathogens such as Salmonella Enter
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Nature Immunology 15, 205 (2014). doi:10.1038/ni0214-205dAuthor: Eric M Brown, Manish Sadarangani & B Brett Finlay
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The absorptive capacity of the gut is decreased after severe head injury (SHI), and this may be related to poor recovery. Probiotics may be a promising approach to improving gut absorption. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of probiotics on gut absorptive capacity (GAC) after SHI. A rat model in which SHI was induced by air percussion was used. One hundred fourteen Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into three groups: SHI followed by standard enteral nutrition (group A); SHI followed by standard enteral nutrition plus probiotics (group B); and standard chow diet ad libitum (group C, sham-operated). The enteral diets were infused for 14 d after SHI. SHI induced weight loss and decreased the serum concentration of D-xylose and the apparent protein digestibility. Probiotics significantly improved GAC after SHI. Apparent protein digestibility and the concentration of D-xylose were lower in group A than in B or C after 14 d. The rats receiving probiotics showed less weight loss than group A. SHI induced intestinal flora dysfunction and a decrease in villus height and surface area. Digestive enzyme activities and gut motion were also depressed significantly, and these changes were closely related to the decrease in GAC. Probiotics increased villus height and surface area; Escherichia coli counts decreased significantly, and anaerobic counts increased. Probiotics improve the GAC after SHI, perhaps because of enhanced villus surface area, and correction of intestinal flora dysfunction.
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0128214URL [本文引用: 1]
DOI:10.1186/cc10579URLPMID:3388628 [本文引用: 1]
Introduction Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with a profound immunological dysfunction manifested by a severe shift from T-helper type 1 (Th1) to T-helper type 2 (Th2) response. This predisposes patients to infections, sepsis, and adverse outcomes. Probiotic bacteria have been shown to balance the Th1/Th2 cytokines in allergic murine models and patients. For the present study, we hypothesized that the enteral administration of probiotics would adjust the Th1/Th2 imbalance and improve clinical outcomes in TBI patients. Methods We designed a prospective, randomized, single-blind study. Patients with severe TBI and Glasgow Coma Scale scores between 5 and 8 were included, resulting in 26 patients in the control group and 26 patients in the probiotic group. All patients received enteral nutrition via a nasogastric tube within 24 to 48 hours following admission. In addition, the probiotic group received 109 bacteria of viable probiotics per day for 21 days. The associated serum levels of Th1/Th2 cytokines, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores, nosocomial infections, length of ICU stay, and 28-day mortality rate were studied. Results The patients responded to viable probiotics, and showed a significantly higher increase in serum IL-12p70 and IFN?? levels while also experiencing a dramatic decrease in IL-4 and IL-10 concentrations. APACHE II and SOFA scores were not significantly affected by probiotic treatment. Patients in the probiotic group experienced a decreased incidence of nosocomial infections towards the end of the study. Shorter ICU stays were also observed among patients treated with probiotic therapy. However, the 28-day mortality rate was unaffected. Conclusions The present study showed that daily prophylactic administration of probiotics could attenuate the deviated Th1/Th2 response induced by severe TBI, and could result in a decreased nosocomial infection rate, especially in the late period. Trial registration ChiCTR-TRC-10000835.
DOI:10.1134/S000368380603001XURLPMID:16878539 [本文引用: 1]
Data from the literature on the ability of microorganisms to form plant hormones have been reviewed. The substances covered include abscisic acid, ethylene and other compounds with phytohormone-like properties (brassinosteroids, oligosaccharines) and analogues of animal neurotransmitters (biogenic amines). Pathways whereby the substances are metabolized and their effects on the development and activity (physiological and biochemical) of the microorganisms are considered. The role of phytohormones and hormone-like substances in the formation of association (microorganism-host) interactions are analyzed. The potential utilities of microorganisms producing hormones and hormone-like substances are discussed.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1671-6264.2016.05.030URL [本文引用: 1]
肠道菌群可以经脑-肠轴对大脑产生影响,因而形成了细菌-脑-肠轴这一概念.细菌-脑-肠轴的作用在代谢性疾病、精神性疾病、功能性胃肠病等疾病中均有体现,所涉及的途径包括肠黏膜屏障、神经信号通路、5-羟色胺和色氨酸代谢通路、免疫应答反应、胃肠激素、细菌代谢产物、基因调控、HPA轴等.本文作者就菌-脑-肠轴这一理论的形成和理论基础作一综述.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1671-6264.2016.05.030URL [本文引用: 1]
肠道菌群可以经脑-肠轴对大脑产生影响,因而形成了细菌-脑-肠轴这一概念.细菌-脑-肠轴的作用在代谢性疾病、精神性疾病、功能性胃肠病等疾病中均有体现,所涉及的途径包括肠黏膜屏障、神经信号通路、5-羟色胺和色氨酸代谢通路、免疫应答反应、胃肠激素、细菌代谢产物、基因调控、HPA轴等.本文作者就菌-脑-肠轴这一理论的形成和理论基础作一综述.
[本文引用: 1]
[本文引用: 1]
