关键词:叠加效应;覆膜;沟垄作;旱作玉米;产量;水分利用效率 Abstract A three-year continuous maize cropping study was conducted to compare the effect of different planting treatments on water use efficiency (WUE) and grain yield of maize in a semi-arid environment in the western Loess Plateau of China. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with three replicates. The treatments included flat-planting without mulching (NFM), flat-planting with half plastic film mulching (HFM), flat-planting with complete plastic film mulching (CFM) and furrow-planting with plastic film completely mulched narrow and wide alternative ridges (CFRM). CFRM treatment had a superimposition effect, increasing maize grain yield by 2282.9, 2460.2, and 2765.5 kg ha-1, with the increasing ratio of 32.3%, 49.8%, and 46.5%, compared with HFM treatment in the three continuous cropping years. In addition, the contribution rate to grain yield complete film mulching was 59.3%, 90.3%, and 20.9%, and by furrow-ridging culture was 40.7%, 9.7%, and 79.1%, respectively. The complete film mulching had greater contribution to yield than ridging and furrowing culture in the first and second years, and vice versa in the third year. The water use efficiency was the highest in CFRM treatment throughout the three years, with an incremental from 10.6% to 25.2%, in comparison to HFM. Under the same precipitation conditions, CFRM and CFM treatments had higher soil water storage before maize sowing than NFM, increasing from 6.3% to 15.1% and from 3.5% to 11.5%, respectively. However, CFRM and CFM treatments had lower soil water storage than NFM after maize harvest, with a decrease from 6.0% to 12.9% and from 4.7% to 12.9% in the second and third years, respectively. The soil water storage declined with continuous cropping of maize at harvesting stage in the second and third years, showing decrease of 37.1% and 44.0% for Soil water storage of CFRM, 35.5% and 37.1% for CFM, respectively. In particular, the soil desiccation phenomenon was appeared in 50 to 200 cm soil layer of CFRM treatment in the second year, and other treatments in the third year. In conclusion, CFRM is the best option for efficient water use and increasing grain yield, which is attributed to higher water demand, that leads to soil desiccation.
Keywords:superimposition;plastic film mulching;furrow-ridge culture;flat planting;grain yield;water use efficiency -->0 PDF (719KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章收藏文章 本文引用格式导出EndNoteRisBibtex收藏本文--> 谢军红, 李玲玲, 张仁陟, 柴强. 覆膜、沟垄作对旱作农田玉米产量和水分利用的叠加效应[J]. 作物学报, 2018, 44(02): 268-277 https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.00268 XIEJun-Hong, LILing-Ling, ZHANGRen-Zhi, CHAIQiang. Superimposition Effect of Film-mulching and Furrow Ridging Culture on Maize Grain Yield and WUE in Loess Plateau[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2018, 44(02): 268-277 https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.00268 我国1/3的耕地属于旱地, 40%的耕地位于黄土高原半干旱地区, 该区多年平均降雨量200~600 mm [1], 降水不足且年际、季节间变率大, 严重制约农业发展[2], 在少水、易失、多变的水环境下, 如何挖掘作物的水分生产潜力, 提高降水利用效率, 是农业生产着力解决的科技问题[3,4]。在传统旱农生产技术中, 垄作沟播[5]、耕作等技术[6,7]通过改良土壤、增加集雨面积提高了水分的入渗, 增加土壤贮水量, 提高了降雨利用率; 黄土高原半干旱区, 覆盖技术[8-9] (地膜、沙田、秸秆)减少了土壤蒸发, 提高了土壤水分有效性, 具有提高玉米产量和水分利用效率的作用[10,11,12]。近年来, 甘肃省发明的全膜双垄沟播技术是地膜覆盖与垄作沟播技术的集成, 创造了垄上覆膜集雨区与沟内作物种植区两个微生境, 具有良好的集雨、拟蒸、保墒作用, 有效地解决了半干旱区水热资源不足问题。在黄土高原半干旱区较半膜平作产量提高26.8%, 水分利用效率提高14.8%, 在国内外广泛应用[13]。但该技术对劳动力、地膜的需求量增加, 这与现代农业中的“减投”、“碳减排”等理念不相符, 同时, 高产高耗与半干旱区水资源匮乏之间的矛盾, 以及多年利用引起的破坏土壤水平衡、引起土壤干燥化、影响生态安全、制约水资源的持续利用等负效应引起了研究者的质疑。因此, 在多变亏水环境下如何进一步挖掘沟垄作、地膜覆盖的增产增效作用需要明确覆膜、垄作沟播各自的增产机理及二者的叠加效应。然而已有的研究结果缺乏对沟垄作、地膜覆盖技术增产、提高水分利用效率的量化及水分持续生产性的研究。因此本文以大田定位试验为基础, 量化研究了覆膜、沟垄作对连作玉米增产作用及水分持续利用性能, 以期为地膜覆盖、沟垄作的技术组装优化及增产、高效用水机制的解析提供理论依据。
1 材料与方法
1.1 试区概况
甘肃省定西市李家堡乡麻子川村位于甘肃省中部偏南, 属中温带半干旱区, 为典型半干旱雨养农业区。平均海拔2000 m, 年均太阳辐射592.85 kJ cm-2, 日照时数2476.6 h, 年均气温6.4°C, ≥0°C积温2933.5°C, ≥10°C积温2239.1°C, 无霜期140 d。多年平均降雨量399.3 mm, 7月至9月份降雨量较多, 雨强较大, 年蒸发量1531 mm, 干燥度2.53, 表现出少水、易失、多变的特点, 但降水格局基本与玉米的生长季吻合。试验地土壤为黄绵土, 0~200 cm土壤容重平均为1.17 g cm-3, 土壤凋萎含水率7.3%, 饱和含水率28.6%, 土壤稳定含水量(SSM) 14.3%, 土壤稳定贮水量286 mm, pH 8.36, 土壤含有机质12.35 g kg-1、全氮0.77 g kg-1、全磷1.67 g kg-1。
1.2 试验设计
共设4个处理(表1), 3次重复。小区面积52.8 m2 (3.3 m×16.0 m), 随机区组排列。试验前茬为全膜双垄沟播玉米, 供试玉米(Zea mays L.)品种为沈单16, 播种密度5.25万株 hm-2。生育期施纯氮180 kg hm-2、纯P2O5 144 kg hm-2, 全部作基肥施用。2008年11月至2011年10月, 每年5月上旬播种, 10月上旬收获, 其他田间管理同大田。
2.1.1 播种期土壤剖面土壤含水量 由图1可见, 3年播种期土壤含水量在年际间、处理间、土层间变化明显。2009—2011年, 0~200 cm土层土壤含水量呈降低趋势, 2009年最高, 2010年次之, 2011年最低。处理间, 全膜沟垄作、全膜平作和半膜平作的土壤含水量明显高于不覆膜平作, 且在0~110 cm土层内差异明显。土层间, 随着土层的加深, 土壤含水量基本呈降低趋势; 2009年, 除不覆膜平作处理0~30 cm、半覆膜平作处理0~5 cm水分含量高于土壤稳定含水量外, 其余土层各处理0~200 cm土层含水量均高于土壤稳定含水量; 2010年110~200 cm土层含水量整体低于土壤稳定含水量, 表现出土壤干化现象; 2011年, 干化现象加剧, 干化层上移30 cm, 范围至80~200 cm。表明覆膜有利于土壤保墒, 营造良好的土壤水分环境, 有利于玉米出苗早发, 但低降水条件下, 玉米连作大量消耗土壤水分, 干化层有上移趋势, 80~200 cm土壤出现干化。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图12009-2011年土壤剖面的水分含量(%) 图1中, a、b、c和d、e、f分别是2009-2011年播前和收获后土壤水分含量。SSM为土壤稳定含水量。处理代号见表1。 -->Fig. 1Soil moisture (%) profile in 2009-2011 a, b, c and d, e, f were soil moisture of different profile (%) at before-sowing and post-harvesting in 2009-2011, respectively. SSM means stable soil moisture content. Treatments described as in Table 1. -->
2.1.2 收获期土壤剖面土壤含水量 在连续3年降雨稀少的条件下, 玉米连作大量消耗了0~200 cm土层水分, 使同一处理土壤水分呈逐年降低态势(图1)。其中, 2009年各处理含水量均高于土壤稳定含水量, 2010年接近土壤稳定含水量, 2011年整体低于土壤稳定含水量。处理间, 研究期内全膜沟垄作与全膜平作的含水量低于半覆膜平作与不覆膜平作, 且降低趋势强于半覆膜平作与不覆膜平作。土层间, 随着土层的加深, 各处理土壤含水量呈降低趋势, 0~10 cm受降雨和地表蒸发的影响, 全膜沟垄作与全膜平作含水量高于半覆膜平作与不覆膜平作, 10~200 cm全膜沟垄作与全膜平作含水量低于半覆膜平作与不覆膜平作。说明同等降水条件下, 尽管地膜覆盖、沟垄作有良好的集雨、抑蒸、保墒作用, 但全膜沟垄作与全膜平作的耗水量较高, 导致收获期土壤含水量低于半覆膜平作与不覆膜平作。在连续低降水条件下全膜沟垄作、全膜平作在实现玉米高产出的背后, 多消耗了土壤水分, 随着连作年限的增长干化程度加剧, 不利于有限降雨资源的持续利用。 2.1.3 不同处理的0~200 cm土层贮水量动态 2009—2011年每个生长季关键生育时期[播种期(5月上旬)、拔节期(6月中旬)、大喇叭口期(7月下旬)、乳熟期(9月下旬)和收获期(10月上旬)]土壤贮水量如图2所示。各处理0~200 cm土层3年土壤贮水量呈波动递减趋势, 2009、2010年4个处理在每个生育时期的土壤贮水量相对较高, 2011年最低; 玉米连作3年, 不覆膜平作、半覆膜平作、全覆膜平作和全覆膜沟垄作收获期的土壤贮水量分别为253.8、261.6、244.2和239.4 mm, 较连作开始时降幅分别为15.9%、24.0%、27.5%和29.6%, 整体低于土壤稳定贮水量286 mm, 所有处理均出现土壤干燥化现象。说明3年玉米连作导致土壤干化, 不利于土壤水分的持续利用。单个生长季的土壤贮水量,2009年呈“M”型变化趋势, 2010、2011年呈倒“V”型。除2011年外, 拔节期或大喇叭口期是土壤贮水量峰值出现时期, 此阶段过后, 尽管降雨量呈逐渐增大趋势, 但因玉米处于旺盛生长阶段, 土壤贮水量呈递减趋势。3年中全覆膜沟垄作、全覆膜平作处理播种期、拔节期、大喇叭口期的土壤贮水量高于半覆膜平作和不覆膜平作, 有利于玉米出苗、生长。在乳熟期和收获期, 全覆膜沟垄作、全覆膜平作土壤贮水量低于半覆膜平作和不覆膜平作, 说明全覆膜沟垄作、全覆膜平作通过集雨抑蒸增加土壤贮水量因玉米旺盛生长而抵消。3年内, 播种期全覆膜沟垄作较不覆膜平作土壤贮水量增加8.7%、15.1%和6.3%, 全覆膜平作较不覆膜土壤贮水量增加8.9%、11.5%和3.5%, 半覆膜平作较不覆膜平作土壤贮水量增加6.4%、5.3%和1.2%, 全覆膜条件下沟垄作、平作的底墒条件优于半覆膜平作和不覆膜。收获期, 土壤贮水量3年都为不覆膜平作>半覆膜平作>全覆膜平作>全覆膜沟垄作, 全覆膜沟垄作、平作较高的耗水量导致2009—2011年土壤贮水量分别较不覆膜平作降低5.2%、6.0%, 7.5%、12.9%和4.7%、7.8%。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图2玉米生长关键期不同处理0~200 cm土壤贮水量动态 处理代号见表1。 -->Fig. 2Effect of different planting treatments on soil water storage at key growth stages of maize in 0-200 cm soil layer Treatments described as in Table 1. -->
2.2 覆膜、沟垄种植的增产效应
如图3所示, 2009、2010年不覆膜平作没有收获到籽粒, 2011年籽粒产量为1256.3 kg hm-2, 而覆膜、沟垄种植方式较半覆膜平作具有显著的增产作用。其中, 平作条件下, 3年全覆膜较半覆膜处理籽粒产量分别增加1354.2、2222.0和579.2 kg hm-2, 增产率为19.2%、45.0%和9.7%; 全覆膜条件下, 沟垄作较平作分别增产928.7、238.2和2186.3 kg hm-2, 增产率为11.0%、3.3%和33.5%。全膜沟垄作集成了全膜与沟垄作, 产生明显的叠加效应, 较半膜平作分别增产2282.9、2460.2和2765.5 kg hm-2, 增产率为32.3%、49.8%和46.5%。2009—2011年, 叠加效应产生的增产作用中, 全覆膜的贡献分别为59.3%、90.3%和20.9%, 沟垄作的贡献分别为40.7%、9.7%和79.1%, 3年4个处理的平均籽粒产量分别为6203.4、4872.8和5612.7 kg hm-2, 2009年和2011年的籽粒产量高于2010年; 同一处理3年的平均籽粒产量, 全膜沟垄作、全膜平作、半膜平作和不覆膜平作分别为8484.6、7366.8、5981.7和418.8 kg hm-2, 全膜沟垄作显著高于全膜平作、半膜平作(处理间差异显著)。以上结果说明, 连续3个平水年, 在连作条件下, 全覆膜沟垄作实现了沟垄作与全膜覆盖的结合, 产生叠加效应, 具有明显的增产优势和产量稳定性, 叠加效应中沟垄作与全覆膜对产量的贡献此消彼长, 连作前2年全覆膜的贡献大于沟垄作, 第3年, 沟垄作的贡献大于全覆膜, 全膜沟垄作有利于水分高效利用。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图3不同覆膜方式下玉米籽粒产量 处理代号见表1。 -->Fig. 3Grain yield of maize under different planting treatments Treatments described as in Table 1. -->
Values followed by different letters within a column are significantly different at P<0.05. Treatments described as in Table 1.同一列数字后的不同小写字母表示在0.05水平上差异显著。处理代号见表1。 新窗口打开
3 讨论
3.1 覆膜、垄作沟播具有稳定的增产作用, 但受降雨量影响波动较大
黄土高原半干旱区2008—2011年降水变化率的范围是28.3~118.4 (表3), 属于平水年, 试验期间的降水量均低于多年平均值, 总体上冬春季降水较少。冬春连旱不利于玉米的播种和出苗, 5月至9月份降水集中, 且强度大, 其降水量约占全年的77%, 降水季与玉米生长季基本吻合; 2009—2011年玉米生长都遭受了一定程度的干旱胁迫。其中, 2009年与2011年, 4、5月份降雨少, 尤其是2011年, 4月份基本无有效降雨、5月份较同期偏少, 是试区60年不遇的大旱年, 玉米遭遇了前期干旱, 但后期降雨较多; 2010年前期降雨多, 后期少, 玉米生长遭受了后期干旱, 影响了玉米灌浆, 制约了产量的提高。年际之间, 3年全覆膜沟垄作、全覆膜平作的产量的变幅区间在9341.7~7396.5 kg hm-2和8413.0~6529.2 kg hm-2, 半覆膜平作在7058.8~4936.3 kg hm-2波动, 这与降水量和播前土壤贮水量、关键生长期降雨量及集雨覆盖措施有关[14,15]。2009年各种处理的产量最高, 主要是2008年的降雨量为414 mm, 良好的底墒条件和较高的土壤贮水量作为玉米生长的启动因子[16], 对后期作物的生长具有补偿作用[17], 保证了玉米高产。已有研究表明, 全覆膜条件下, 玉米播种期具有较高的土壤贮水量, 有利于玉米出苗、壮苗, 同时地膜覆盖的增温、保墒、调节水分的运移分配及提高养分吸收利用的作用均可以提高作物产量[18,19]。3年全覆膜条件下沟垄作的产量较平作高。王晓凌等认为沟垄结合覆盖的栽培模式可使当季无效和微效的降水形成径流, 叠加到种植沟内, 促进水分下渗, 改善作物根区的土壤水分供应状况, 进而提高了产量[20,21,22,23]。在3年连续降水稀少情况下, 连作第3年沟垄作对产量的贡献较大, 半覆膜平作的产量变幅最大, 因为半覆膜在关键期满足不了玉米生长需、供水关系, 导致不同阶段的干旱胁迫发生, 影响产量的提高。据报道全覆膜沟垄作的高产、稳产性较好, 主要原因是沟垄系统[24]能把≤5 mm无效降雨通过增加集雨面积, 有效地输送至作物根部, 提高了玉米水分的有效性, 同等程度下增强了玉米抗旱性, 增产作用在干旱年份更突出[15,25-26]。全覆膜平作的集雨作用弱于全膜沟垄作, 其产量水平低于全覆膜沟垄作。 Table 3 表3 表32009-2011年试区降水量 Table 3Rainfall in 2009-2011 in semiarid area (mm)
Li SX.Dryland Agriculture in China. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2004. pp 1-2 (in Chinese) [本文引用: 1]
[2]
Wang YJ, Xie ZK, Malhi SS, Vera CL, Zhang YB, Wang JN.Effects of rainfall harvesting and mulching technologies on water use efficiency and crop yield in the semi-arid Loess Plateau China .Agric Water Manage, 2009, 96: 374-382 [本文引用: 1]
Huang ZB.Effect of limited water supply on water use efficiency of crops and its mechanism . J Soil Erosion Soil Water Conserv, 1998, 4(3): 92-94 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用: 1]
[4]
WangX, DaiK, Zhang DC, Zhang XM, Zhao QS, Cai DX, Hoogmoed WB, OenemaO.Dryland maize yields and water use efficiency in response to tillage/crop stubble and nutrient management practices in China .Field Crops Res, 2011, 120: 47-57 [本文引用: 1]
[5]
Wen XX, Zhang DQ, Liao YC, Jia ZK, Ji SQ.Effects of water-collecting and -retaining techniques on photosynthetic rates, yield, and water use efficiency of millet grown in a semiarid region . J Integr Agric, 2012, 11: 1119-1128 [本文引用: 1]
[6]
Li XY, Gong JD, Wei XH.In-situ rainwater harvesting and gravel mulch combination for corn production in the dry semi-arid region of China .J Arid Environ, 2000, 46: 371-382 [本文引用: 1]
[7]
Huang GB, Zhang RZ, Li GD, Li LL, Chan KY, Heenan DP, ChenW, Unkovich MJ, Robertson MJ, Cullis BR, Bellotti WD.Productivity and sustainability of a spring wheat-field pea rotation in a semi-arid environment under conventional and conservation tillage systems .Field Crops Res, 2008, 107: 43-55 [本文引用: 1]
[8]
Zhang SL, Chen XP, Zhang FS.Water use efficiency of dryland wheat in the Loess Plateau in response to soil and crop management . Field Crops Res, 2013, 151: 9-18 [本文引用: 1]
[9]
Yu HY.Effects of no-tillage on soil water content and physical properties of spring corn fields in semiarid region of northern China . Chin J Appl Ecol, 2011, 22(1): 99-104 [本文引用: 1]
Ren XL.Effects of rainwater-harvested furrow/ridge system on spring corn productivity under different simulated rainfalls .Acta Ecol Sin, 2008, 28: 1006-1015 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用: 1]
Ren XL.Effect of ridge and furrow planting of rainfall harvesting on soil available nutrient distribution and root growth of summer corn under simulated rainfall conditions . Trans CSAE, 2007, 23(12): 94-99 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用: 1]
[12]
Wang HL.Effects of mulching methods on soil water dynamics and corn yield of rain-fed cropland in the semiarid area of China . Chin J Plant Ecol, 2011, 35: 825-833 [本文引用: 1]
Huang GB, Fang YJ, Li LL, Xie JH, WangJ.High water use efficiency mechanism of maize planting in furrows of completely mulched alternating narrow and wide ridges systems in rainfed areas .Agric Res Arid Area, 2010, 28(6): 116-121 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用: 1]
LiJ, Shao MA, Zhang XC, Li SQ.Simulation of soil desiccation and yield finctuation of high yield maize field on rain-fed highland of the Loess Plateau .Chin J Eco-agric, 2007, 15(02): 54-58 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用: 1]
[15]
Li XY.Incorporation of ridge and furrow method of rainfall harvesting with mulching for crop production under semiarid conditions . Agric Water Manage, 2001, 50: 173-183 [本文引用: 2]
Li FM, Liu XL, WangJ.Effects of pre-sowing irrigation and P fertilization on spring wheat yield information . Acta Ecol Sin, 2001, 21: 1941-1946 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用: 1]
Li FR, Zhao SL, Li FM, Gao CY.Study on the water consumption law of complex crop system in the tablelands of the eastern Gansu loess plateua .Acta Ecol Sin, 1995, 15: 420-425 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用: 2]
Li L L. Huang G B, Zhang RZ, Jin XJ, Kwong YC.Effects of conservation tillage on soil water regimes in rainfed areas .Acta Ecol Sin, 2005, 25: 2326-2332 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用: 2]
ZhangL, Niu FJ, Li XY, Dou GL, Li DR.Effects of planting in furrow and whole plastic-film mulching on double ridges in autumn on yield index of corn production and water use efficiency in dry lands .Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2010, 26(22): 142-145 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用: 1]
WangQ.Optimum ratio of ridge to furrow for planting potato in micro-water harvesting system in semiarid areas .Trans CSAE, 2005, 25: 39-41(in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用: 1]
Wang XL, Chen MC, Yi XF, Fu GZ.Effects of ridge width and planting density on corn yields in rainwater-harvesting system with plastic film mulching on ridge .Trans CSAE, 2009, 25(8): 40-47 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用: 1]
Han QF.Simulated study on soil moisture of the field under water micro-collecting farming conductions .Trans CSAE, 2004, 20(02): 78-82(in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用: 1]
[23]
Zhou LM, Li FM, Jin SL.How two ridges and the furrow mulched with plastic film affects soil water temperature and yield of maize on the semiarid Loess Plateau of China . Field Crops Res, 2009, 113: 41-47 [本文引用: 1]
Liao YC, Wen XX, Han SM.Effect of mulching of water conservation for dry land winter wheat in the loess tableland .Sci Agric Sin, 2003, 36: 548-552(in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用: 1]
[25]
Li XY.Incorporation of ridges and furrow method of rainfall harvesting with mulching for crop production under semiarid conditions . Agric Water Manage, 2001, 50: 173-183 [本文引用: 1]
Ren XL, Jia ZK, Ding RX, Han QF.Progress and prospect of research on root-zone water micro-collecting farming for crop in arid region of China .Agric Res Arid Areas, 2010, 28(3): 83-89 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用: 1]
[27]
Richards RA, Rebetzke GJ, Condon AG.Breeding opportunities for increasing the efficiency of water use and crop yield in temperate cereals .Crop Sci, 2002, 42: 111-121 [本文引用: 1]
[28]
Li FM, Guo AH, WeiH.Effects of clear plastic film mulch on yield of spring wheat . Field Crops Res, 1999, 63: 79-86 [本文引用: 1]
LiJ, JiangB, HuW, Ciren YJ, Zhao YJ, Li XF, ChenB.Characteristics of deep soil desiccation on rainfed grain croplands in different rainfall areas of the Loess Plateau of China .J Nat Resour, 2009, 24: 2124-2134 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用: 2]
Liu PS, Jia ZK, LiJ, Ren XL, Li YP, Liu SX.Moisture dynamics of soil dry layer and water-restoring effects of alfalfa (Medicago sativa)- grain crop rotation on soil dry layer in alfalfa farmlands in mountainous region of southern Ningxia . Acta Ecol Sin, 2008, 28: 183-191 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用: 1]
Wang HL, Zhang XC, Song SY, Ma YF, Yu XF.Regulation of whole field surface plastic mulching and double ridge-furrow planting on seasonal soil water loss and maize yield in Rain-Fed Area of Northwest Loess Plateau .Sci Agric Sin, 2013, 46: 917-926 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用: 1]
Wang HL, Zhang XC, Song SY.Effects of mulching methods on soil water dynamics and corn yield of rain-fed cropland in thesemiarid area of China .Chin J Plant Ecol, 2011, 35: 825-833 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用: 2]
[33]
莫非, 周宏, 王建永, 赵鸿, 张恒嘉, 吴姗, 陈应龙, 杨通, 邓浩亮, AsfaB, 王润元, Simon N N, 李凤民, 熊友才. 田间微集雨技术研究及应用 . 农业工程学报, 2013, 29(8): 1-17 [本文引用: 1]
MoF, ZhouH, Wang JY, ZhaoH, Zhang HJ, WuS, Chen YL, YangT, Deng HL, AsfaB, Wang RY, Simon NN, Li FM, Xiong YC.Development and application of micro-field rain-harvesting technologies .Trans CSAE, 2013, 29(8): 1-17 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用: 1]