李方慧1,唐浩1,支旭东2,3
(1.黑龙江大学 建筑工程学院,哈尔滨150086;2.结构工程灾变与控制教育部重点实验室(哈尔滨工业大学),哈尔滨150090;3.土木工程智能防灾减灾工业和信息化部重点实验室(哈尔滨工业大学),哈尔滨150090)
摘要:
利用1 000 kV特高压变电构架在均匀流、A类和B类地貌高频底部测力天平风洞试验同步测量的基底弯矩和反力的时程数据,对变电构架整体及节段模型的气动力系数功率谱以及均值、均方根、峰度和偏度等统计特性对比分析,详细考察风向、地貌等因素对风荷载特性的影响规律并探讨不同流场下输电构架整体与节段模型的气动力特性比例关系。研究结果表明:以A节段模型为例,0°风向均匀流场、A类和B类地貌下Cx均值和均方根值之比分别为1∶1.58∶1.57和1∶1.60∶1.59, 与之对应,Cy均值和均方根值之比分别为1∶7.00∶7.57和1∶1.53∶1.30.整体和各节段模型对比分析发现,90°风向均匀流场下整体模型与四个节段模型Cx的均值和均方根值之比分别为1∶0.02∶0.26∶0.22∶0.38和1∶0.06∶0.37∶0.32∶0.41,Cy的均值和均方根值之比分别为1∶0.46∶[KG-2mm]0.57∶0.43∶0.69和1∶0.47∶0.58∶0.44∶0.70.基于时域和频域的综合对比分析明确1 000 kV特高压变电构架的最不利风向角以及设计风荷载的取值,为工程设计提供参考。
关键词: 特高压变电构架 风洞试验 风荷载特性 气动力系数 风向角
DOI：10.11918/202004112
分类号:TU392.6
文献标识码:A
基金项目:山东电力工程咨询院有限公司资助 (37-2018-24-K0005)
Wind load characteristics of 1 000 kV UHV substation frame
LI Fanghui1,TANG Hao1,ZHI Xudong2,3
(1.College of Civil Engineering, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150086, China; 2.Key Lab of Structures Dynamic Behavior and Control (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150090, China; 3.Key Lab of Smart Prevention and Mitigation of Civil Engineering Disasters (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150090, China)
Abstract:
With time series data of base bending moments and forces simultaneously measured by high frequency force balance (HFFB) wind tunnel test of 1 000 kV ultra-high voltage (UHV) substation frame in uniform flow, terrain A, and terrain B, the power spectrum density (PSD) and statistical characteristics such as mean value, root mean square (RMS), kurtosis, and skewness of aerodynamic coefficients of the whole substation frame and segment models were compared and analyzed. The influence rules of wind direction, terrain type, and other factors on the wind load characteristics were investigated, and the proportional relationship of aerodynamic force coefficient characteristic between the overall model and segment models of the substation structure under different flow fields was discussed. Results show that taking segment model A as an example, the ratio of mean values of Cx in uniform flow field, terrain A, and terrain B landforms at 0° wind direction was 1∶[KG-2mm]1.58∶[KG-2mm]1.57 and that of its RMS values was 1∶[KG-2mm]1.60∶[KG-2mm]1.59. Correspondingly, the ratios of mean values and RMS values of Cy were 1∶[KG-2mm]7.0∶[KG-2mm]7.57 and 1∶[KG-2mm]1.53∶[KG-2mm]1.30, respectively. Contrastive analysis of the overall model and various segment models demonstrates that in the uniform flow field at 90° wind direction, the ratios of mean values and RMS values of Cx for the overall model and four segment models were 1∶[KG-2mm]0.02∶[KG-2mm]0.26∶[KG-2mm]0.22∶[KG-2mm]0.38 and 1∶[KG-2mm]0.06∶[KG-2mm]0.37∶[KG-2mm]0.32∶[KG-2mm]0.41, respectively. While the ratios of mean values and RMS values of Cy were 1∶[KG-2mm]0.46∶[KG-2mm]0.57∶[KG-2mm]0.43∶[KG-2mm]0.69 and 1∶[KG-2mm]0.47∶[KG-2mm]0.58∶[KG-2mm]0.44∶[KG-2mm]0.70, respectively. The most unfavorable wind direction and design wind load of 1 000 kV UHV substation frame were determined by comprehensive comparative analysis of time and frequency domains, which provides reference for engineering design.
Key words: ultra-high voltage substation frame wind tunnel test wind load characteristics aerodynamic force coefficient wind direction [KH-*2/3]
李方慧, 唐浩, 支旭东. 1 000 kV特高压变电构架风荷载特性[J]. 哈尔滨工业大学学报, 2021, 53(4): 129-135. DOI: 10.11918/202004112.
LI Fanghui, TANG Hao, ZHI Xudong. Wind load characteristics of 1 000 kV UHV substation frame[J]. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology, 2021, 53(4): 129-135. DOI: 10.11918/202004112.
基金项目 山东电力工程咨询院有限公司资助(37-2018-24-K0005) 作者简介 李方慧(1978—)，男，教授，硕士生导师;
支旭东(1977—)，男，教授，博士生导师 通信作者 支旭东,zhixudong@163.com 文章历史 收稿日期: 2020-04-20
Abstract Full text Figures/Tables PDF
1 000 kV特高压变电构架风荷载特性
李方慧1, 唐浩1, 支旭东2,3
1. 黑龙江大学 建筑工程学院，哈尔滨 150086;
2. 结构工程灾变与控制教育部重点实验室(哈尔滨工业大学)，哈尔滨 150090;
3. 土木工程智能防灾减灾工业和信息化部重点实验室(哈尔滨工业大学)，哈尔滨 150090
收稿日期: 2020-04-20
基金项目: 山东电力工程咨询院有限公司资助(37-2018-24-K0005)
作者简介: 李方慧(1978—)，男，教授，硕士生导师; 支旭东(1977—)，男，教授，博士生导师
通信作者: 支旭东,zhixudong@163.com
摘要: 利用1 000 kV特高压变电构架在均匀流、A类和B类地貌高频底部测力天平风洞试验同步测量的基底弯矩和反力的时程数据，对变电构架整体及节段模型的气动力系数功率谱以及均值、均方根、峰度和偏度等统计特性对比分析，详细考察风向、地貌等因素对风荷载特性的影响规律并探讨不同流场下输电构架整体与节段模型的气动力特性比例关系。研究结果表明：以A节段模型为例，0°风向均匀流场、A类和B类地貌下Cx均值和均方根值之比分别为1∶1.58∶1.57和1∶1.60∶1.59, 与之对应，Cy均值和均方根值之比分别为1∶7.00∶7.57和1∶1.53∶1.30.整体和各节段模型对比分析发现，90°风向均匀流场下整体模型与四个节段模型Cx的均值和均方根值之比分别为1∶0.02∶0.26∶0.22∶0.38和1∶0.06∶0.37∶0.32∶0.41，Cy的均值和均方根值之比分别为1∶0.46∶0.57∶0.43∶0.69和1∶0.47∶0.58∶0.44∶0.70.基于时域和频域的综合对比分析明确1 000 kV特高压变电构架的最不利风向角以及设计风荷载的取值，为工程设计提供参考。
关键词: 特高压变电构架 风洞试验 风荷载特性 气动力系数 风向角
Wind load characteristics of 1 000 kV UHV substation frame
LI Fanghui1, TANG Hao1, ZHI Xudong2,3
1. College of Civil Engineering, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150086, China;
2. Key Lab of Structures Dynamic Behavior and Control (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150090, China;
3. Key Lab of Smart Prevention and Mitigation of Civil Engineering Disasters (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150090, China
Abstract: With time series data of base bending moments and forces simultaneously measured by high frequency force balance (HFFB) wind tunnel test of 1 000 kV ultra-high voltage (UHV) substation frame in uniform flow, terrain A, and terrain B, the power spectrum density (PSD) and statistical characteristics such as mean value, root mean square (RMS), kurtosis, and skewness of aerodynamic coefficients of the whole substation frame and segment models were compared and analyzed. The influence rules of wind direction, terrain type, and other factors on the wind load characteristics were investigated, and the proportional relationship of aerodynamic force coefficient characteristic between the overall model and segment models of the substation structure under different flow fields was discussed. Results show that taking segment model A as an example, the ratio of mean values of Cx in uniform flow field, terrain A, and terrain B landforms at 0° wind direction was 1∶1.58∶1.57 and that of its RMS values was 1∶1.60∶1.59. Correspondingly, the ratios of mean values and RMS values of Cy were 1∶7.0∶7.57 and 1∶1.53∶1.30, respectively. Contrastive analysis of the overall model and various segment models demonstrates that in the uniform flow field at 90° wind direction, the ratios of mean values and RMS values of Cx for the overall model and four segment models were 1∶0.02∶0.26∶0.22∶0.38 and 1∶0.06∶0.37∶0.32∶0.41, respectively. While the ratios of mean values and RMS values of Cy were 1∶0.46∶0.57∶0.43∶0.69 and 1∶0.47∶0.58∶0.44∶0.70, respectively. The most unfavorable wind direction and design wind load of 1 000 kV UHV substation frame were determined by comprehensive comparative analysis of time and frequency domains, which provides reference for engineering design.
Keywords: ultra-high voltage substation frame wind tunnel test wind load characteristics aerodynamic force coefficient wind direction
1 000 kV特高压变电构架是十分重要的生命线工程，输电能力强，效率高，枣庄等一批1 000 kV输变电工程逐步兴建.由于其轻质、高柔、阻尼小的特性，属于典型的风敏感结构。在强风和地震作用下，其结构会产生剧烈的振动，引起杆件变形或断裂，严重的会导致整个结构倒塌[1]。目前，DL/T 5154—2012《架空输电线路杆塔结构设计技术规定》[2]等规范尚未对1 000 kV特高压变电构架风荷载给出明确的计算条款。因此，开展该类结构的风荷载特性研究具有重要意义。
国内外的一些专家学者对变电构架抗风关键问题进行了一系列研究。文献[3-8]利用气弹模型风洞试验、高频天平测力试验和数值模拟等手段对500 kV输电塔架风荷载体型系数、风振响应以及塔线体系耦合振动效应进行了全面而细致的研究，形成了较为成熟的计算理论和实用设计方法。相比而言，1 000 kV输电构架塔身较高、刚度沿高度分布不均匀，结构抗风分析更加复杂。文献[9-11]对1 000 kV特高压变电构架风荷载分布特性及等效静风荷载进行研究。文献[12]对输电线塔架顺风向荷载效应进行研究。文献[13-16]应用高频测力天平技术对800 kV和1 100 kV特高压输电塔架体型系数、风振响应等开展研究。此外，输电构架的塔-线气动阻尼、结构疲劳以及下击暴流作用[17]等方面也是研究热点，本文不展开叙述。
上述研究主要集中在500 kV和800 kV特高压变电构架风工程研究，而对1 000 kV特高压输电塔架风荷载分布特性的研究正在逐步展开，目前尚缺乏系统的研究。本文采用3D打印技术制作1 000 kV特高压变电构架整体和节段的风洞试验刚性缩尺模型，在均匀流、A类和B类三种地貌下完成高频天平测力风洞试验，利用采集的气动力系数时程数据详细考察1 000 kV变电构架整体以及各节段结构在不同风向、地貌类型下气动力系数均值、均方根值、峰度和偏度等统计特性及功率谱变化规律并分析作用机理，从而指导工程实践。
1 风洞试验 1.1 试验设备高频底部天平测力风洞试验在哈尔滨工业大学风洞与浪槽联合实验室完成，小试验段截面宽4.0 m，高3.0 m，长25 m，配有自动转盘系统，转盘直径2.4 m，可实现0°~360°任意角度调节，风洞气动轮廓如图 1所示。高频测力天平试验采用ATI六分力传感器(图 2)，型号为ATI delta ip68 si-660-60，采样频率为1 000 Hz，每个样本采样时间60 s。试验中采用固定于自动上下移动支架上的Cobra Probe眼镜蛇三维脉动风速仪测量风速剖面及参考风速。
Fig. 1
图 1 风洞气动轮廓 Fig. 1 Aerodynamic profile of wind tunnel Fig. 2
图 2 ATI六分力传感器 Fig. 2 ATI six-axis force sensor 1.2 试验模型1 000 kV特高压变电构架为空间网格结构，由左右两个独立塔架和中间横梁组成，杆件截面形式为圆钢管，原型结构轮廓尺寸为高70 m，宽49 m(图 3)。为了详细考察不同高度塔架的风荷载变化特性分别在均匀流场、A类地貌和B类地貌三种流场条件下对整体模型和部分节段模型进行高频底部测力风洞试验，将左侧塔架沿不同高度分别A、B、C、D四个节段模型(图 4)。风洞试验刚性缩尺整体模型和节段模型采用SLA光敏树脂3D打印而成，缩尺比分别为1∶100和1∶50。风洞试验中整体模型及A节段模型见图 5。
Fig. 3
图 3 变电构架结构 Fig. 3 Structure of substation frame Fig. 4
图 4 分段示意(m) Fig. 4 Segmentation diagram (m) Fig. 5
图 5 风洞试验模型 Fig. 5 Wind tunnel test models 1.3 风场模拟与试验工况采用尖塔和粗糙元、地毯对A类和B类地貌进行风场模拟，为确保风洞流场品质，将风洞试验段中风剖面和湍流度曲线与荷载规范分别进行对比分析，结果显示风场模拟效果良好。为详细考察地貌和风向对气动力系数的影响，利用结构的对称性，在0°~90°范围内每间隔15°测量一次。由于篇幅限制，以A节段模型为例详细给出风洞测量气动力系数对比分析结果。
1.4 主要研究内容利用高频底部测力天平同步采集的力和力矩数据，详细考察x向和y向的气动力系数Cx和Cy以及扭矩系数Cmz，利用如下计算获得。
$\left\{ \begin{array}{l}{C_x} = \frac{{{F_x}}}{{0.5\rho {U^2}S}}\\{\rm{ }}{C_y} = \frac{{{F_y}}}{{0.5\rho {U^2}S}}\\{C_{{\rm{mz}}}} = \frac{{{M_z}}}{{0.5\rho {U^2}SB}}\end{array} \right.{\rm{ }}$
式中Fx、Fy、Mz分别为x、y方向的力和扭矩。U为参考风速，均匀流场U=14.1 m/s，A类和B类地貌参考风速取模型顶部风速，分别为7.6 m/s和8.7 m/s。ρ为空气密度，S为迎风面积，B为结构特征宽度(表 1)。
表 1
表 1 各风向角下A节段模型及整体模型特征宽度 Tab. 1 Characteristic width of segment model A and overall model at different wind directions 风向角/(°) A节段模型特征宽度/mm 整体模型特征宽度/mm 0 30.0 60.0
15 47.1 76.0
30 60.9 86.9
45 70.7 91.9
60 75.6 90.6
75 75.3 83.1
90 70.0 70.0
表 1 各风向角下A节段模型及整体模型特征宽度 Tab. 1 Characteristic width of segment model A and overall model at different wind directions
2 A节段模型气动力系数分析将A节段模型气动力系数均值、均方根、偏度和峰度以及功率谱等进行对比分析，详细考察风向、地貌等因素对气动力系数的影响规律，通过每个节段模型气动力特性对比分析，可为整体结构风荷载特性的精细化研究提供依据。
2.1 统计特征分析对比分析不同地貌、风向下的气动力系数的均值、均方根、峰度(kurtosis)和偏度(skewness)等统计特性。三种不同流场下A节段模型Cx和Cy的均值和均方根对比见图 6，在0°~90°风向角下，Cx均值逐渐递增，在90°达到最大，Cx均方根值先减后增，在0°达到最大，75°取到最小值。Cy均值逐渐递减，在0°达到最大，Cy均方根逐渐递增，在90°达到最大，主要原因是随着风向角的变化，挡风面积、气体绕流和分离方式不同导致结构的受力状态发生变化。0°风向均匀流场、A类地貌和B类地貌A节段模型Cx均方根之比为1∶1.60∶1.59，Cy均方根之比为1∶1.53∶1.30。均匀流场中各风向下Cx最大均值和Cy最大均值之比为1∶1.10，说明两个垂直方向气动力特性较为接近。
Fig. 6
图 6 A节段气动力系数均值与均方根值对比 Fig. 6 Comparison of mean values and RMS values of aerodynamic coefficients of segment A 图 7为三种流场条件下A节段模型气动力系数skewness和kurtosis对比，三类流场条件下Cx的skewness波动范围-0.38~-0.01，B类地貌下各个风向下skewness绝对值最大。同时可见，Cy的skewness波动范围0.01~0.55，在30°向角下B类地貌的skewness最大。kurtosis的变化规律见图 7(b)，kurtosis值均在3刻度线以上。均匀流、A类地貌、B类地貌三种流场条件下Cx的skewness最大值之比和kurtosis最大值之比分别为1∶1.92∶3.17和1∶1.08∶1.19，同时Cy的skewness最大值之比和kurtosis最大值之比分别为1∶3.57∶7.86和1∶1.11∶1.20。
Fig. 7
图 7 A节段气动力系数偏度与峰度对比 Fig. 7 Comparison of skewness and kurtosis of aerodynamic coefficients of segment A 2.2 功率谱分析从频域角度详细考察地貌、风向对气动力系数的影响规律，图 8为0°风向三类流场下A节段模型气动力系数功率谱对比分析。
Fig. 8
图 8 A节段气动力系数功率谱密度地貌对比 Fig. 8 Comparison of PSD of aerodynamic coefficients of segment A under different terrains 1)地貌的影响
图 8对比可见，0°风向A节段模型Cx和Cy功率谱在A类地貌和B类地貌高频部分大于均匀流场，这是由于紊流场对流动量高，耗散动量低。
2)风向角的影响
图 9为输电构架A节段模型在均匀流场不同风向角时气动力系数Cx和Cy功率谱对比，在低频部分，对Cx和Cy功率谱密度影响最大的风向角分别是0°和90°。在高频部分，对Cx功率谱密度影响最大的风向角为0°和75°，对Cy功率谱密度影响最大的为0°和90°。主要原因是随着风向角的不同，气体绕流模式发生变化导致流场特性改变，能量传递随之改变。
Fig. 9
图 9 A节段气动力系数功率谱密度对比 Fig. 9 Comparison of PSD of aerodynamic coefficients of segment A 3 整体和节段模型气动力系数对比分析 3.1 统计特征对比 3.1.1 均值与均方根均匀流场不同风向时各节段模型与整体模型气动力系数Cx和Cy均值对比见图 10。对比发现，Cx从0°到90°递减，0°时最大，90°时最小，Cy的变化规律相反。90°风向均匀流场下整体模型与四个节段模型Cx的均值之比为1∶0.02∶0.26∶0.22∶0.38，Cy的均值之比为1∶0.46∶0.57∶0.43∶0.69。对比发现各节段模型均值D节段占比最大。
Fig. 10
图 10 整体模型及节段模型气动力系数均值对比 Fig. 10 Comparison of mean values of aerodynamic coefficients of overall model and segment models 图 11为均匀流场下节段及整体模型气动力系数Cx和Cy均方根对比。整体模型节段模型气动力系数均方根变化趋势基本相同，Cx从0°到90°递减，0°时最大，90°时最小，Cy的变化规律正好相反。90°风向均匀流场下整体模型与A~D节段模型的Cx和Cy均方根之比分别为1∶0.06∶0.37∶0.32∶0.41和1∶0.47∶0.58∶0.44∶0.70。
Fig. 11
图 11 整体模型及节段模型气动力系数均方根对比 Fig. 11 Comparison of RMS values of aerodynamic coefficients of overall model and segment models 3.1.2 偏度与峰度均匀流场输电构架节段模型及整体模型气动力系数Cx和Cy偏度对比见图 12。整体模型与节段模型skewness值变化范围为-0.10~0.09，接近于0，表明气动力系数的数据分布接近对称分布。对Cx而言，在0°~90°风向角下，A节段和B节段模型skewness值均在0刻度线以下。对Cy而言，只有D节段的skewness值在0刻度线以下。
Fig. 12
图 12 整体模型及节段模型气动力系数偏度对比 Fig. 12 Comparison of skewness of aerodynamic coefficients of overall model and segment models 图 13为均匀流场下节段及整体模型气动力系数Cx和Cy峰度对比。整体模型与节段模型气动力系数Cx的kurtosis值变化范围为2.90~3.44，整体模型在75°风向kurtosis达到3.44。对Cy而言，A节段、B节段和D节段的kurtosis值在3刻度线以上，D节段模型45°风向kurtosis达到3.23。
Fig. 13
图 13 整体模型及节段模型气动力系数峰度对比 Fig. 13 Comparison of kurtosis of aerodynamic coefficients of overall model and segment models 4 结论本文通过1 000 kV特高压变电构架的高频天平测力风洞试验详细考察了均匀流、A类地貌和B类地貌下，风向角对气动力系数功率谱以及均值、均方根等统计参数的影响规律，获得结论如下：
1) 地貌对气动力系数均值和均方根影响较大。0°风向A节段模型在均匀流场、A类和B类地貌Cx的均值之比为1∶1.58∶1.57，均方根之比为1∶1.60∶1.50。与之对应，三类流场条件下Cy的均值之比为1∶7.00 ∶7.57，均方根之比为1∶1.53∶1.30。
2) 不同风向下输电构架气动力系数Cx和Cy统计特性的变化明显，综合考虑均值、均方根等参数最大值出现的风向以及对应时程对比分析表明0°、75°、90°风向可能出现最不利风向，为工程设计提供参考。
3) 通过整体和各节段模型对比分析，明确各节段模型对整体风荷载的贡献大小。90°风向均匀流场下整体模型与A~D四个节段模型Cx的均值和均方根值之比分别为1∶0.02∶0.26∶0.22∶0.38和1∶0.06∶0.37∶0.32∶0.41，可以发现各节段模型中D节段占比最大。
4) 均匀流场整体模型与节段模型气动力系数Cx的kurtosis值变化范围为2.90~3.44，整体模型在75°风向kurtosis为3.44，D节段模型气动力系数Cy在45°风向kurtosis为3.23。
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