摘要:针对河北平原区水粮矛盾尖锐，开展冬小麦春一水优化灌溉研究，可为区域粮食安全和地下水超采治理提供技术依据。本研究于2018—2020年采用田间定位试验方法，以节水小麦品种‘衡4399’为材料，设置5个春灌一水时间处理（拔节后0 d，AJ0；拔节后5 d，AJ5；拔节后10 d，AJ10；拔节后15 d，AJ15；拔节后20 d，AJ20）和2个对照处理（无春灌，CK1；春灌二水，CK2），分析了不同处理对冬小麦籽粒灌浆特性参数、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明，随着春灌一水时间的推迟，冬小麦灌浆持续时间增长，平均灌浆速率减小，理论最大千粒重增大；与AJ0相比，其他春灌一水处理的灌浆持续时间延长3~7 d，平均灌浆速率减小2.40%~13.51%，理论最大千粒重增加1.61%~18.62%。春灌一水条件下，冬小麦单位面积穗数、穗粒数和籽粒产量随着灌水时间的推迟均是先增大后减小，千粒重逐渐增加，其中，籽粒产量最高的处理为AJ5，其次是AJ10，二者间差异不显著（P>0.05），但均显著高于AJ0、AJ15、AJ20处理（P < 0.05）；2018—2019年和2019—2020年，与CK1相比，AJ5、AJ10处理的产量分别增加96.04%和52.18%、90.15%和49.84%；与CK2相比，AJ5、AJ10处理的产量依次降低0.80%和16.75%、3.79%和18.03%。两个试验年度春灌一水处理的水分利用效率，都是灌水较早的AJ0、AJ5和AJ10处理较高，且3个处理间的差异均不显著（P>0.05），AJ15和AJ20的水分利用效率明显降低（P < 0.05）。与CK1和CK2相比，AJ5处理的水分利用效率2018—2019年分别增加20.78%和18.47%（P < 0.05）、2019—2020年分别增加41.07%（P < 0.05）和5.33%（P>0.05），AJ10处理2018—2019年分别增加12.34%和10.19%（P>0.05）、2019—2020年分别增加37.50%（P < 0.05）和2.67%（P>0.05）。综上所述，在试验区冬小麦春灌一水条件下，最优灌水时间为拔节后5~10 d，能获得较高产量和水分利用效率。
关键词:冬小麦/
春灌一水/
灌水时间/
灌浆特性/
籽粒产量/
水分利用效率
Abstract:There is a serious contradiction between water resources and grain production in the Hebei Plain; therefore, this study aimed to investigate the optimal time of once irrigation in spring for winter wheat to provide a technical basis for regional food security and groundwater overdraft control. A field positioning experiment was conducted from 2018 to 2020, with the water-saving winter wheat cultivar 'Heng 4399' under five treatments of spring one irrigation time (0 d after jointing, AJ0; 5 d after jointing, AJ5; 10 d after jointing, AJ10; 15 d after jointing, AJ15; and 20 d after jointing, AJ20) and two control treatments (no spring irrigation, CK1; and spring two irrigations, CK2). The effects of different treatments on the grain filling characteristics, yield, and water use efficiency of winter wheat were analyzed. The results showed that the delay of one spring irrigation time increased the duration of grain filling and the theoretical maximum 1000-grain weight, and decreased the average grain filling rate. Compared with AJ0, the duration of grain filling was prolonged by 3-7 d, the average grain filling rate decreased by 2.40%-13.51%, and the theoretical maximum 1000-grain weight increased by 1.61%-18.62% in the other spring one irrigation treatments. Under the spring one irrigation condition, the spike number per unit area, grain number per spike, and grain yield of winter wheat first increased and then decreased with the delay of irrigation date, whereas the 1000-grain weight gradually increased. Grain yield in the AJ5 treatment was the highest, followed by AJ10, and there was no significant difference between AJ5 and AJ10 (P>0.05), but both were significantly higher than those of AJ0, AJ15, and AJ20 (P < 0.05). The yields of AJ5 and AJ10 increased by 96.04% and 52.18% in 2018-2019, and 90.15% and 49.84% in 2019-2020, respectively, compared to CK1. However, compared to CK2, the same treatments decreased by 0.80% and 16.75% in 2018-2019, and 3.79% and 18.03% in 2019-2020, respectively. In the two experimental years, the water use efficiency of spring one irrigation treatments was higher in AJ0, AJ5, and AJ10, and there was no significant difference among the treatments (P>0.05). AJ15 and AJ20 significantly decreased the water use efficiency compared to the above-mentioned treatments (P < 0.05). Compared to CK1 and CK2, the water use efficiency of AJ5 increased by 20.78% and 18.47% (P < 0.05) in 2018-2019, and by 41.07% (P < 0.05) and 5.33% (P>0.05) in 2019-2020, respectively; AJ10 increased by 12.34% and 10.19% (P>0.05) in 2018-2019, and by 37.50% (P < 0.05) and 2.67% (P>0.05) in 2019-2020, respectively. In summary, under spring one irrigation conditions of winter wheat in the experimental area, the optimal irrigation date is 5-10 days after jointing, which resulting in a higher yield and water use efficiency.
Key words:Winter wheat/
Once irrigation in spring/
Irrigation date/
Grain filling characteristics/
Grain yield/
Water use efficiency
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