摘要
摘要:晋中盆地热量资源丰富，后期可供春玉米立秆脱水时间充足，抗倒性是该区域实施春玉米机械粒收的关键因素。增密种植与立秆延期收获是机械粒收技术发展和推广的重要措施，而玉米生长后期倒伏是限制种植密度进一步提升的重要因素，如何合理选择种植密度同时兼顾高产和抗倒就成为该区域实施春玉米机械粒收技术面临的重要问题。为此于2017—2019年在山西省农业科学院东阳试验示范基地，以29个玉米主栽品种和已审定、待审定、有潜力的宜机收品种为材料，分析了春玉米3个种植密度（6.0万株·hm^-2、7.5万株·hm^-2和9.0万株·hm^-2）下生理成熟后倒伏情况。结果表明，随着种植密度增加，春玉米生理成熟期平均倒折率分别为0.4%、1.2%和2.5%，生理成熟后平均倒折率呈显著（P < 0.05）增加，且每推迟10 d玉米倒折率分别平均增加0.2个、0.7个和1.5个百分点。根据拟合方程，以GB/T 21962—2008规定的玉米机械粒收条件倒折率小于5%为标准，9.0万株·hm^-2仅可立秆至10月2日，7.5万株·hm^-2和6.0万株·hm^-2可充分利用当地积温立秆脱水至11月。根据收获期产量和倒折率双向平均法，3年都稳定表现出高产抗倒的品种为‘金科玉3306’（7.5万株·hm^-2）、‘金科玉3306’（9.0万株·hm^-2）、‘迪卡517’（7.5万株·hm^-2）和‘华农887’（7.5万株·hm^-2），收获期平均产量为14 091.8 kg·hm^-2，平均倒折率为1.7%，可推荐为该区域春玉米适宜机械粒收的品种和密度。一般可根据降水年型、灌溉条件以及品种耐密性等，合理选择6.0万株·hm^-2或7.5万株·hm^-2两种种植密度，以实现高产抗倒，最终提高春玉米机械粒收产量和质量。
关键词:春玉米/
密度/
机械粒收/
生理成熟/
倒伏
Abstract:Heat resources are abundant in the Jinzhong Basin and can be used for dehydration in the late growth stage of spring maize. Lodging resistance is the key limiting factor for direct mechanical grain harvesting in this region. High planting density and harvest delay are important factors for the development and popularization of mechanical grain harvesting technology, but lodging in the late growth stage of maize limits the increase in planting density. One problem with implementing spring maize mechanical grain harvesting technology in the Jinzhong Basin is the selection of an appropriate planting density with high yield and lodging resistance. A field experiment was conducted in the Dongyang Experiment and Demonstration Base of Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences from 2017 to 2019, with three planting densities (6.0×10⁴, 7.5×10⁴, and 9.0×10⁴ plants·hm^-2) and 29 maize cultivars. Changes in lodging at three planting densities were analyzed after the spring maize matured physiologically. The results showed that the average lodging rate for three planting densities at physiological maturity was 0.4% (6.0×10⁴ plants·hm^-2), 1.2% (7.5×10⁴ plants·hm^-2), and 2.5% (9.0×10⁴ plants·hm^-2). After physiological maturity, the average lodging rate increased significantly (P < 0.05). For every 10 days of delay, the lodging rate for three planting densities increased by 0.2 (6.0×10⁴ plants·hm^-2), 0.7 (7.5×10⁴ plants·hm^-2) and 1.5 (9.0×10⁴ plants·hm^-2) percentage points. The national standard GB/T 21962-2008 mentions that the lodging rate of maize should be less than 5% under mechanical grain harvesting conditions. According to the fitting equation, the lodging rate for the 9.0×10⁴ plants·hm^-2 density was higher than 5% after October 2. However, the lodging rates for the 6.0×10⁴ plants·hm^-2 and 7.5×10⁴ plants·hm^-2 densities were less than 5% until November. Therefore, maize grown at 6.0×10⁴ plants·hm^-2 and 7.5×10⁴ plants·hm^-2 could make full use of the local accumulated temperature for dehydration. According to the two-way average method with yield and lodging rate of the harvest period, the varieties and densities with high yield and lodging resistance in three years were always 'Jinkeyu3306' (7.5×10⁴ plants·hm^-2), 'Jinkeyu3306' (9.0×10⁴ plants·hm^-2), 'Dika517' (7.5×10⁴ plants·hm^-2), and 'Huanong887' (7.5×10⁴ plants·hm^-2). The average yield was 14 091.8 kg·hm^-2, and the average lodging rate was 1.7%. These varieties and densities of spring maize were suitable for mechanical grain harvesting in the region. The planting densities of 6.0×10⁴ plants·hm^-2 or 7.5×10⁴ plants·hm^-2 were suitable according to the annual precipitation, irrigation conditions, and the density tolerance of the varieties to achieve high yield and lodging resistance.
Key words:Spring maize/
Density/
Mechanical grain harvest/
Physiological maturity/
Lodging



PDF全文下载地址:

http://www.ecoagri.ac.cn/article/exportPdf?id=a410df05-328c-497c-bb94-f8e164b9cecf