摘要
摘要:苏北地区水稻集约化种植体系中存在氮肥施用过量、施肥时期与肥料配比不合理、肥料利用率低等现象，是农民收益增加和农业可持续发展的限制因子。为科学、系统地指导苏北地区稻田施肥，提高水稻养分利用效率并降低环境风险，本研究基于地块土壤性状、产量目标及养分管理措施等信息，运行水稻养分专家系统（Nutrient Expert System，NE）进行施肥推荐，并通过田间试验比较了NE推荐施肥对苏北地区水稻产量、经济效益、养分吸收、肥料利用率的影响。试验共设置5个处理，分别为水稻养分专家系统推荐施肥（NE），基于NE处理的减氮（NE-N）、减磷（NE-P）和减钾（NE-K）处理，以及农民习惯施肥（FP）。结果表明：与FP处理相比，NE处理的氮、磷肥偏生产力分别提高44.77%和6.32%，其中氮肥偏生产力达到显著水平（P < 0.05）；钾肥偏生产力显著降低33.55%（P < 0.05）；氮肥、钾肥回收利用率显著提高4.91%、19.35%，磷肥回收利用率与FP处理基本相同。相比于FP处理，NE处理在减少氮肥投入，保证氮、磷、钾肥平衡施用的条件下，水稻增产2.23%，增收6.24%，但差异不显著；水稻植株籽粒中磷和钾积累量分别增加10.32%和51.63%，其中后者达显著水平（P < 0.05）。综上所述，水稻养分专家系统在苏北地区依据地块信息和智能化施肥系统，指导优化了氮、磷、钾肥的施用量和施用方法，促进了水稻对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收和利用，提高了肥料利用率，具有较好的增产增收效果，可以在苏北地区推广应用。
Abstract:The overuse of nitrogen fertilizer, inadequate fertilization rate and time, and low fertilizer use efficiency in intensive agriculture have become the main limiting factors to farmers' income and sustainable agricultural development in northern Jiangsu Province, China. In order to optimize fertilizer management, improve the nutrient use efficiency, and reduce environmental risks in paddy fields in this region, we conducted nutrient expert (NE)-based fertilizer recommendation based on soil properties, targeted yield, and nutrient management information. Field experiments were designed to investigate the effects of NE on rice yield, economic benefit, nutrient uptake, and fertilizer use efficiency. Five treatments were used in the experiments, including (1) nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer input calculated using NE, (2-4) eliminating nitrogen, phosphorous or potassium input in the NE treatment, and (5) farmers' conventional fertilization (FP). Results showed that, when compared with the FP treatment, partial productivity of N and P₂O₅ in the NE treatment was 44.77% (P < 0.05) and 6.32% higher respectively, while partial productivity of K₂O decreased significantly by 33.55% (P < 0.05). The recovery efficiency of N and K₂O in NE was significantly higher than that of FP by 4.91% and 19.35%, respectively; while the recovery efficiency of P₂O₅ was approximately the same as that in FP. Where the NE treatment involved reducing nitrogen fertilizer input and ensuring the balanced application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, the rice yield and farmers' income in this treatment were improved by 2.23% and 6.24%, respectively; however there were no significant differences compared to FP. The phosphorus and potassium accumulation in rice grains in the NE treatment had increased by 10.32% (P > 0.05) and 51.63% (P < 0.05), respectively. In conclusion, the use of NE-based recommendations resulted in an adequate ratio of N, P, and K, as well as optimizing fertilizer management, promoting the absorption and utilization of N, P, and K in rice, and improving rice yields and farmers' income. Therefore, we highly recommend using the NE system for fertilizer management in rice paddy fields in the northern Jiangsu Province of China.



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