摘要:为明确掺黄河泥沙同时配施生物有机肥（肥-沙混施）条件下盐碱地冬小麦群体库、源的特征及变化规律，探讨肥-沙混施条件下作物库源动态变化特征，探求盐碱地冬小麦产量的限制因子，为盐碱地改良和开发利用提供理论依据，采用大田定位跟踪调查方法，于2015-2018年连续3个冬小麦生长季在河北省南皮县开展试验。设置掺黄河泥沙（SS）、配施生物有机肥（FF）、肥-沙混施（SF）和空白对照（CK）4个处理。结果表明，所有处理小麦旗叶花后净光合速率呈逐渐下降趋势，开花-花后20 d的平均值表现为SF > FF > SS > CK，SF、FF和SS分别比CK高12%、10%和4%以上，尤其在花后20 d，SF、FF和SS仍能维持较高的光合性能，分别比CK高55.08%、27.32%和1.88%。随生育进程光合势呈单峰曲线变化，孕穗-开花期达到最大，开花30 d后群体光合势快速下降，表现为SF > FF > SS > CK，SF、FF和SS在孕穗-开花期的3年平均光合势依次分别比CK提高29.02%、18.79%和10.62%；其花后总光合势分别比CK高41.66%、24.72%和13.94%。在表征源库关系的指标上，SF的全生育期、开花前和开花后源生产能力均为最高，分别比CK高34.06%、40.52%和28.15%；SF的穗数、总粒数、最大潜在库容和有效库容量均为最高，3年平均分别比CK高25.69%、30.00%、42.06%和38.84%。SF的产量、开花后源生产能力的转化率、粒叶比和经济系数均为最高，3年平均比CK提高41.08%、9.53%、8.50%和4.01%。本研究条件下，小麦的有效库容量与总穗数和穗粒数呈极显著正相关。总穗数和总粒数是影响盐碱地冬小麦产量的关键因子。掺黄河泥沙或配施生物有机肥均能够提高小麦光合性能，提高源生产能力，促进源库转化。掺黄河泥沙同时配施生物有机肥处理综合了掺黄河泥沙和配施生物有机肥的优点，效果最佳，更有利于滨海盐碱土壤的改良和可持续开发利用。
关键词:盐碱地/
生物有机肥/
黄河泥沙/
冬小麦/
库源关系
Abstract:To study the source and sink characteristics and the transformation of both source and sink of winter wheat in saline-alkali soil, we conducted an experiment in Nanpi County, China, during the winter wheat growing seasons from 2015 to 2018. The positioning monitoring test was employed in the study. The study involved four processes:biological organic fertilizer application (FF), mixing Yellow River sediment (SS), FF and SS combination (SF), and blank (CK) treatment as control. Wheat varietiy 'Xiaoyan 60' was used in the field as the experimental material, and the growth parameters and grain yield of the wheat were monitored during the growth period. The findings revealed that there was a gradual downward trend in the photosynthetic rate (Pn) of flag leaves after anthesis under different treatments. The order of flag leaves Pn was SF > FF > SS > CK from anthesis to 20 d after anthesis. SF, FF, and SS were averagely 55.08%, 27.32%, and 1.88% higher, respectively, than CK. As for the growth process, the leaf area duration showed a single peak curve, with the peak appearing at the boot-anthesis stage. After 30 days of anthesis, there was a rapid decline in leaf area duration, and the photosynthetic potential of the treatments was SF > FF > SS > CK. At the boot-anthesis stage, the photosynthetic potentials of SF, FF, and SS were increased by 29.02%, 18.79%, and 10.62% respectively, compared with CK. Moreover, their total photosynthetic potentials after anthesis were 41.66%, 24.72%, and 13.94% higher, respectively, than that of CK. The source productivity capacity of SF was the highest during the whole growth period, before and after anthesis, at 34.06%, 40.52%, and 28.15% higher respectively, than that of CK. SF had the highest storage indexes, including panicle number, total grain number, maximum potential storage capacity and effective storage capacity; these were averagely 25.69%, 30.00%, 42.06%, and 38.84% higher, respectively, than in CK. The source-sink relationship indexes of SF were all the highest. They were yield, conversion rate of source production capacity after anthesis, grain/leaf ratio, and economic coefficient; these were 41.08%, 9.53%, 8.50%, and 4.01%, higher, respectively, than with CK. In this study, the effective storage capacity showed significantly positive correlation with the total number of spikes and the total number of grain, and these were the key factors affecting winter wheat yield in saline-alkali soil. The way of mixing Yellow River sediment or applying bio-organic fertilizer could improve the photosynthetic performance of wheat, improve the production capacity of the source, and promote the transformation of the source-sink. The best treatment was the SF treatment, which combined SS and FF application. This treatment combines the advantages of both, and was more conducive to the improvement and sustainable development and utilization of coastal saline and alkaline soil.
Key words:Saline-alkaline soil/
Biological organic fertilizer/
Yellow River sediment/
Winter wheat/
Sink-source relationship
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