摘要:氮是花生（Arachis hypogaea）生长发育必需的大量元素之一，明确不同品种氮素利用特点，可为花生氮高效品种筛选、培育及节氮栽培提供依据。桶栽条件下，利用15N示踪技术，测定了19个花生品种产量、植株氮含量、氮素积累量及3种氮源供氮量等指标，并以供试品种的产量及氮效率平均值为基准，将品种划分为高产氮高效、高产氮低效、低产氮高效和低产氮低效4种类型，分析了4种类型品种氮素累积与利用特征。结果表明：1）不同类型花生品种氮效率存在较大差异，氮高效型品种荚果氮效率平均为25.0 kg·kg-1，比氮低效型品种平均值高13.6%。2）营养体氮含量中等的品种有利于产量和氮效率同时提高，生殖体和整株氮含量不同类型品种间差异不大；在植株有足够氮积累的前提下，提高氮向生殖体的分配比例是高产氮高效品种的基本特征。3）不同类型花生品种土壤氮和肥料氮供氮水平与氮效率一致，根瘤供氮水平与氮效率因品种产量水平而异；当氮效率相近时，根瘤供氮水平高，有利于产量形成；氮高效型土壤供氮比例略高于低效型，根瘤供氮比例与土壤供氮比例相反，土壤氮与根瘤氮有较好的补偿效应；不同类型品种肥料供氮比例相差不大。4）不同类型品种产量和氮效率与氮肥利用率和氮肥偏生产力高度一致，而不同类型品种间氮素生物效率差异较小。综上，不同类型花生品种产量和氮效率存在显著差异，选育产量和氮效率双高的品种不仅必要，而且可行，是未来花生节氮栽培的有效途径之一。
关键词:花生/
氮素/
品种类型/
产量/
氮效率/
氮累积与利用
Abstract:Enhancing nitrogen (N) use efficiency at a genetic level would be an effective way to reduce N use and strive toward green cultivation. Understanding the N use characteristics of different peanut (Arachis hypogaea) varieties could provide some valuable insight for selecting and breeding peanut varieties with high N use efficiency and reduce applied N use in cultivation. In total, 19 peanut varieties were used to investigate the N accumulation and utilization characteristics under different N use efficiency conditions of varieties with differing yield potentials in a pot experiment via 15N isotope tracing analysis. Based on the average yields and N use efficiencies, the 19 peanut varieties were divided into the following four types:high yield and high N use efficiency (HYHN), high yield and low N use efficiency (HYLN), low yield and high N use efficiency (LYHN), and low yield and low N use efficiency (LYLN). The results showed that there were significant differences in different peanut varieties. The varieties with moderate N content in the vegetative organs were conducive to a simultaneous increase in the yield and N use efficiency, while no significant differences were detected in the N content of the reproductive organs or whole plants across various peanut varieties. Increases in the N allocation rates in reproductive organs were characteristic of the HYHN varieties under the assumption that there was sufficient N accumulation in the peanut plants. The results also showed that the available N levels and N use efficiencies of the soil's N source and fertilizer's N source were consistent in various peanut varieties, whereas different yields among the varieties determined the fixed N from the N source at nodulation. In addition, under similar N use efficiency conditions, a higher N-fixing nodule level favored increased yield. The N supplying from the soil's N source increased in the high-N type varieties compared with that in the low-N type varieties; however, it was the opposite with regards to the fixed N source at nodulation. This showed that were desirable compensatory effects between the soil's N and fixed N sources. Meanwhile, there were no significant differences in the N supplying ratios with regards to the fertilizer's N source in various varieties. The yields and N use efficiencies of different varieties were highly consistent with the N use efficiency and partial productivity of the N fertilizer, whereas there were negligible differences in the N use efficiencies among various peanut varieties. In conclusion, there were significant differences among different peanut varieties with respect to the yield and N use efficiency. Breeding a HYHN peanut variety is of great importance and appears feasible. This is an effective method to decrease the N use in peanut cultivation in the future.
Key words:Peanut/
Nitrogen/
Variety type/
Yield/
Nitrogen efficiency/
Nitrogen accumulation and utilization
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