摘要:化学除草剂已成为农田控制杂草的重要技术措施，但目前还没有针对豌豆田杂草的高效、安全除草剂。为此，本文以陕西省关中地区主栽品种‘西豌2号’为试验材料，采用6种苗前除草剂（48%氟乐灵乳油、50%乙草胺乳油、33%二甲戊灵乳油、96%精异丙甲草胺乳油、50%敌草胺水分散粒剂、40%扑草净可湿性粉剂）和5种苗后除草剂（15%精吡氟禾草灵乳油、10%精喹禾灵乳油、12.5%烯禾啶乳油、10.8%高效氟吡甲禾灵乳油、12%烯草酮乳油）处理，设清水喷施（CK1）和人工除草（CK2）为对照，调查秋豌豆田杂草种类，研究不同除草剂的防除效果，探讨各除草剂对秋豌豆生育进程、形态特征、经济效益等相关指标的影响。结果表明：1）研究区秋豌豆田杂草共7科13种，以阔叶类杂草为主，其中阔叶杂草9种。除草剂对杂草株数和鲜重均有不同程度的防效作用，苗前除草剂以33%二甲戊灵综合防效最佳，苗后除草剂以12%烯草酮综合防效最佳。2）自越冬期至开花期，各除草剂均对秋豌豆株高、叶绿素相对含量产生显著影响，但从始荚期开始，影响不再显著。不同种类的除草剂对秋豌豆根、茎、叶器官各时期干物质的积累量均有不同程度的抑制作用，各处理的秋豌豆茎、叶器官干物质的移动率及转运率均高于人工除草，叶器官干物质的移动率及转运率均高于茎器官。3）除草剂对百粒重、荚长等产量构成因素影响不显著，除10.8%高效氟吡甲禾灵导致产量略微下降之外，其他除草剂均表现出一定的增产作用，其中33%二甲戊灵、12%烯草酮可使秋豌豆增产25%以上。所有除草剂处理的净收入均有所增加，以33%二甲戊灵、12%烯草酮处理的净收入为同时期除草剂中最高。由此可见，除草剂的使用有助于种植者经济效益的提高，结合各除草剂的防除效果、安全性、经济效益，苗前除草剂33%二甲戊灵和苗后除草剂12%烯草酮在秋豌豆田的综合效应分别为同时期除草剂中最佳。本试验条件下，针对秋豌豆田，苗前除草剂推荐使用33%二甲戊灵，苗后除草剂推荐使用12%烯草酮。
关键词:除草剂/
杂草/
秋豌豆/
防效/
安全性/
经济效益
Abstract:Grass damage problems have hindered the spread of peas; chemical herbicides have become an important measure to control weeds on farmlands. However, there is no effective and safe herbicide for controlling weeds in pea fields. So, the study evaluated the effectiveness of 11 herbicides, which included 6 kinds of pre-emergence herbicides (48% trifluralin, 50% acetochlor, 33% pendimethalin, 96% (s)-metolachlor, 50% napropamide, 40% prometryn) and 5 kinds of post emergence herbicides (15% fluazifop-p, 10% quizalofop-p, 12.5% sethoxydim, 10.8% haloxyfop-r-methyl, 12% clethodim), on weed control while cultivating the pea cultivar 'Xiwan-2'. The best concentration of all herbicides was selected, and the clear water application (CK1) and artificial weeding (CK2) as two controls. Field experiments were conducted to investigate weed species, study the effects of different herbicides on weeds control, and discus the effects of herbicides on the growth process, morphological characteristics, and economic benefits of autumn pea. The research showed:1) there were 7 families and 13 species of weeds in autumn pea fields; among them, broadleaf weeds included 9 species accounting for 69.23% of the weeds found. This indicated that weeds species in autumn pea field were more in number and broadleaf weeds were the main ones. Farmers should choose broad-spectrum herbicides based on broad-leaved weeds. Herbicides had different control effects on weed quantity and fresh weight, and there was a positive correlation between them. Among the pre-emergence herbicides, 33% pendimethalin had the best control effect; among the post emergence herbicides, 12% clethodim had the best control effect. 2) From overwintering to flowering, herbicide treatments had significant effects on plant height and relative chlorophyll content of autumn pea; however, from the beginning of the pod stage, the effect was no longer significant. All treatments inhibited the accumulation of dry matter in root, stem, and leaf of autumn pea to varying degrees; at the same time, the rate of movement and translocation of dry matter in stem and leaf organs of autumn pea treated with different herbicides were higher than that of artificial weeding, and the rate of movement and translation of dry matter in leaf was higher than that in stem. 3) Herbicides had no significant effect on yield components such as 100-grain weight and pod length. In addition to a slight decrease in yield caused by 10.8% haloxyfop-r-methyl, the other herbicides showed a certain increase in production; among them, 33% pendimethalin and 12% clethodim could increase the yield of autumn peas by more than 25%. The net income from all herbicide treatments increased; among them, the net income of 33% pendimethalin and 12% clethodim was the highest among the herbicides evaluated. It can be seen that the use of herbicides helps increase the economic benefits to farmers. Combined with efficacy, safety, and economic benefits of herbicides, the synthetic effect of pre-emergence herbicide 33% pendimethalin and post emergence herbicide 12% clethodim in autumn pea fields was the best among all herbicides tested. Under the experimental conditions aimed at controlling weeds in the autumn pea field, use of pre-emergence herbicide 33% pendimethalin and post emergence herbicide 12% clethodim is recommended.
Key words:Herbicide/
Weed/
Autumn pea/
Control effect/
Security/
Economic benefits
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