摘要:生态文明建设与生态环境保护是人与自然和谐相处与和谐共生的必然要求，是实现经济社会可持续发展和人民群众对美好生态环境的现实需要、建设美丽中国的实际需要。针对太行山区生态系统严重退化、环境容量与承载力低下、基础设施薄弱、自然条件与资源禀赋较差、贫困程度较深等问题，中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心从20世纪80年代开始在太行山中段东坡的低山丘陵区进行生态修复与可持续发展的研究，通过30年的研究实践，提出并建立了较为完整的北方土石山区生态修复治理体系，为山区生态文明建设和生态环境保护，以及扶贫攻坚和社会经济可持续发展提供了经验与示范。本文通过30年研究历程回顾、研究与展望，总结了土石山区生态修复与水源涵养的进展与展望。太行山林业生态工程建设主要经历了3个阶段：一是研究初始阶段（1986-1996年），确定了退化山地生态系统恢复的途径与技术理论，建立了以水土富集为中心的林业生态工程。二是提升发展阶段（1997-2007年），这一阶段主要是研究了影响退化山地生态系统恢复与重建的关键因子与影响机制，并提出了有效的技术措施与解决方案。具体说来，在径流林业研究方面，研制出了太行山水土富集工程带间距计算公式；在降水资源转化与水分运移规律研究方面，明晰了岩土二元结构体的降水-土壤水-裂隙水的基本补给路径，揭示了岩土界面"优先流"与裂隙网络"优先流"的运行转化规律，阐明了浅层风化裂隙岩体渗流的动态变化特征及对植被耗水过程的响应关系；在降水资源调控利用研究方面，研制出了生物集雨新材料、营养调理剂和生物集雨面建造施工工艺。三是全面创新阶段（2008年-），重点探讨了山区生态产业开发与区域可持续发展问题，研发了经济林土壤扩蓄增容技术、石质山地困难立地造林技术、经济林生态隔离带调控技术、京津风沙源治理工程区沙产业开发技术，以及林下经济、循环经济、生态旅游等生态产业化技术体系。下一步将在目前研究的基础上，向人口密度较大、人类活动频繁的雄安新区上游山区扩展，重点开展以国土绿化、景观建设、水源涵养、水土流失治理、污染防治为主要内容的山水林田湖草一体化生态环境与气候变化监测，研究现代干扰条件下山地灌丛生态系统向森林生态系统的演替过程及主要驱动因素，山地水旱灾害形成机制、降水资源调控与水源涵养，以及以产业生态化和生态产业化为主体的山地生态经济体系，为构建结构稳定、功能完善的京津冀生态环境支撑体系与水源涵养功能体系提供科学依据和技术支撑，为山地生态系统经营管理，实现其生产、生态功能和系统稳定性提供科学参考。
关键词:太行山区/
生态修复/
水源涵养/
山地生态系统/
可持续发展
Abstract:The construction of ecological civilization and the protection of ecological environment are inevitable requirements of harmonious coexistence between man and nature. It is the basis of the realistic needs for realizing sustainable development of the economy and society for better ecological environment and beautification of China. In view of the severe degradation of the ecosystem, low environmental bearing capacity, weak infrastructure, poor natural conditions and resources, and poverty issues in the Taihang Mountain region, the Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences began (in the 1980s) a series of study on ecological restoration and sustainable development in low and hilly regions on the central region of the eastern slope of Taihang Mountain. Through 30 years of research, a relatively complete ecological restoration and management system for the rocky mountain areas in northern China has been established. This has provided experiences and demonstration for the construction of ecological civilization and protection of ecological environment in the mountain area. It has also helped the poor by fostering sustainable socioeconomic development. From the review and prospect of researches in the past 30 years, the paper summarized and discussed the practice and prospect of ecological restoration and water conservation in rocky mountain areas. The construction of forestry eco-engineering in the Taihang Mountain has mainly experienced three stages in the past 30 years. The initial stage was the determination of approaches and technical theories of ecosystem restoration in degraded mountain areas during the period from 1986 to 1996. There was also forestry eco-engineering that focused mainly on soil and water enrichment. The second stage was the study of key factors affecting the restoration and reconstruction of degraded mountain ecosystems and effective techniques and measurements of problem solutions during the period from 1997 to 2007. Specifically, in the runoff forestry research, a formula for calculating the distance between two soil and water enrichment projects in the Taihang Mountain was established. In terms of precipitation transformation and water transfer, the characteristics of seepage flow in shallow weathered and fractured rock masses and its response to the process of vegetation water consumption were determined. And the basic recharge path of precipitation-soil water-crack water in the binary structure of rock-soil, and the transfer regulations of preferential flows in interface of rock and soil and in crack nets were clarified. For regulating and utilizing precipitation resource, a new material for biological rainwater collection and the corresponding method for its' utilization were developed. The third stage was the exploration and development of mountain ecological industry and regional sustainable development since 2008. The technology for water-storage capacity of economic forest soil, afforestation techniques for difficult sites in rocky mountain areas, controlling techniques of ecological belts in economic forests, sound industrial development techniques for engineering zone in Beijing-Tianjin Aeolian Source, and undergrowth and circular economy, eco-tourism and other ecological industrialization technology systems had also been developed. Based on current researches, the future researches will be expanded to mountain regions in the upper reaches of Xiong'an New District, where has a high population density with frequent anthropological activities. The researches will mainly focus on the followings:a) integration of ecological environment and climate change monitoring in mountain, water, forest, lake and grass regions, including land greening, landscape construction, water conservation, soil erosion control and pollution prevention; b) investigation on succession processes and main driving factors from mountain shrub ecosystem to forest ecosystem under modern disturbance conditions; c) exploring the formation mechanism of flood and drought disaster in mountain regions, the regulation of precipitation resources and conservation of water resources; d) establishment of mountain ecological economic system by using industrial ecology with the ecological industrialization as the main focus. The findings will provide the scientific basis and technical support for building stable structures, well-functioning ecological environment support systems for Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Area. It also provides scientific references for water conservation and management of production, ecological functions of mountain ecosystems.
Key words:Taihang Mountain/
Ecological restoration/
Water conservation/
Mountain ecosystem/
Sustainable development
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