摘要:轮作休耕制度是中国农业供给侧结构性改革的有效手段，是探索藏粮于地、藏粮于技的具体实现途径，对推动中国农业绿色发展和保障国家粮食安全具有重要战略意义。西南喀斯特生态脆弱区是轮作休耕制度试点的重点区域之一，贵州作为喀斯特生态脆弱区的典型代表，探讨其实行轮作休耕的现状、问题及对策，对完善该区轮作休耕制度具有重要指导意义。本文从耕地质量和耕地环境两方面分析了贵州实施轮作休耕的必要性；在剖析轮作休耕现状的基础上提出了贵州实行轮作休耕存在的问题，其中最突出问题为轮作模式面积不大、特色不强，休耕为被动休耕、休耕农田不合理。根据存在的问题，提出了实施轮作休耕的措施与对策，重点探讨了不同退化类型耕地实施轮作休耕的技术路径，耕地质量优越区应发展山地高效的特色农作制度，重金属污染区宜实施多年休耕，连作障碍、面源污染及石漠化区应合理实施轮作和休耕，同时与秸秆还田、肥田作物、有机肥、保护性耕作等措施相结合；最后，简要介绍了贵州实施耕地轮作休耕制度的实践。
关键词:喀斯特/
生态脆弱区/
贵州/
耕地退化/
轮作休耕
Abstract:The implementation of land rotation fallow has been an effective way of realizing the supply side reform of agriculture and specifically for the realization of the implementation of food crop production strategy based on farmland management and technological application. This has had a strategic impact on the development of green agriculture and guaranteeing national food security. The ecologically fragile area of the southwest karst is one of the key pilot areas of land rotation fallow system and Guizhou Province is a typical karst region. It is therefore important to analyze current conditions and develop countermeasures of land rotation fallow systems in Guizhou Province. This will give a better idea on land rotation fallow in the study area. This paper analyzed the necessity of land rotation fallow systems from two aspects-cultivated land quality and environment of Guizhou. On the basis of current conditions, the problems of land rotation fallow systems in Guizhou were put forward. Among them, the most prominent problem was the current crop rotation system in Guizhou was small without unique characteristics, and mostly passive and inappropriate. On the basis of the existing problems, countermeasures were suggested, and the implementation of land rotation fallow system, technical paths of land rotation fallow systems in different degraded/cultivated lands were discussed in detail. Highly fertile land was more suitable for developing mountain characteristic farming system, while heavy metal contaminated land should be fallowed continuously. And for areas with continuous cropping obstacle, non-point source pollution or rocky desertification, the measures of reasonable crop rotation and fallow combined with straw return, green manure use, organic fertilization, conservation tillage were suggested. Finally, the practice of land rotation fallow system in Guizhou was evaluated.
Key words:Karst/
Ecologically fragile area/
Guizhou Province/
Cultivated land degradation/
Land rotation fallow
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