摘要:农业部门是我国用水大户，随着水资源短缺问题的日益严峻，提高农业灌溉用水效率是实现农业可持续发展的重要途径。本文基于陕西关中地区小麦种植户实地调研数据，选取C-D生产函数构建随机前沿模型（SFA）测算小麦种植中的生产技术效率与灌溉用水效率，在此基础上选取农户个人特征、家庭特征、灌溉特征和耕地特征相关变量，采用Tobit模型进行影响因素分析，以识别限制和促进灌溉效率的关键因素。研究结果显示，关中地区小麦生产技术效率较高，为0.7~1.0，均值为0.87。灌溉用水效率远低于生产技术效率，为0~0.5，均值仅为0.31，存在较大的提升空间。对影响因素的研究发现，农户教育水平、家庭经济水平、灌渠完好程度、用水紧缺程度和节水灌溉技术等对灌溉用水效率等有显著的正向影响，农户非农就业、家庭非农收入比例为负向影响，农户年龄、灌溉水价、经营规模和耕地块数与灌溉用水效率没有明显相关性。说明关中地区灌溉用水具有节水空间，可通过维修灌渠、改进节水灌溉技术、适当提高水价等，逐步提高灌溉用水效率。
关键词:灌溉用水效率/
生产技术效率/
农户特征/
灌溉特征/
地块特征/
随机前沿/
关中地区
Abstract:Water resources are scarce in China, with a per capita water resource of 2 300-2 500 m3 which is only 1/4 of the world's average. Because of water shortages, there has been continuous conflict between various water consuming sectors. This has made it necessary to conduct studies on the efficiency of agricultural irrigation water for sustainable development. Although irrigation water efficiency has been studied in China, such research driven by micro-data is largely lacking for Northwest China. In this paper, a stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) model based on Cobb-Douglas production function was used to measure technical efficiency of wheat farmers and irrigation efficiency in Guanzhong Region, Shaanxi. Then the Tobit model was used to determine the influencing factors of irrigation efficiency. A total of 12 variables were selected, which reflected the personal, family, irrigation and cultivated land characteristics of farmers in the region. The results showed that technical efficiency of wheat farmers in Guanzhong Region was relatively high, with a range of 0.7-1.0 and a mean of 0.87. Irrigation efficiency was 0-0.5 and the mean was 0.31, which was far below technological efficiency. Analysis of the influencing factors of irrigation efficiency showed that farmers' education level, family economic status, irrigation channel condition, water shortage degree and irrigation water-saving degree had significant positive impact on irrigation efficiency. Then off-farm employment and non-farm income had a negative impact on irrigation efficiency. Age of farmers, irrigation water price, planting scale and subdivision of cultivated land had no obvious correlation with irrigation efficiency. Thus the study not only revealed the current conditions of wheat irrigation efficiency in Guanzhong Region, but also put forward critical suggestions on agricultural water resources management through the study of the influencing factors. The study also provided a reference base for improving irrigation water efficiency in Guanzhong Region in Shaanxi Province.
Key words:Irrigation water efficiency/
Technical efficiency/
Famer characteristics/
Irrigation characteristics/
Cultivated land characteristics/
Stochastic frontier/
Guanzhong Region
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