福建师范大学2014年硕士大纲-英语翻译基础

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全日制翻译硕士专业学位（MTI）研究生入学考试大纲

总则

全国翻译硕士专业学位教育指导委员会在《全日制翻译硕士专业学位研究生指导性培养方案》（见学位办[2009]23号文）中指出，MTI教育的目标是培养高层次、应用型、专业性口笔译人才。MTI教育重视实践环节，强调翻译实践能力的培养。全日制MTI的招生对象为具有国民教育序列大学本科学历（或本科同等学力）人员，具有良好的双语基础。

根据《全日制翻译硕士专业学位研究生指导性培养方案》以及教学司[2009]22号文件精神，现制定全日制翻译硕士专业学位研究生入学考试大纲。

一、考试目的

本考试旨在全面考查考生的双语（外语、母语）综合能力及双语翻译能力，招生院校根据考生参加本考试的成绩和《政治理论》的成绩总分（满分共计500分），参考全国统一录取分数线来选择参加复试的考生。

二、考试性质与范围

本考试是全国翻译硕士专业学位研究生的入学资格考试，除全国统考分值100分的第一单元《政治理论》之外，专业考试分为三门，分别是第二单元外国语考试《翻译硕士X语》（含英语、法语、日语、俄语、韩语、德语等语种），第三单元基础课考试《X语翻译基础》（含英汉、法汉、日汉、俄汉、韩汉、德汉等语对）以及第四单元专业基础课考试《汉语写作与百科知识》。《翻译硕士X语》重点考查考生的外语水平，总分100分；《X语翻译基础》重点考查考生的外汉互译专业技能和潜质，总分150分；《汉语写作与百科知识》重点考查考生的现代汉语写作水平和百科知识，总分150分。（考试科目名称及代码参见教学司[2009]22号文件）

三、考试基本要求

1. 具有良好的外语基本功，掌握6,000个以上的选考外语积极词汇。

2. 具有较好的双语表达和转换能力及潜质。

3. 具备一定的中外文化以及政治、经济、法律等方面的背景知识。对作为母语（A语言）的现代汉语有较强的写作能力。

四、考试时间与命题

每年1月份举行，与全国硕士研究生入学考试同步进行。由各招生院校MTI资格考试命题小组根据本考试大纲，分别参照翻译硕士外语考试《翻译硕X语》、基础课考试《X语翻译基础》及专业基础课考试《汉语写作与百科知识》考试大纲及样题的要求，自主负责命题与实施。

五、考试形式

本考试采取客观试题与主观试题相结合的方法，各项试题的分布见各门“考试内容一览表”。

六、考试内容

见以下分别表述。

全日制翻译硕士专业学位（MTI）研究生入学考试

《翻译硕士X语》考试大纲

一、考试目的

《翻译硕士X语》作为全日制翻译硕士专业学位（MTI）研究生入学考试的外国语考试，其目的是考查考生是否具备进行MTI学习所要求的外语水平。

二、考试性质与范围

本考试是一种测试应试者单项和综合语言能力的尺度参照性水平考试。考试范围包括MTI考生入学应具备的外语词汇量、语法知识以及外语阅读与写作等方面的技能。

三、考试基本要求

1. 具有良好的外语基本功，认知词汇量在10,000以上，掌握6,000个以上（以英语为例）的积极词汇，即能正确而熟练地运用常用词汇及其常用搭配。

2. 能熟练掌握正确的外语语法、结构、修辞等语言规范知识。

3．具有较强的阅读理解能力和外语写作能力。

四、考试形式

本考试采取客观试题与主观试题相结合，单项技能测试与综合技能测试相结合的方法。各项试题的分布情况见“考试内容一览表”。

五、考试内容

本考试包括以下部分：词汇语法、阅读理解、外语写作等。总分100分。

I．词汇语法

1. 考试要求

1）词汇量要求

考生的认知词汇量应在10,000以上，其中积极词汇量为6,000以上，即能正确而熟练地运用常用词汇及其常用搭配。

2）语法要求

考生能正确运用外语语法、结构、修辞等语言规范知识。

2. 题型

选择题或改错题。总分30分。考试时间为60分钟。

II. 阅读理解

1. 考试要求

1）能读懂常见外刊上的专题报道、历史传记及文学作品等各种文体的文章，既能理解其主旨和大意，又能分辨出其中的事实与细节，并能理解其中的观点和隐含意义。

2）能根据阅读时间要求调整自己的阅读速度。

2. 题型

1）选择题（包括信息事实性阅读题和观点评判性阅读题）

2）简答题（要求根据所阅读的文章，用3-5行字数的有限篇幅扼要回答问题，重点考查阅读综述能力）

本部分题材广泛，体裁多样，选材体现时代性、实用性；重点考查通过阅读获取信息和理解观点的能力；对阅读速度有一定要求。总分40分。考试时间为60分钟。

III．外语写作

1. 考试要求

考生能根据所给题目及要求撰写一篇400词左右的记叙文、说明文或议论文。该作文要求语言通顺，用词得体，结构合理，文体恰当。

2. 题型

命题作文。总分30分。考试时间为60分钟。

《翻译硕士X语》考试内容一览表

序号	考试内容	题型	分值	时间（分钟）
1	词汇语法	选择题或改错题	30	60
2	阅读理解	1）选择题 2）简答题	40	60
3	外语写作	命题作文	30	60
共计			100	180

全日制翻译硕士专业学位（MTI）研究生入学考试

《X语翻译基础》考试大纲

一、考试目的

《X语翻译基础》是全日制翻译硕士专业学位（MTI）研究生入学考试的基础课考试科目，其目的是考查考生的外汉互译实践能力是否达到进入MTI学习阶段的水平。

二、考试性质与范围

本考试是测试考生是否具备基础翻译能力的尺度参照性水平考试。考试范围包括MTI考生入学应具备的外语词汇量、语法知识以及外汉两种语言转换的基本技能。

三、考试基本要求

1. 具备一定中外文化，以及政治、经济、法律等方面的背景知识。

2. 具备扎实的外汉两种语言的基本功。

3. 具备较强的外汉/汉外转换能力。

四、考试形式

本考试采取客观试题与主观试题相结合，单项技能测试与综合技能测试相结合的方法，强调考生的外汉/汉外转换能力。各项试题的分布情况见“考试内容一览表”。

五、考试内容

本考试包括两个部分：词语翻译和外汉互译。总分150分。

I. 词语翻译

1. 考试要求

要求考生准确翻译中外文术语或专有名词。

2. 题型

要求考生较为准确地写出题中的30个汉/外术语、缩略语或专有名词的对应目的语。汉/外文各15个，每个1分，总分30分。考试时间为60分钟。

II. 外汉互译

1. 考试要求

要求应试者具备外汉互译的基本技巧和能力；初步了解中国和目的语国家的社会、文化等背景知识；译文忠实于原文，无明显误译、漏译；译文通顺，用词正确，表达基本无误；译文无明显语法错误；外译汉速度为每小时250-350个外语单词，汉译外速度为每小时150-250个汉字。

2. 题型

要求考生较为准确地翻译出所给的文章，外译汉为250-350个单词，汉译外为150-250个汉字，各占60分，总分120分。考试时间为120分钟。

《X语翻译基础》考试内容一览表

序号	考试内容	题型	题量	分值	时间（分钟）
1	词语翻译	外译汉	15个外文术语、缩略语或专有名词	15	30
1	词语翻译	汉译外	15个中文术语、缩略语或专有名词	15	30
2	外汉互译	外译汉	两段或一篇文章， 250-350个单词	60	60
2	外汉互译	汉译外	两段或一篇文章， 150-250个汉字	60	60
共计				150	180

全日制翻译硕士专业学位（MTI）研究生入学考试

《汉语写作与百科知识》考试大纲

一、考试目的

《汉语写作与百科知识》是全日制翻译硕士专业学位（MTI）研究生入学考试的专业基础课考试科目，其目的是考查学生是否具备进行MTI学习所要求的汉语水平。

二、考试性质与范围

本考试是测试考生百科知识和汉语写作水平的尺度参照性水平考试。考试范围包括本大纲规定的百科知识和汉语写作水平。

三、考试基本要求

1. 具备一定中外文化，以及政治、经济、法律等方面的背景知识。

2. 对作为母语（A语言）的现代汉语有较强的基本功。

3. 具备较强的现代汉语写作能力。

四、考试形式

本考试采取客观试题与主观试题相结合，单项技能测试与综合技能测试相结合的方法，强调考生的百科知识和汉语写作能力。各语种考生统一用汉语答题。试题分类参见“考试内容一览表”。

五、考试内容

本考试包括三个部分：百科知识、应用文写作、命题作文。总分150分。

I. 百科知识

1. 考试要求

要求考生对中外文化，国内国际政治、经济、法律以及中外人文、历史、地理等方面有一定的了解。

2. 题型

要求考生解释出现在不同主题的短文中涉及上述内容的20个名词。每个名词2.5分，总分50分。考试时间为60分钟。

II. 应用文写作

1. 考试要求

该部分要求考生根据所提供的信息和场景写一篇450字左右的应用文，体裁包括说明书、会议通知、商务信函、备忘录、广告等，要求言简意赅，凸显专业性、技术性和实用性。

2.题型

试卷提供应用文写作的信息、场景及写作要求，由考生根据提示写作。总分40分。考试时间为60分钟。

III. 命题作文

1. 考试要求

考生应能根据所给题目及要求写出一篇不少于800字的现代汉语短文。体裁可以是说明文、议论文或应用文。要求文字通顺，用词得体，结构合理，文体恰

当，文笔优美。

2. 题型

试卷给出情景和题目，由考生根据提示写作。总分60分。考试时间为60分钟。

答题和计分

要求考生用钢笔或圆珠笔在答题卷上作答。

《汉语写作与百科知识》考试内容一览表

序号	考试内容	题型及题量	分值	时间（分钟）
1	百科知识	20个词语解释	50	60
2	应用文写作	一段应用文体文章，约450个汉字	40	60
3	命题作文	一篇现代汉语文章，约800个汉字	60	60
共计			150	180

《汉语写作与百科知识》样题

第一部分 百科知识（50’）

请简要解释以下段落中划线部分的知识点

1.这次股市波动在全球都有一定的关联影响，这说明全球化在逐步进展。过去中国认为自己的市场是一个相对比较小型的市场，也是一个正在建设中的、比较幼年的市场，或者说是在转轨经济中逐步发展的新兴市场。由于全球经济一体化的进展，股市波动相互之间关联密切，这也说明中国的市场还需要加速发展，我们要进一步提高直接融资的比重，进一步把资本市场建设得更好、更快、更加国际化。关于流动性过剩问题。流动性偏多是全球的现象，中国也存在流动性偏多的问题。美国财政赤字那么大，它那儿的流动性也很丰富，产油国资金也很丰富。因此，资金面上的宽松是全球一体化之下相互影响的现象。宏观调控当局都应该重视这个问题，做好自己的工作，对于过剩的流动性应该采取稳健的、适当收缩的政策。

2.端午原是个防病防灾的日子，却因大诗人屈原增添了纪念层面的意义，增添了爱国情怀和报国无门的悲情、齐心协力救助生命的悲壮；因了陶渊明酷爱重阳，因了他酷爱的菊的勾连，重阳节衍生了“颂陶”的文化意蕴，歌颂他“人淡如菊”的精神境界，“重阳无酒”也成了知识分子安贫乐道的形象写真。

3.1994年起，比尔·盖茨开始了他的收藏爱好。作为拥有600亿美元财富的收藏者，盖茨想买什么就可以买什么，而他购买艺术品似乎也完全凭个人的兴趣，没有明确的学术或商业性目标。还有很多不知名的微软富翁也有收藏艺术品的爱好，这些微软人囊中的巨额财富和近乎疯狂的收藏行为对美国艺术市场产生巨大的推动作用，证明了微软公司在文化市场中有多重要。一个软件公司创造的巨额财富使大量重要艺术作品流向微软人手中，流向西雅图。

4.2009年3月的全国“两会”上，吴邦国提出，今年要着力加强社会领域立法，继续完善经济、政治、文化领域立法。社会领域的公平正义，变化并没有那么快，我们只需要翻找出过去的研究和报道，就可以看到今天的问题所在。例如，上文提到的新华社2006年那篇文章中，对社会领域立法促进公平正义列举了五个方面：一是保障公民权利，尊重和保障人权；二是发展社会事业，提高公共服务的能力和水平；三是健全社会保障，发展慈善事业；四是规范社会组织，使各类具有公益或互益性质的社会组织，纳入规范化、法制化管理的轨道；五是重视社会管理，包括加强公共安全、应对突发事件等。社会领域立法以促进公平正义，也许更加直接地体现了孟德斯鸠在《法的精神》中强调的重点：限权。也就是保障私权利，限制公权力。从新华社列举的五项内容可以看出，每前进一步的关键都是公私权界。显然，在这方面还有相当漫长的路要走。

第二部分 应用文写作 （40’）

根据下面的文字说明写一篇450字左右的应用文，要求包含标题、正文、结尾语、落款等几个要素。

中国×进出口商会于×月×日至×月×日派人去××，了解了××汽车索赔案的谈判结果。根据中国××办公室和对外经济贸易部××司的指示，现要给其上级部门即中国××办公室的答复报告《关于××汽车索赔案谈判结果的报告》，要求介绍谈判过程及结果，并指出产生“索赔案”的原因等。请以中国×进出口商会的名义起草一份兼具情况性和答复性的报告，注意要写标题、发文字号、主送机关正文、结尾语、落款等公文要素。

第三部分 现代汉语写作（60’）

根据下面的文字要求写一篇现代文，题材不限（诗歌、戏剧除外）。

生活当中，有许多事情当你亲临其境之后，往往思想受到启迪，身心感到愉悦。偶然忆起，就如品香茗，又如含青榄，清香久远，令人难忘⋯⋯

请以“值得品味”为题，写一篇不少于800字的文章。

《翻译硕士英语》考试大纲

一、考试目的

《翻译硕士英语》作为全日制翻译硕士专业学位（MTI）研究生入学考试的外国语考试，其目的是考查考生是否具备进行MTI学习所要求的英语水平。

二、考试性质与范围

本考试是一种测试应试者单项和综合语言能力的尺度参照性水平考试。考试范围包括MTI考生入学应具备的英语词汇量、语法知识以及英语阅读与写作等方面的技能。

三、考试基本要求

1. 具有良好的英语基本功，认知词汇量在10,000以上，掌握6,000个以上的积极词汇，即能正确而熟练地运用常用词汇及其常用搭配。

2. 能熟练掌握正确的英语语法、结构、修辞等语言规范知识。

3. 具有较强的阅读理解能力和英语写作能力。

四、考试形式

本考试采取客观试题与主观试题相结合，单项技能测试与综合技能测试相结合的方法。各项试题的分布情况见“考试内容一览表”。

五、考试内容

本考试包括三个部分：词汇语法、阅读理解、英语写作。总分100分。

I．词汇语法

1. 考试要求

1）词汇量要求

考生的认知词汇量应在10,000以上，其中积极词汇量为6,000以上，即能正确而熟练地运用常用词汇及其常用搭配。

2）语法要求

考生能正确运用英语语法、结构、修辞等语言规范知识。

2. 题型

选择题或改错题。总分30分。考试时间为60分钟。

II. 阅读理解

1. 考试要求

2）能根据阅读时间要求调整自己的阅读速度。

2. 题型

1）选择题（包括信息事实性阅读题和观点评判性阅读题）

2）简答题（要求根据所阅读的文章，用3-5行字数的有限篇幅扼要回答问题，重点考查阅读综述能力）

III．英语写作

1. 考试要求

考生能根据所给题目及要求撰写一篇400词左右的记叙文、说明文或议论文。该作文要求语言通顺，用词得体，结构合理，文体恰当。

2. 题型

命题作文。总分30分。考试时间为60分钟。

《翻译硕士英语》考试内容一览表

序号	考试内容	题型	分值	时间（分钟）
1	词汇语法	选择题或改错题	30	60
2	阅读理解	1）选择题 2）简答题	40	60
3	英语写作	命题作文	30	60
共计			100	180

《翻译硕士英语》样题

I. Vocabulary and grammar (30’)

Multiple choice

Directions:Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D.Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. Mark your answers on youranswer sheet.

1. Thousands of people turned out into thestreets to _________ against the local authorities’ decision to build a highwayacross the field.

A. contradict B.reform C. counter D. protest

2. The majority of nurses are women, but inthe higher ranks of the medical profession women are in a _________.

A. minority B.scarcity C.rarity D. minimum

3. Professor Johnson’s retirement ________from next January.

A. carries into effect B.takes effect

C. has effect D.puts into effect

4. The president explained that the purposeof taxation was to ________ government spending.

A. finance B.expandC. enlargeD. budget

5. The heat in summer is no less _________here in this mountain region.

A. concentrated B. extensive C.intense D.intensive

6. Taking photographs is strictly ________here, as it may damage the precious cave paintings.

A. forbidden B. rejectedC. excludedD. denied

7. Mr. Brown’s condition looks very seriousand it is doubtful if he will _________.

A. pull back B. pull up C.pull throughD. pull out

8. Since the early nineties, the trend inmost businesses has been toward on-demand, always-available products andservices that suit the customer’s _________ rather than the company’s.

A. benefit B.availability C.suitability D.convenience

9. The priest made the ________ of thecross when he entered the church.

A. mark B.signalC. signD. gesture

10. This spacious room is ________furnished with just a few articles in it.

A. lightly B.sparsely C.hardlyD. rarely

11. If you explained the situation to yoursolicitor, he ________ able to advise you much better than I can.

A. would be B.will have beenC. was D.were

12. With some men dressing down and someother men flaunting their looks, it is really hard to tell they are gay or_________.

A. straight B.homosexual C. beautiful D. sad

13. His remarks were ________ annoyeverybody at the meeting.

A. so as toB. such as to C.such toD. as much as to

14. James has just arrived, but I didn’tknow he _________ until yesterday.

A. will come B.was comingC. had been coming D. came

15. _________ conscious of my moralobligations as a citizen.

A. I was and always will beB. I have to be and always will be

C. I had been and always will beD. I have been and always will be

16. Because fuel supplies are finite andmany people are wasteful, we will have to install _________ solar heatingdevice in our home.

A. some type ofB. some types of a

C. some type of aD. some types of

17. I went there in 1984, and that was theonly occasion when I ________ the journey in exactly two days.

A. must takeB. must have made

C. was able to makeD. could make

18. I know he failed his last test, butreally he’s _________ stupid.

A. something but B.anything but

C. nothing but D.not but

19. Do you know Tim’s brother? He is_________ than Tim.

A. much more sportsmanB. more of a sportsman

C. more of sportsmanD. more a sportsman

20. That was not the first time he ________us. I think it’s high time we ________ strong actions against him.

A. betrayed… takeB. had betrayed… took

C. has betrayed… tookD. has betrayed… take

II. Reading comprehension (40’)

Section 1 Multiple choice (20’)

Directions: In this section there are readingpassages followed by multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then markyour answers on your answer sheet.

Passage A

The Welshlanguage has always been the ultimate marker of Welsh identity, but ageneration ago it looked as if Welsh would go the way of Manx, once widelyspoken on the Isle of Man but now extinct.Government financing and central planning, however, have helped reverse thedecline of Welsh. Road signs and official public documents are written in bothWelsh and English, and schoolchildren are required to learn both languages.Welsh is now one of the most successful of Europe’sregional languages, spoken by more than a half-million of the country’s threemillion people.

Therevival of the language, particularly among young people, is part of aresurgence of national identity sweeping through this small, proud nation. Lastmonth Walesmarked the second anniversary of the opening of the National Assembly, thefirst parliament to be convened here since 1404. The idea behind devolution wasto restore the balance within the union of nations making up the United Kingdom.With most of the people and wealth, England has always had bragging rights.The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster,implemented by Tony Blair, was designed to give the other members of the club—Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales—a bigger say and to countercentrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.

The Welshshowed little enthusiasm for devolution. Whereas the Scots voted overwhelminglyfor a parliament, the vote for a Welsh assembly scraped through by less thanone percent on a turnout of less than 25 percent. Its powers wereproportionately limited. The Assembly can decide how money from Westminster or theEuropean Union is spent. It cannot, unlike its counterpart in Edinburgh, enact laws. But now that it ishere, the Welsh are growing to like their Assembly. Many people would like itto have more powers. Its importance as figurehead will grow with the opening in2003, of a new debating chamber, one of many new buildings that aretransforming Cardifffrom a decaying seaport into a Baltimore-style waterfront city. Meanwhile agrant of nearly two million dollars from the European Union will tacklepoverty. Wales is one of thepoorest regions in Western Europe—only Spain,Portugal, and Greecehave a lower standard of living.

Newspapersand magazines are filled with stories about great Welsh men and women, boostingself-esteem. To familiar faces such as Dylan Thomas and Richard Burton havebeen added new icons such as Catherine Zeta-Jones, the movie star, and BrynTerfel, the opera singer. Indigenous foods like salt marsh lamb are in vogue.And Walesnow boasts a national airline, Awyr Cymru. Cymru, which means “land ofcompatriots”, is the Welsh name for Wales. The red dragon, the nation’ssymbol since the time of King Arthur, is everywhere—on T-shirts, rugby jerseysand even cell phone covers.

“Untilvery recent times most Welsh people had this feeling of being second-classcitizens,” said Dyfan Jones, an 18-year-old student. It was a warm summernight, and I was sitting on the grass with a group of young people in Llanelli,an industrial town in the south, outside the rock music venue of the NationalEisteddfod, Wales’sannual cultural festival. The disused factory in front of us echoed to thesounds of new Welsh bands.

“Therewas almost a genetic tendency for lack of confidence,” Dyfan continued. Equallycomfortable in his Welshness as in his membership in the English-speaking,global youth culture and the new federal Europe, Dyfan, like the rest of hisgeneration, is growing up with a sense of possibility unimaginable ten yearsago. “We used to think. We can’t do anything, we’re only Welsh. Now I thinkthat’s changing.”

1.According to the passage, devolution was mainly meant to

A.maintain the present status among the nations.

B. reducelegislative powers of England.

C. createa better state of equality among the nations.

D. grantmore say to all the nations in the union.

2. Theword “centrifugal” in the second paragraph means

A.separatist.

B.conventional.

C.feudal.

D.political

3. Wales is different from Scotland in all the followingaspects EXCEPT

A.people’s desire for devolution.

B.locals’ turnout for the voting.

C. powersof the legislative body.

D. statusof the national language.

4. Whichof the following is NOT cited as an example of the resurgence of Welsh nationalidentity?

A. Welshhas witnessed a revival as a national language.

B.Poverty-relief funds have come from the European Union.

C. AWelsh national airline is currently in operation.

D. Thenational symbol has become a familiar sight.

5.According to Dyfan Jones what has changed is

A.people’s mentality.

B. popculture.

C. town’sappearance.

D.possibilities for the people.

Passage B

Themiserable fate of Enron’s employees will be a landmark in business history, oneof those awful events that everyone agrees must never be allowed to happenagain. This urge is understandable and noble: thousands have lost virtually alltheir retirement savings with the demise of Enron stock. But making sure itnever happens again may not be possible, because the sudden impoverishment ofthose Enron workers represents something even larger than it seems. It’s thelatest turn in the unwinding of one of the most audacious promises of the 20thcentury.

Thepromise was assured economic security—even comfort—for essentially everyone inthe developed world. With the explosion of wealth, that began in the 19thcentury it became possible to think about a possibility no one had dared todream before. The fear at the center of daily living since caveman days—lack offood, warmth, shelter—would at last lose its power to terrify. That remarkablepromise became reality in many ways. Governments created welfare systems foranyone in need and separate programs for the elderly (Social Security in the U.S.).Labour unions promised not only better pay for workers but also pensions forretirees. Giant corporations came into being and offered the possibility—insome cases the promise—of lifetime employment plus guaranteed pensions? Thecumulative effect was a fundamental change in how millions of people approachedlife itself, a reversal of attitude that most rank as one of the largest inhuman history. For millennia the average person’s stance toward providing forhimself had been. Ultimately I’m on my own. Now it became, ultimately I’ll betaken care of.

The earlyhints that this promise might be broken on a large scale came in the 1980s. U.S.business had become uncompetitive globally and began restructuring massively,with huge Layoffs. The trend accelerated in the 1990s as the bastions ofcorporate welfare faced reality. IBM ended its no-layoff policy. AT&T firedthousands, many of whom found such a thing simply incomprehensible, and a fewof whom killed themselves. The other supposed guarantors of our economicsecurity were also in decline. Labour-union membership and power fell to theirlowest levels in decades. President Clinton signed a historic bill scaling backwelfare. Americans realized that Social Security won’t provide social securityfor any of us.

A lessvisible but equally significant trend affected pensions. To make costs easierto control, companies moved away from defined benefit pension plans, whichobligate them to pay out specified amounts years in the future, to definedcontribution plans, which specify only how much goes into the play today. Themost common type of defined-contribution plan is the 401(k). the significanceof the 401(k) is that it puts most of the responsibility for a person’seconomic fate back on the employee. Within limits the employee must decide howmuch goes into the plan each year and how it gets invested—the two factors thatwill determine how much it’s worth when the employee retires.

Whichbrings us back to Enron? Those billions of dollars in vaporized retirementsavings went in employees’ 401(k) accounts. That is, the employees chose howmuch money to put into those accounts and then chose how to invest it. Enronmatched a certain proportion of each employee’s 401(k) contribution withcompany stock, so everyone was going to end up with some Enron in his or herportfolio; but that could be regarded as a freebie, since nothing compels acompany to match employee contributions at all. At least two special featurescomplicate the Enron case. First, some shareholders charge top management withillegally covering up the company’s problems, prompting investors to hang onwhen they should have sold. Second, Enron’s 401(k) accounts were locked whilethe company changed plan administrators in October, when the stock was falling,so employees could not have closed their accounts if they wanted to.

But byfar the largest cause of this human tragedy is that thousands of employees wereheavily overweighed in Enron stock. Many had placed 100% of their 401(k) assetsin the stock rather than in the 18 other investment options they were offered.Of course that wasn’t prudent, but it’s what some of them did.

The Enronemployees’ retirement disaster is part of the larger trend away from guaranteedeconomic security. That’s why preventing such a thing from ever happening againmay be impossible. The huge attitudinal shift to I’ll-be-taken-care-of took atleast a generation. The shift back may take just as long. It won’t be completeuntil a new generation of employees see assured economic comfort as a20th-century quirk, and understand not just intellectually but in their bonesthat, like most people in most times and places, they’re on their own.

6. Whydoes the author say at the beginning “The miserable fate of Enron’s employeeswill be a landmark in business history…”?

A.Because the company has gone bankrupt.

B.Because such events would never happen again.

C.Because many Enron workers lost their retirement savings.

D.Because it signifies a turning point in economic security.

7.According to the passage, the combined efforts by governments, layout unionsand big corporations to guarantee economic comfort have led to a significantchange in

A.people’s outlook on life.

B.people’s life styles.

C.people’s living standard.

D.people’s social values.

8.Changes in pension schemes were also part of

A. thecorporate lay-offs.

B. thegovernment cuts in welfare spending.

C. theeconomic restructuring.

D. thewarning power of labors unions.

9.Thousands of employees chose Enron as their sole investment option mainly because

A. the401(k) made them responsible for their own future.

B. Enronoffered to add company stock to their investment.

C. theiremployers intended to cut back on pension spending.

D.Enron’s offer was similar to a defined-benefit plan.

10. Whichis NOT seen as a lesson drawn from the Enron disaster?

A. The 401(k)assets should be placed in more than one investment option.

B.Employees have to take up responsibilities for themselves.

C. Suchevents could happen again as it is not easy to change people’s mind.

D.Economic security won’t be taken for granted by future young workers.

Section 2 Answering questions (20’)

Directions: Read the following passages andthen answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage. Useonly information from the passage you have just read and write your answer inthe corresponding space in your answer sheet.

Questions 1～3

For 40 years the sight ofthousands of youngsters striding across the open moorland has been as much anannual fixture as spring itself. But the 2,400 school pupils who join thegrueling Dartmoor Ten Tors Challenge next Saturday may be among the last totake part in the May tradition. The trek faces growing criticism fromenvironmentalists who fear that the presence of so many walkers on one weekendthreatens the survival of some of Dartmoor’sinternationally rare bird species.

The Ten Tors Challenge takesplace in the middle of the breeding season, when the slightest disturbance canjeopardize birds’ chances of reproducing successfully. Experts at the RSPB andthe Dartmoor National Park Authority fear that the walkers could frighten birdsand even crush eggs. They are now calling for the event to be moved to theautumn, when the breeding season is over and chicks should be well established.Organisers of the event, which is led by about 400 Territorial Army volunteers,say moving it would be impractical for several reasons and would mean pupilscould not train properly for the 55-mile trek. Dartmooris home to 10 rare species of ground-nesting birds, including golden plovers,dunlins and lapwings. In some cases, species are either down to their last twopairs on the moor or are facing a nationwide decline.

Emma Parkin, South-westspokeswoman for the PASPB, took part in the challenge as a schoolgirl. She saidthe society had no objections to the event itself but simply wanted it moved toanother time of year. “It is a wonderful activity for the children who takepart but, having thousands of people walking past in one weekend when birds arebreeding is hardly ideal,” she said. “We would prefer it to take place afterthe breeding and nesting season is over. There is a risk of destruction anddisturbance. If the walkers put a foot in the wrong place they can crush theeggs and if there is sufficient disturbance the birds might abandon the nest.”Helen Booker, an RSPB upland conservation officer, said there was no researchinto the scale of the damage but there was little doubt the walk wasdetrimental. “If people are tramping past continually it can harm the chancesof successful nesting. There is also the fear of direct trampling of eggs.” Aspokesman for the Dartmoor National Park Authority said the breeding season onthe moor lasted from early March to mid-July, and the Ten Tors Challengecreated the potential for disturbance for March, when participants starttraining.

To move the event to theautumn was difficult because children would be on holiday during the trainingperiod. There was a possibility that some schools in the Southwest move to afour-term year in 2004, “but until then any change was unlikely. The authoritylast surveyed bird life on Dartmoor two yearago and if the next survey showed any further decline, it would increasepressure to move the Challenge,” he said.

Major Mike Pether, secretaryof the army committee that organises the Challenge, said the event could bemoved if there was the popular will. “The Ten Tors has been running for 42years and it has always been at this time of the year. It is almost in tabletsof stone but that’s not to say we won’t consider moving if there is a consensusin favour. However, although the RSPB would like it moved, 75 per cent of thepeople who take part want it to stay as it is,” he said. Major Pether said thetrek could not be moved to earlier in the year because it would conflict withthe lambing season, most of the children were on holiday in the summer, and thewinter weather was too harsh.

Datmoor National Park occupies some 54 sq km of hills topped by granite outcrops known as “Tors”with the highest Tor-capped hill reaching 621m. The valleys and dips between the hills are oftensites of bogs to snare the unwary hiker. The moor has long been used by theBritish Army as a training and firing range. The origin of the event stretchesback to 1959 when three Army officers exercising on the moor thought it wouldprovide a challenge for civilians as well as soldiers. In the first year 203youngsters took up the challenges. Since then teams, depending on age andability, face hikes of 35, 45 or 55 miles between 10 nominated Tors over twodays. They are expected to carry everything they need to survive.

1. Whatis the Ten Tors Challenge? Give a brief introduction of its location andhistory.

2. Why isit suggested that the event be moved to the autumn or other seasons?

3. Whatare the difficulties if the event is moved to the autumn or other seasons?

Questions 4～5

Mike and Adam Hurewitz grewup together on Long Island, in the suburbs of New York City. They were very close, even forbrothers. So when Adam’s liver started failing, Mike offered to give him halfof his. The operation saved Adam’s life. But Mike, who went into the hospitalin seemingly excellent health, developed a complication—perhaps a blood colt—anddied last week. He was 57. Mike Hurewitz’s death has prompted a lot of soulsearching in the transplant community. Was it a tragic fluke or a sign thattransplant surgery has reached some kind of ethical limit? The Mount Sinai MedicalCenter, the New York City hospital where the complexdouble operation was performed, has put on hold its adult living donor liver transplantprogram, pending a review of Hurewitz’s death. Mount Sinaihas performed about 100 such operations in the past three years.

A 1-in-100 risk of dying maynot seem like bad odds, but there’s more to this ethical dilemma than a simpleratio. The first and most sacred rule of medicine is to do no harm. “For anormal healthy person a mortality rate 1% is hard to justify,” says Dr. JohnFung, chief of transplantation at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. “Ifthe rate stays at 1%, it’s just not going to be accepted.” On the other hand,there’s an acute shortage of traditional donor organs from people who have diedin accidents or suffered fatal heart attacks. If family members fullyunderstand the risks and are willing to proceed, is there any reason to standin their way? Indeed, a recent survey showed that most people will accept amortality rate for living organ donors as high as 20%. The odds, thankfully,aren’t nearly that bad. For kidney donors, for example, the risk ranges from 1 in 2, 500 to 1 in 4, 000 for a healthy volunteer. That helps explain whynearly 40% of kidney transplants in the U.S. come from living donors.

The operation to transplanta liver, however, is a lot trickier than one to transplant a kidney. Not onlyis the liver packed with blood vessels, but it also makes lots of proteins thatneed to be produced in the right ratios for the body to survive. When organsfrom the recently deceased are used, the surgeon gets to pick which part of thedonated liver looks the best and to take as much of it as needed. Assuming allgoes well, a healthy liver can grow back whatever portion of the organ ismissing, sometimes within a month.

A living-donor transplantworks particularly well when an adult donates a modest portion of the liver toa child. Usually only the left lobe of the organ is required, leading to amortality rate for living-donors in the neighborhood of 1 in 500 to 1 in 1, 000. But when the recipient is another adult, as much as60% of the donor’s liver has to be removed. “There really is very little marginfor error,” says Dr. Fung. By way of analogy, he suggests, think of a tree. “Anadult-to-child living-donor transplant is like cutting off a limb. With anadult-to-adult transplant, you’re splitting the trunk in half and trying tokeep both halves alive.”

Even if a potential donorunderstand and accepts these risks, that doesn’t necessarily mean the operationshould proceed. All sorts of subtle pressures can be brought to bear on such adecision, says Dr. Mark Siegler, director of the MacLean for Clinical MedicalEthics at the University of Chicago. “Sometimesthe sicker the patient, the greater the pressure and the more willing the donorwill be to accept risks.” If you feel you can’t say no, is your decision trulyvoluntary? And if not, is it the medical community’s responsibility to save youfrom your own best intentions?

Transplant centers have developed screeningprograms to ensure that living donors fully understand the nature of theirdecision. But unexamined, for the most part, is the larger issue of just howmuch a volunteer should be allowed to sacrifice to save another human being. Sofar, we seem to be saying some risk is acceptable, although we’re still vaguerabout where the cutoff should be. There will always be family members like MikeHurewitz who are heroically prepared to make the ultimate sacrifice for a lovedone. What the medical profession and society must decide is if it’s appropriateto let them do so.

4.Describe in your own words the liver transplant between the two brothers Mikeand Adam.

5. Whatis the major issue raised in the article?

III. Writing (30’)

Some people see education simply as going to school or college, or as ameans to secure good jobs; other people view education as a lifelong process.In your opinion, how important is education to people in the modern society?

Write a composition of about400 words on your view of the topic.

《英语翻译基础》考试大纲

一、考试目的

《英语翻译基础》是全日制翻译硕士专业学位（MTI）研究生入学考试的基础课考试科目，其目的是考查考生的英汉互译实践能力是否达到进入MTI学习阶段的水平。

二、考试性质与范围

本考试是测试考生是否具备基础翻译能力的尺度参照性水平考试。考试范围包括MTI考生入学应具备的英语词汇量、语法知识以及外汉两种语言转换的基本技能。

三、考试基本要求

1. 具备一定中外文化，以及政治、经济、法律等方面的背景知识。

2. 具备扎实的英汉两种语言的基本功。

3. 具备较强的英汉/汉英转换能力。

四、考试形式

本考试采取客观试题与主观试题相结合，单项技能测试与综合技能测试相结合的方法，强调考生的英汉/汉英转换能力。试题分类参见“考试内容一览表”。

五、考试内容

本考试包括两个部分：词语翻译和英汉互译。总分150分。

I. 词语翻译

1. 考试要求

要求考生准确翻译中英文术语或专有名词。

2. 题型

要求考生较为准确地写出题中的30个汉/英术语、缩略语或专有名词的对应目的语。汉/英文各15个，每个1分，总分30分。考试时间为60分钟。

II. 英汉互译

1. 考试要求

要求应试者具备英汉互译的基本技巧和能力；初步了解中国和目的语国家的社会、文化等背景知识；译文忠实于原文，无明显误译、漏译；译文通顺，用词正确，表达基本无误；译文无明显语法错误；英译汉速度为每小时250-350个英语单词，汉译英速度为每小时150-250个汉字。

2. 题型

要求考生较为准确地翻译出所给的文章，英译汉为250-350个单词，汉译英为150-250个汉字，各占60分，总分120分。考试时间为120分钟。

《英语翻译基础》考试内容一览表

序号	考试内容	题型	题量	分值	时间（分钟）
1	词语翻译	英译汉	15个英文术语、缩略语或专有名词	15	30
1	词语翻译	汉译英	15个中文术语、缩略语或专有名词	15	30
2	英汉互译	英译汉	两段或一篇文章， 250-350个单词	60	60
2	英汉互译	汉译英	两段或一篇文章， 150-250个汉字	60	60
共计				150	180

《英语翻译基础》样题

I. Directions: Translate the following words, abbreviations orterminology into their target language respectively.There are altogether 30 items in this part of the test, 15 in English and 15 in Chinese, with one pint for each. (30’)

1.APEC

2.ASEAN

3.CFO

4.CPI

5.EMS

6.FBI

7.GPS

8.IPO

9.NATO

10.International MonetaryFund

11.most favored nations

12.Intellectual PropertyRights

13.Certified PublicAccountant

14.European Free TradeAssociation

15.International AtomicEnergy Agency

16.按揭贷款

17.保健食品

18.保税区

19.不正之风

20.春运

21.第三产业

22.法制国家

23.国际惯例

24.货到付款

25.亏损企业

26.减员增效

27.联合兼并

28.留职停薪

29.特别提款权

30.市场准入

II.Directions: Translate thefollowing two source texts into their target languagerespectively. If the source text is in English, its target language isChinese. If the source text is in Chinese, its target language is English. (120’)

Source Text1:

A physician starts playing aharsh mental tape in her head every time a new patient calls: What if I makethe wrong diagnosis? I’m a terrible doctor. How did I get into medical school?An executive loses his job despite 25 productive years, he tells himself: I’m aloser. I can’t provide for my family, and I’ll never be able to do it again. Ifthese real-life examples sound familiar, you may have a caustic commentary runningin your head, too. Psychologists say many of their patients are plagued by aharsh Inner Critic—including some extremely successful people who think it’sthe secret to their success.

An Inner Critic can indeed roust you out of bed in the morning, getyou on the treadmill (literally and figuratively) and spur you to finish thatbook or symphony or invention. But the desire to achieve can get hijacked byharsh judgment and unrelenting fear. Unrelenting self-criticism often goes handin hand with anxiety, and it may even predictdepression. Self-criticism is alsoa factor in eating disorders, and body disorder—that is, preoccupation with one’sperceived physical flaws. Many people’s Inner Critic makes an appearance earlyin life and is such a constant companion that it’s part of their personality.Psychologists say that children, particularly those with a geneticpredisposition to depression, may internalize and exaggerate the expectationsof parents or peers or society. One theory is that self-criticism is angerturned inward, when sufferers are filled with hostility but too afraid andinsecure to let it out. Other theories hold that people who scold themselvesare acting out guilt or shame or subconsciously shielding themselves againstcriticism from others: You can’t tell me anything I don’t already tell myself,even in harsher terms.

Techniques from cognitive behavioral therapy can be helpful inchanging patterns of thought that have become painful. There are many patients,such as doctors, lawyers—who believed that if they didn’t flog themselves, theywouldn’t be successful. And part of psychologists’ work is to break throughthat belief by telling the patients that they usually succeed in spite of theirInner Critics, not because of them. (360 words)

【Keywords】

depression 抑郁症cognitive behavioral therapy 认知行为疗法

Source Text2:

农业是多哈谈判的核心。发达国家和发展中国家都面临压力，但富国和穷国的压力是不同的。在全球26亿农民中，发展中国家有25亿，而且大多数处在贫困状态。即使发展中国家有雄心、有诚意去推进贸易自由化，也不能不顾及几千万甚至几亿农民的基本生计。如果让那些已处于贫困线上的农民遭受更大的冲击，将引发灾难，届时发达国家也不得安宁。因此，应立即给予最不发达国家免关税、免配额的待遇，应该给予发展中国家“特殊产品”和“特殊保障机制”的待遇。

在推动世界贸易自由化的过程中，关键是要照顾大多数，要让广大发展中成员能跟上前进的步伐。因此，要给予所有发展中成员特殊和差别待遇，并力争在香港会议期间就棉花等问题作为阶段性成果达成共识。让发展中成员“早期收获”，获得看得见、摸得着的好处，才能增强多数成员对多哈谈判的信心。（344 words）

【关键词】

多哈谈判 the Doha Round negotiations免配额quota-free

样题参考答案

《汉语写作与百科知识》考试样题

参考答案

第一部分：百科知识 （50’）

全球化：全球化是使产品或服务进入全球市场而进行的有关的商务活动，包括正确的国际化设计，本地化集成，以及在全球市场进行的市场推广、销售和支持的全部过程。企业通过全球化实现其全球化发展战略，实现全球化业务，扩大市场规模，降低服务成本，提升综合竞争力，展现企业发展实力，增强用户信心，树立市场形象。

新兴市场：新兴市场指的是发展中国家的股票市场。按照国际金融公司的权威定义。只要一个国家或地区的人均国民生产总值（GNP）没有达到世界银行划定的高收入国家水平，那么这个国家或地区的股市就是新兴市场。有的国家，尽管经济发展水平和人均GNP水平已进入高收入国家的行列，但由于其股市发展滞后，市场机制不成熟，仍被认为是新兴市场。

直接融资：直接融资是指拥有暂时闲置资金的单位（包括企业、机构和个人）与资金短缺需要补充资金的单位，相互之间直接进行协议，或者在金融市场上前者购买后者发行的有价证券，将货币资金提供给所需要补充资金的单位使用，从而完成资金融通的过程。

流动性过剩：简单地说，流动性过剩就是货币当局货币发行过多，货币量增长过快，银行机构资金来源充沛，居民储蓄增加迅速。在宏观经济上，它表现为货币增长率超过GDP增长率；就银行系统而言，则表现为存款增速大大快于贷款增速。

财政赤字：财政就是一国政府的收支状况。一国政府在每一财政年度开始之初，总会制定一个当年的财政预算方案，若实际执行结果收入大于支出，为财政赢余；支出大于收入，为财政赤字。

宏观调控：宏观调控是国家为了保持国民经济持续、稳定、健康、迅速地发展，促进经济结构的优化，引导推动社会全面进步而采取的经济措施。国家能够实行强有力的宏观调控。国家采取宏观调控的手段通常有：（1）法律手段与经济政策，如：调整税率，金融、财政补贴等；（2）计划指导，如：国家大的投资规划，或在某些行业和领域实行配额制度；（3）行政手段，如：利用工商、商检、卫生检疫、海关等部门禁止或限制某些商品的生产与流通。

端午：阴历每年的五月初五是端午节。端午节又称“重午节”、“端阳节”、“五月节”、“天中节”、“天长节”、“地腊节”、“五毒日”、“娃娃节”、“女儿节”等。端午节是我国民间三大饮食节之一。在端午节这天，人们以吃粽子表示庆祝。

屈原：屈原（约公元前304-公元前278），战国末期楚国人，杰出的政治家和爱国诗人。名平，字原，丹阳(今湖北秭归)人。 屈原的代表作包括《离骚》、《天问》、《九歌》、《九章》、《招魂》等。屈原是中国文学史上第一位伟大的爱国诗人，他的作品开创了我国诗歌的浪漫主义传统。他的崇高精神和人格千百年来感召和哺育着无数中华儿女，人民永远景仰他，热爱他。中国民间于每年农历的5月5日端午节包粽子、赛龙舟的习俗就是源于对他的纪念。

陶渊明：陶源明（365-427），字元亮，别号五柳先生，晚年更名潜，卒后亲友私谥靖节。东晋浔阳柴桑（今九江市）人。陶渊明是汉魏南北朝800年间最杰出的诗人之一。陶诗今存125首，多为五言诗。从内容上可分为饮酒诗、咏怀诗和田园诗三大类。陶渊明的作品感情真挚、朴素自然，有时流露出逃避现实、乐天知命的老庄思想，有“田园诗人”之称。

重阳节：农历九月九日为传统的重阳节。因为古老的《易经》中把“六”定为阴数，把“九”定为阳数，九月九日，日月并阳，两九相重，故而叫重阳，也叫重九，古人认为是个值得庆贺的吉利日子，并且从很早就开始过此节日。因为《易经》中把“六”定为阴数，把“九”定为阳数，九月九日，日月并阳，两九相重，故而叫重阳，也叫重九，古人认为是个值得庆贺的吉利日子，并且从很早就开始过此节日。庆祝重阳节的活动多彩浪漫，一般包括出游赏景、登高远眺、观赏菊花、遍插茱萸、吃重阳糕、饮菊花酒等活动。庆祝重阳节的活动多彩浪漫，一般包括出游赏景、登高远眺、观赏菊花、遍插茱萸、吃重阳糕、饮菊花酒等活动。九九重阳，因为与“久久”同音，九在数字中又是最大数，有长久长寿的含意，况且秋季也是一年收获的黄金季节，重阳佳节，寓意深远，人们对此节历来有着特殊的感情，唐诗宋词中有不少贺重阳，菊花的诗词佳作。今天的重阳节，被赋予了新的含义，在1989年，我国把每年的九月九日定为老人节，传统与现代巧妙地结合，成为尊老、敬老、爱老、助老的老年人的节日。今天的重阳节，被赋予了新的含义。1989年，我国把每年农历的九月九日定为老人节，传统与现代巧妙地结合，成为尊老、敬老、爱老、助老的老年人的节日。全国各机关、团体、街道，往往都在此时组织从工作岗位上退下来的老人们秋游赏景，或临水玩乐，或登山健体，让身心都沐浴在大自然的怀抱里；不少家庭的晚辈也会搀扶着年老的长辈到郊外活动或为老人准备一些可口的饮食。

比尔·盖茨：威廉·（比尔）H.盖茨是全球个人计算机软件的领先供应商——微软公司的创始人、前任董事长和首席执行官。盖茨出生于1955年，曾从哈佛大学辍学创办微软公司。目前，盖茨已从微软公司引退，专注于比尔及梅琳达·盖茨基金会的慈善事业。

微软：微软（Microsoft）公司由比尔·盖茨与保罗·艾伦创建于1975年，是世界PC机（Personal Computer，个人计算机）软件开发的先导，目前是全球最大的电脑软件提供商，其主要产品为Windows操作系统、Internet Explorer网页浏览器及Microsoft Office办公软件套件。

文化市场：是指按价值规律进行文化艺术产品交换，和提供有偿文化服务活动的场所。是文化艺术产品生产和消费的中介。它必须具备三个条件：一是要有能供人们消费并用于交换的劳动产品和活动；二是要有组织这种活动的经营者和需求者；三是要有适宜的交换条件。

西雅图：西雅图位于美国本土48个州中最西北角的华盛顿州，是美国西北部重要城市和海港。西雅图已有150年的发展历史，一直以来都给人以浪漫多情的印象，好莱坞电影《西雅图夜未眠》（Sleepless in Seattle）之后尤其如此。 西雅图的地标是为1962年在此举行的世界博览会而设计的太空针塔。西雅图拥有领先的经济群体，其中微软是世界上最大的私人计算机软件公司，世界最大的飞机制造厂家波音公司是该地区最大的雇主。

“两会”：“两会”是“全国人民代表大会”和“中国人民政治协商会议”的简称。每年3月份“两会”先后召开全体会议一次，每五年称为一届，每年会议称X届X次会议。“两会”召开的意义在于：将“两会”代表从人民中得来的信息和要求进行收集及整理，传达给党中央。“两会”的代表委员们代表着广大选民的利益，他们代表选民在召开两会期间向政府有关部门提出选民们自己的意见和要求。地方每年召开的人大和政协也称为“两会”，通常召开的时间比全国“两会”时间要早。

吴邦国：男，汉族，1941年生，安徽肥东人，清华大学无线电电子学系毕业，大学学历，工程师。现任中共中央政治局常委，十一届全国人大常委会委员长、党组书记。新华社：新华社全称为新华通讯社，是中华人民共和国的国家通讯社，是中国最大的新闻信息采集和发布中心。新华社前身是“红色中华通讯社”，创建于1931年11月，1937年改现名。新华社总社设在中国首都北京，全社的新闻采集和处理系统由总社、国内分社、国外分社三部分组成。

法制化：法制化就是把法律规制的应用制度化、程序化，将这些行为纳入到法律规制的范畴，由相应的制度对其进行规定、制约，这既利于行为的规范化、程序化，提高效率，也利于对其进行监督与约束，更利于保障人民的合法权利。

孟德斯鸠：孟德斯鸠（1689-1755），法国伟大的启蒙思想家、法学家。孟德斯鸠不仅是18世纪法国启蒙时代的著名思想家，也是近代欧洲国家比较早的系统研究古代东方社会与法律文化的学者之一。他的著述虽然不多，但其影响却相当广泛，尤其是《论法的精神》这部集大成的著作，奠定了近代西方政治与法律理论发展的基础，也在很大程度上影响了欧洲人对东方政治与法律文化的看法。其他作品包括《波斯人信札》，1734年发表的《罗马盛衰原因论》。

公私权界：公共领域和私人领域的划分是处理国家和公民关系的核心问题之一。公共领域归公共领域，私人领域归私人领域，前者通行民主规则，后者通行自由规则，这个权界是一定要分清的。从社会学的角度上说，现实中任何一个社会人都在从事着几种角色扮演，譬如在一定的社会情景里医生有时也是病人，记者有时也是受访者。因此这种角色扮演必须分得清楚，否则就会出现悖论与逻辑混乱。在官员这个群体身上这种划分必须体现得更加清楚。公权只能公用而不能私用，其前提是对官员身份边界及其背后的权力边界的清楚定义。

第二部分：应用文写作 （40’）

这类报告内容要有针对性，不能答非所问。因此，主体部分即报告事项部分依来文要求作答即可。结尾用“专此报告”或“以上报告，请审阅”之类的习惯语收尾。

中国××进出口商会

关于××汽车索赔案谈判结果的报告

××字〔200-〕×号

中国××××办公室：

根据你办和商务部××司的指示，我会于×月×日至×月×日派人去××，了解了××汽车索赔案的谈判结果，现将有关情况报告如下：

××进出口公司和××进出口总公司自去年以来订购了××型载重卡车×辆，其中，××公司×辆，××公司×辆。至八月底已到货×辆。经使用，出现车架大裂纹、铆钉松动、轮胎早期磨损、挡风玻璃爆裂、木梁裂纹等严重质量问题。××公司、××公司当即组织了用户和技术人员赴×××、××、×××、××、××等省进行调查，经检验质量问题主要是由于×方产品设计和制造上的缺陷造成的。两公司为此对××公司提出索赔。为使谈判成功，两公司共同组成联合谈判小组，和用户统一对外索赔。同时我报社转载了《国际商报》报道××质量问题的文章，给××公司造成了巨大压力，迫使他们改变了最初不认账和企图敷衍了事的态度，于×月×日派了以常务董事为首的代表团来京谈判。由于两公司准备充分，我方专家从技术上提出了有力的论证，经过半个月的谈判，使×方承认是设计和产品制造质量问题，同意全部退货，更换“重新设计试验、精工细作、制造优良的”新车，并向我支付×日元（占全部车价的×分之一）的经济损失赔偿金。××公司于×月×日在赔偿确认书上签字。

今年以来，我国从××和××进口的商品不断出现质量问题，主要原因是这些商人无视商业信誉，以次充好，以假充真。如××电器株式会社向××出口的电位器生产线质量低劣，××、××进口的家用电器也有不少假货、次货。就我方来讲，由于近两年来，家用电器进口数量大，交货期短，除中央专项进口外，各地方也竞相进口，地方单位大多不重视进口商品检验也使外商产生重数量、轻质量的侥幸心理，大量委托外加工粗制滥造。为避免国家损失，建议国家制订《进口汽车管理办法》，并要求各部门、各地方切实执行。

以上报告如无不妥，请转报商务部。

（公章）

×年×月×日

第三部分：现代汉语写作 （60’）

答案略

《翻译硕士英语》样题参考答案

I.Vocabulary and grammar (30’)

1-10 DABAC ACDDB

11-20 AABBD ACBBC

II.Reading comprehension (40’)

Section1 Multiple choice (20’)

1. C2. A 3. D 4. B 5. A

6. D7. A 8. C 9. B 10. B

Section2 Answering questions (20’)

Key points

1.located in Dartmoor Park／with 54 sq km of hills covered by “Tors”／an event starting from 1959／young people walking over adistance of 55-mile trek in two days／in Spring (May)／ a kind of outdoor physicaltraining

2.environmentalism／threatening of some “internationallyrare bird species”／breeding season／nesting season／destroying eggs／frightening birds／declining of birds

3. ifmoved to autumn／children “on holiday” during thetraining period／majority unwilling to change thetime／if moved earlier: lambing season／winter: too harsh and cold

4. Mikeand Adam／one’s liver “failing”, Mikedonated half of his liver／Adam survived／Mike, the healthy brother, due to the “complication” developed in theoperation, died after the successful transplant

5. whenthere is a risk of donors’ dying from organ transplant between family members／1 in 100 risk／higher or lower／Shall such transplant operationsbe encouraged?／different viewpoints／heated argument

III. Writing (30’)

Educationas a Lifelong Process

When we talk abouteducation, we can easily think of schools, colleges and young people. As amatter of fact, education is so important in modern society that it can beviewed as a lifelong process.

Firstly, it’s therequirement of fast-developing society to receive education despite of yourage. Our world is changing dramatically with the development of new science andtechnology. A person who completed his education at school in the 1970s or the1980s may have encountered new problems when he is working now. The problemsmight have something to do with his major or other aspects. For example anaccountant now must master the skills of accounting through computers, which isa basic tool for him, so he should also learn how to apply his job in acomputer no matter how old he is.

Secondly, education createshuman character and moralities. Through education, youth may learn how to makecontributions to the world. And the old may learn new things to enrich theirlives. Through education, a healthy person can become stronger and a disabledperson can have a new hope on his life. Man can find great pleasure ineducation.

Thirdly, our modem societyhas provided everyone with the chance to receive education. As long as you wishyou could get education by attending night-schools, adult colleges, trainingcenters and even long-distance education through Internet and TV.

In a word, knowledge isboundless, and life is limited. So education is a lifelong process.

《英语翻译基础》样题参考答案

I. Directions: Translate the following words, abbreviations or terminology into their targetlanguage respectively. There are altogether 30 items in this part of the test, 15 in English and 15 in Chinese, with one pint for each. (30’)

1.亚太经贸合作组织

2.东南亚国家联盟

3.首席财务官

4.消费价格指数

5.邮政特快专递

6.联邦调查局

7.全球定位系统

8.首次公开募股

9.北大西洋公约组织

10. 国际货币基金组织

11. 最惠国

12. 知识产权

13. 注册会计师

14. 欧洲自由贸易联盟

15. 国际原子能机构

16. mortgage loan

17. health-care food

18. the bonded zone

19. bad (harmful) practice; unhealthy tendency

20. (passenger) transport during the Spring Festival

21. tertiary industry; service sector

22. a state with an adequate legal system

23. international common practice

24. cash on delivery

25. enterprises running in the red/under deficit

26. downsizing for efficiency; cut payroll to improve efficiency

27. conglomeration and merger of enterprises

28. retain the job but suspend the salary

29. special drawing rights (SDR; SDRs)

30. market access

II.Directions: Translate thefollowing two source texts into their target language respectively. If thesource text is in English, its target language is Chinese. If the source textis in Chinese, its target language is English (120’).

英译汉：

一位内科医生每次给新病人看病时脑子里就会响起一个刺耳的声音：我要是诊断错了该怎么办？我是个蹩脚的医生。当初我是怎么混进医学院的？一位高管失业了，虽然此前有过25年的辉煌职业生涯，他还是不断地告诉自己：我是个失败者。我没法赡养家人，以后也都不能够了。如果这些真实的事例对你来说非常地熟悉，那么你的头脑里可能也有那么一个严厉的声音在回荡。心理学家称，很多病人都备受苛刻的自我怀疑的折磨──包括一些非常成功的人士，他们认为这正是自己成功的秘诀。
自我怀疑的确能在清晨把你从床上唤起，敦促你快马加鞭地干活，尽快去完成手头那本书、那支曲子或是那项发明。不过对于成功的渴求也许会为严苛的评判及无休止的恐惧所阻挠。无休止的自我批评通常会带来焦虑，甚至会导致抑郁症。自我批评也会导致进食失调、身体机能紊乱，即总是想象自己的身体有缺陷。很多人在幼年时期便有了自我怀疑的倾向，之后这个声音便常伴他们左右，成了他们性格的一个部分。心理学家称，儿童，尤其是那些先天易患抑郁症的儿童，可能会内化并夸大父母、同辈或社会对自己的期望。有一个说法认为，自我批评其实就是冲自身发泄怒气，这类人内心充满了敌对情绪，但是太过忧虑、太没有安全感，不敢把这种情绪发泄出来。还有一些说法则认为，那些责备自己的人是在表达自己的负罪感或羞辱感，或者是下意识里保护自己免遭他人的责备：你不能再来责备我了，我自己已经责备过自己了，用的词比你还要严厉呢。
各种认知行为疗法有助于改变给人带来痛苦的思维模式。经常有一些医生、律师类的病人，他们相信如果他们对自己没有那么苛刻，就不会有现在的成功。心理学家的部分工作内容就是打破那种成见，并告诉他们——很多时候他们是因为突破自责获得了成功，而并不是因为自责而成功的。

汉译英：

Agriculture is the centerpieceof the Doha Round negotiations. Although both developed and developingcountries are faced with pressures, the nature of their difficulties is verydifferent. Of the 2.6 billion farming population in the world, 2.5 billionreside in the developing countries, and the majority of them are living below povertylines. Even if some developing countries were willing to embark on the road oftrade liberalization, they would have to take into account the basic livelihoodof millions or even billions of their farmers. To expose those poor farmers tofurther external shocks could trigger disastrous consequences. Should suchscenario occur, the lifestyle of the rich countries would be endangered, too.It is therefore sensible to offer duty-free, quota-free treatment to productsfrom the least developed countries immediately. Developing countries shouldalso be entitled to the concepts of “Special Products” and “Special SafeguardMechanism”.

Inthe process of promoting world trade liberalization, it is crucial to bear inmind the interests of the majority and to enable them to adapt to the pace ofprogress. Hence the necessity of providing special and differential treatmentto all developing countries. It is advisable to reach consensus during the Hong Kong conference on issues like cotton and others, sothat there could be some “Early Harvest” for developing countries. Such visibleand tangible benefits could boost the confidence of most members in the ongoingDoha Round negotiations.