河南科技大学 化工与制药学院,河南 洛阳 471023
收稿日期:2017-04-27;接收日期:2017-07-03; 网络出版时间:2017-09-06 基金项目:国家自然科学基金(No. 21606073)资助
摘要:通过代谢工程策略改造酿酒酵母胞内辅因子的形式和浓度,分析辅因子NADPH对于产物S-腺苷蛋氨酸(SAM)合成的作用并总结能量代谢和其他物质代谢的规律,为高产SAM菌株的代谢工程改造提供理论基础。由于酿酒酵母中的NADPH在线粒体和细胞质中的代谢相对独立,因此以酿酒酵母BY4741单倍体模式菌株为研究对象,研究了不同亚细胞结构内NADPH对于产物合成的影响。通过激光共聚焦显微镜证实了NADH激酶在酿酒酵母线粒体和细胞质中的表达。实验结果表明NADPH的提高有利于酿酒酵母胞内SAM的合成。发酵24 h,菌株NBYSM-1胞内SAM浓度较对照菌提高3.28倍,菌株NBYSM-2胞内SAM浓度提高1.79倍。其中重组菌株NBYSM-1合成SAM的能力和胞内NADPH/NADP+比率均明显高于重组菌株NBYSM-2。因此,NADPH调控策略有望成为提高SAM产量的有力工具并应用于其他辅因子依赖化合物的合成。
关键词:S-腺苷蛋氨酸 辅因子 酿酒酵母 NADPH
Cofactor engineering strategy for enhanced S-adenosylmethionine production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Yawei Chen
College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan, China
Received: April 27, 2017; Accepted: July 3, 2017; Published: September 6, 2017
Supported by: National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21606073)
Corresponding author:Yawei Chen. Tel/Fax: +86-379-64231914; E-mail: yaweichen@aliyun.com
Abstract: In order to study the role of cofactor engineering in enhancing the production of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), we altered the form and concentration of cofactor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae through gene recombination. Effects of cofactor on product synthesis, carbon and energy metabolism were analyzed aiming to provide a theoretical basis for a successful metabolic engineering of SAM producing strains. Because NADPH metabolism in mitochondrion and cytoplasm of S. cerevisiae is relatively independent, the effect of intracellular NADPH availability on the production of SAM was studied in different compartments of S. cerevisiae BY4741. The expression of NADH kinase in mitochondria (POS5 encoded) and cytoplasm (POS5Δ17 encoded) was separately confirmed using a laser scanning confocal microscope. NADPH regulation strategy enhanced SAM production. Compared with the control strain, the intracellular SAM concentration of strain NBYSM-1 was increased by 3.28 times, and the intracellular SAM concentration of strain NBYSM-2 was increased by 1.79 times at 24 h fermentation. In addition, SAM titer and NADPH/NADP+ ratio in strain NBYSM-1 were significantly higher than that of strain NBYSM-2. Therefore, NADPH regulation strategy will be a valuable tool for SAM production and could further improve the synthesis of a large range of cofactor-driven chemicals.
Key words: S-adenosylmethionine cofactor Saccharomyces cerevisiae NADPH
S-腺苷蛋氨酸(S-adenosylmethionine, 简称SAM)存在于所有生物细胞中,是维持细胞正常生理功能的一种活性小分子物质[1]。SAM在临床上应用广泛,对治疗急慢性肝病[2-3]、骨关节炎[4]、神经综合征[5]和抑郁症[6-7]等多种疾病都有一定的疗效。此外,SAM也常用于保健品和化妆品中。
SAM工业化生产的方法主要有化学法、酶法、全细胞催化法和微生物发酵法。其中微生物发酵法生产SAM具有工艺流程简单、产量高、底物廉价易得等优势而被广泛应用。酿酒酵母是美国FDA认定的安全模式生物(Generally recognized as safe,GRAS),常用于代谢工程改造生产药品及食品添加剂。此外,酿酒酵母中的S-腺苷蛋氨酸合成酶(Methionine adenosyltransferase,MAT)活性高,而且还具备独特的液泡贮存SAM的机制,因此酿酒酵母作为主要的SAM天然发酵菌株被广泛使用。酿酒酵母发酵生产SAM的研究主要集中在发酵条件优化控制方面[8-10],少有基因工程[11-12]方面的研究,而且忽视了辅因子对于SAM合成的重要影响。
辅因子是一类可以和蛋白结合并对蛋白行使正常催化功能所必需的非蛋白质类化合物。与传统的代谢工程针对酶分子的改造不同,辅因子工程通过直接调控细胞内关键酶的辅因子浓度和形式来实现代谢流的最大化,快速将碳物质流导向目标代谢产物[13]。作为胞内重要微环境的辅因子ATP/ADP、NADH/NAD+、NADPH/NADP+等参与了微生物细胞内大量的代谢反应过程,将物质代谢途径串联或并联成复杂的网络体系,最终使得物质代谢流的分配受到辅因子形式和浓度的牵制。因此辅因子工程策略在微生物菌株改造方面将成为有利的工具,用于提高目标代谢物的浓度、产率、生产能力[14-15]以及增强微生物对于环境的耐受[16]等等。
SAM在微生物体内合成过程中受到底物L-蛋氨酸和ATP含量的限制。目前的做法通常是在培养基中加入L-蛋氨酸以及调控发酵工艺来满足SAM合成过程中对于限制性底物的需求。事实上,辅因子NADPH对于L-蛋氨酸的合成具有重要作用。如果能通过辅因子工程策略提高菌株自身的L-蛋氨酸合成能力,对于SAM高产菌株的构建具有重要意义。
本文通过代谢工程手段在酿酒酵母线粒体及细胞质中引入NADH激酶Pos5p,分别扰动细胞质及线粒体中的NADPH水平,研究NADPH变化对于SAM合成的影响,并分析细胞氧化还原平衡扰动对于物质代谢及产物合成的影响。
1 材料与方法1.1 材料与试剂1.1.1 菌株和质粒实验中所用的菌株和质粒见表 1。
表 1 本研究所用菌株及质粒Table 1 Strains and plasmids in this study
Strains | Description | Source |
E. coli Trans 10 | Cloning host | Beijing TransGen Biotech Company |
BY4741 | MATa his3Δ1 leu2Δ0 met15Δ0 ura3Δ0 | Lab collection |
BY4741-MH | BY4741 his3::HIS3, met15::MET15 | Lab collection |
PBYSM-0 | BY4741-MH/pRS425/YCplac33 | This study |
NBYSM-1 | BY4741-MH/pRS425-POS5Δ17 | This study |
NBYSM-2 | BY4741-MH/pRS425-POS5 | This study |
Plasmids | ||
pRS425 | leu2, 2μm origin | Novagen |
pUC19-PTEF1-TPGI | Harboring constitutive promoter PTEF1 and terminator TPGI | Lab collection |
pET28a-gfp | Harboring gfp | Lab collection |
pRSFD-POS5Δ17 | POS5Δ17 cloned into pRSFuet-1 | [17] |
pUC19-PTEF1-POS5Δ17-TPGI | PTEF1-POS5Δ17-TPGI | This study |
pUC19-PTEF1-POS5-TPGI | PTEF1-POS5-TPGI | This study |
pRS425-POS5Δ17 | PTEF1-POS5Δ17-TPGI | This study |
pRS425-POS5 | PTEF1-POS5-TPGI | This study |
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1.1.2 引物实验中所用的引物列于表 2。
表 2 用于基因扩增的引物Table 2 Primers used for PCR
Primer name | Primer sequence (5'–3') |
SacⅠ-POS5Δ17-F | TTCGAGCTCATGAGTACGTTGGATTCACA |
SalⅠ-POS5Δ17-R | ACGCuGTCGACTTAATCATTATCAGTCTGTCT |
SacⅠ-POS5-F | TTCGAGCTCATGTTTGTCAGGGTTAAATTG |
SalⅠ-POS5-R | ACGCGTCGACTTAATCATTATCAGTCTGTCT |
SpeⅠ-PTEF1-F | GGACTAGTATAGCTTCAAAATGTTTCTAC |
XmaⅠ-TPGI-R | TCCCCCCGGGGGTATACTGGAGGCTTCAT |
POS5(gfp)-R | AAGAGACAGACTGATAATGATATGAGTAAAGGAGAAGAACTTTT |
gfp(POS5)-F | AGACAGACTGATAATGATATGAGTAAAGGAGAAGAACTTTTC |
SalⅠ-gfp(POS5)-R | ACGCGTCGACTATATATTTAAGAGCGATTTGTTCTATTTGTATAGTTCATCCA |
The underlined characters indicated restriction sites for plasmid construction. |
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1.1.3 酶与试剂Phusion High-Fidelity DNA聚合酶和各种限制性内切酶均购自NEB公司。T4 DNA连接酶为TaKaRa (大连)公司产品。2×Taq Mix购自博迈德生物技术公司。SAM标准品及辅因子测定相关酶及试剂购自Sigma公司。酵母提取物、胰蛋白胨为Oxoid公司产品。其余试剂等均为国产。引物由华大科技(北京)公司合成。
1.2 分子操作1.2.1 酿酒酵母不同区域NADPH再生重组菌株的构建以pRSFD-POS5Δ17为模板,SacⅠ-POS5Δ17-F/SalⅠ-POS5Δ17-R为引物,PCR扩增得到不带信号肽的POS5Δ17基因。以酿酒酵母基因组为模板,SacⅠ-POS5-F/SalⅠ-POS5-R为引物,PCR扩增得到POS5基因。分别将质粒pUC19-PTEF1-TPGI和目的基因POS5Δ17/POS5用SacⅠ/SalⅠ酶切,琼脂糖凝胶电泳,回收酶切片段,T4 DNA连接酶过夜连接,转化,菌落PCR,将筛得的阳性克隆接入LB培养基中,过夜培养,提取质粒送测。测序正确获得pUC19-PTEF1-POS5Δ17-TPGI和pUC19-PTEF1-POS5-TPGI。
分别以测序正确的重组质粒pUC19-PTEF1-POS5Δ17-TPGI和pUC19-PTEF1-POS5-TPGI为模板[17],以SpeⅠ-PTEF1-F/XmaⅠ-TPGI-R为引物扩增获得带有NADPH再生基因表达盒的片段,并将基因片段和表达载体pRS425用SpeⅠ和XmaⅠ酶切,电泳,胶回收,过夜连接,转化E. coli Trans 10。将菌落PCR验证得到的阳性克隆单菌落接种至试管LB培养基中过夜培养,提质粒,送测,得到重组质粒pRS425-PTEF1-POS5Δ17-TPGI和pRS425-PTEF1-POS5-TPGI。
培养50 mL酿酒酵母BY4741-MH,制备感受态并用醋酸锂法转化导入重组质粒,将菌液涂布在SC选择性固体培养基平板上,30 ℃培养2–4 d。将长出的单克隆菌落接种至4 mL选择性SC液体培养基中,30 ℃摇床培养24–48 h。进行菌落PCR验证是否转入重组质粒。将含有重组质粒的菌液于选择性SC平板上划线,取单菌落再验证一次是否为目的菌株,将带有重组质粒的菌株保存至甘油管,用于后续的发酵实验。带有pRS425-PTEF1-POS5Δ17-TPGI的菌株命名为NBYSM-1,带有pRS425-PTEF1-POS5-TPGI的菌株命名为NBYSM-2,带有空质粒pRS425的菌株作为对照PBYSM-0。
1.2.2 NADPH再生系统在酿酒酵母细胞中的定位表征菌株构建以pRSFD-POS5Δ17为模板,SacⅠ-POS5Δ17-F/POS5Δ17(gfp)-R为引物,PCR扩增得到带有gfp重叠序列的POS5Δ17基因。以酿酒酵母基因组为模板,SacⅠ-POS5-F/POS5(gfp)-R为引物,PCR扩增得到带有gfp重叠序列的POS5基因。以pET28a-gfp为模板,以gfp(POS5)-F/SalⅠ-gfp(POS5)-R为引物,扩增得到带有POS5重叠序列的gfp片段。通过overlap PCR分别将POS5和gfp以及POS5Δ17和gfp融合在一起。分别将质粒pUC19-PTEF1-TPGI和目的基因POS5-gfp和POS5Δ17-gfp用SacⅠ/SalⅠ酶切,按照1.2.1所述的方法即可获得测序正确的重组质粒pUC19-PTEF1-POS5Δ17-gfp-TPGI和pUC19-PTEF1-POS5-gfp-TPGI。同理,构建重组质粒pRS425-PTEF1-POS5Δ17-gfp-TPGI和pRS425-PTEF1-POS5-gfp-TPGI,并进行酿酒酵母转化,获得阳性克隆菌株。
1.3 菌种保藏及培养条件1.3.1 菌种保藏挑取划线纯化后的酿酒酵母单菌落接种于YPD (10 g/L酵母粉,20 g/L蛋白胨,20 g/L葡萄糖)或者SC液体培养基中(6.7 g/L YNB,20 g/L葡萄糖,1.4 g/L复合氨基酸,不含亮氨酸和尿嘧啶),30 ℃培养24 h。取300 μL 50%无菌甘油与700 μL种子发酵液均匀混合,置于–80 ℃超低温冰箱备用。
1.3.2 种子培养将斜面或者平板上的菌落接入50 mL YPD或者SC液体培养基中(加入相应的氨基酸母液),30 ℃培养24 h获得种子液。
1.3.3 摇瓶培养本实验所用的摇瓶发酵培养基为SC培养基和YPD培养基。按照初始OD600为0.1加入相应体积的种子液至摇瓶中,30 ℃培养。
1.4 分析方法1.4.1 生物量测定取1 mL发酵液稀释一定倍数,使用分光光度计测定样品在600 nm波长下的吸光度作为菌体生物量。
1.4.2 SAM的萃取及含量测定发酵液离心后用10% (W/V)高氯酸在30 ℃下振荡萃取2 h。13 000 r/min离心10 min,通过0.22 μm滤膜后,置于–20 ℃待测。
SAM的浓度测定采用HPLC (岛津,日本)方法。色谱条件:C18色谱柱(北京艾杰尔科技有限公司,中国);紫外检测器:260 nm;流动相:0.01 mol/L甲酸铵,用乙酸调节pH至3.5;流速:1.0 mL/min[18]。
1.4.3 其他代谢物测定乙醇和甘油等副产物使用HPLC方法(赛默飞,美国)测定。色谱条件为:色谱柱:HPX-87H (伯乐,美国);检测器:示差折光检测器和紫外检测器(254 nm);柱温:50 ℃;流动相:5 mmol/L硫酸;流速:0.6 mL/min[19]。
1.4.4 NAD (H)和NADP (H)的含量测定胞内的NADPH、NADP+、NADH和NAD+的浓度采用循环酶催化法测定[20]。
2 结果与分析2.1 NADH激酶在酿酒酵母线粒体及细胞质中的定位表征已有文献报道NADH激酶Pos5p定位于酿酒酵母线粒体基质中[21]。为确保强启动子PTEF1对于NADH激酶在细胞质及线粒体中的表达,分别将POS5和POS5Δ17基因[22]与gfp基因进行融合表达,利用激光共聚焦显微镜确定NADH激酶在细胞中的位置。从图 1A可看出,未融合GFP的菌株没有产生荧光。图 1B表明不带信号肽的NADH激酶Pos5p定位于酿酒酵母细胞质中,使得整个细胞充满荧光。图 1C可明显看出有线状的荧光结构,这说明带信号肽的NADH激酶Pos5p定位于酿酒酵母线粒体中,与文献报道的线粒体结构一致[21]。
图 1 NADH激酶在酿酒酵母细胞中的定位(A:对照菌BY4741;B:Pos5p (POS5Δ17编码)在细胞质中的定位;C:Pos5p (POS5编码)在线粒体中的定位) Figure 1 Localization of NADH kinase in the S. cerevisiae. (A) Control strain BY4741. (B) Pos5p (POS5Δ17 encoded) localized in the cytoplasm. (C) Pos5p (POS5 encoded) localized in the mitochondrion matrix |
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2.2 NADPH再生系统对于胞内吡啶核苷酸的扰动分别研究了NADPH再生菌株在SC培养基中发酵15 h和24 h的胞内吡啶核苷酸水平,结果见图 2。重组菌NBYSM-1和NBYSM-2在不同发酵时间下,胞内的NADPH水平和NADPH/NADP+均高于对照菌PBYSM-0。其中,发酵15 h,菌株NBYSM-2胞内的NADH/NAD+下降了36.83%,NADPH/NADP+提高了28.63%。菌株NBYSM-1胞内的NADH/NAD+下降了15.62%,NADPH/NADP+提高了11.96%。与发酵15 h的情况相似,发酵24 h重组酿酒酵母NBYSM-1胞内的NADPH/NADP+比率要远远高于NBYSM-2,但是NADH/NAD+比率略低于NBYSM-2。
图 2 NADPH调控策略改造菌株发酵不同时间胞内吡啶核苷酸的浓度变化(A:发酵15 h胞内NAD+/NADH浓度以及NADH/NAD+比率;B:发酵15 h胞内NADP+/NADPH浓度以及NADPH/NADP+比率;C:发酵24 h胞内NAD+/NADH浓度以及NADH/NAD+比率;D:发酵24 h胞内NADP+/NADPH浓度以及NADPH/NADP+比率) Figure 2 Effects of the NADPH regulation strategy on the concentration of intracellular pyridine nucleotide in the control and recombinant strains under different cultivating time. Intracellular concentrations of NAD+/NADH and NADH/NAD+ ratio at 15 h (A), concentrations of NADP+/NADPH and NADPH/NADP+ ratio at 15 h (B), concentrations of NAD+/NADH and NADH/NAD+ ratio at 24 h (C) and concentrations of NADP+/NADPH and NADPH/NADP+ ratio at 24 h (D) were evaluated. S0: PBYSM-0; S1: NBYSM-1; S2: NBYSM-2 |
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2.3 分区域调控NADPH对于SAM合成的影响从图 3可以看出,对照菌株的生物量略高于重组菌株。可能是由于重组菌中的NADPH再生系统消耗NADH生成NADPH,而减少了NADH氧化磷酸化合成ATP的水平,从而使得菌体生长略低于对照菌。不同菌株胞内SAM含量相差较大,其中NADPH再生的两株菌中胞内SAM含量均远远高于对照菌。与对照菌PBYSM-0相比,菌株NBYSM-1发酵24 h胞内SAM浓度提高3.28倍,菌株NBYSM-2胞内SAM浓度提高1.79倍。而在NADPH再生的两株菌中,线粒体内NADPH再生的菌株NBYSM-2胞内的SAM含量要低于NBYSM-1。其中发酵24 h,菌株NBYSM-1胞内SAM浓度比菌株NBYSM-2高1.8倍。
图 3 NADPH调控策略对于不同菌株发酵的生物量(A)及SAM浓度(B)的影响 Figure 3 Effects of the NADPH regulation strategy on the biomass (A) and SAM titer (B) in the control and recombinant strains |
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3 讨论酿酒酵母中NADPH的产生来源主要是磷酸戊糖途径(PPP)的氧化部分以及异柠檬酸脱氢酶、乙醛脱氢酶和苹果酸酶的催化反应。但是操作PPP氧化部分的葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶和6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶[23]以及异柠檬酸脱氢酶来调控酿酒酵母胞内NADPH水平,会消耗1个碳产生CO2,降低产物得率。此外,通过中心代谢途径的关键酶来调控胞内氧化还原平衡会对整体的代谢流产生较大影响。而通过引入单独靶向辅因子相关反应的酶能更有效直接地调控胞内辅因子水平,同时在尽量不影响其他物质代谢途径的前提下解析辅因子对产物合成的影响。
细菌来源的转氢酶可以将NADH直接转化为NADPH。然而在酿酒酵母中表达转氢酶,却起到相反的催化效果,NADPH被转化为NADH[24]。另外一种方法则是引入ATP介导的NADH激酶将NADH转化为NADPH。尽管Pos5p被认为是酿酒酵母线粒体内NADPH的主要来源,关于它的机理研究还是不甚清晰[21]。从图 2和图 3中可知,菌株NBYSM-1胞内NADPH、NADPH/NADP+比率以及SAM浓度均高于对照菌PBYSM-0和重组菌NBYSM-2。这说明NADH激酶在酿酒酵母细胞质中的表达对SAM合成起到一定的促进作用。
乙醇和甘油的生成都需要消耗NADH,但实际在好氧发酵条件下,乙醇和甘油的生成途径不同。甘油主要是由于发酵过程糖酵解中产生的过剩NADH被氧化而产生,而乙醇则是由有氧呼吸途径产生。理论上,NADH的减少均会影响甘油和乙醇这些NADH依赖的副产物的生成。从图 4可看出,对照菌PBYSM-0和NBYSM-1菌株生成的乙醇浓度相近,而线粒体中NADPH提高的菌株NBYSM-2乙醇浓度有所上升。由图 4 B可知,3株菌的甘油生成能力差异较为明显,重组菌株合成甘油的能力均有不同程度降低,其中NBYSM-2菌株的甘油浓度降低最多。有文献报道分别在细胞质中表达了形成水的NADH氧化酶(来源于肺炎链球菌的nox基因)以及交替氧化酶(来源于荚膜组织胞浆菌的aox基因),发现表达了aox基因的菌株中乙醇生成量大幅度下降,而表达nox基因的菌株的甘油生产量大大降低[25]。有报道表明通过敲除GDH1 (编码细胞质中NADPH依赖的谷氨酸脱氢酶)改变细胞氧化还原平衡,会减少甘油的生成[26]。虽然NADH激酶介导的NADPH再生系统是以消耗1分子NADH来产生1分子NADPH,但是胞内的NAD (H)和NADP (H)涉及到数个代谢网络的代谢反应,不能简单地用等比例换算来分析结果。
图 4 NADPH调控策略对菌株发酵中乙醇(A)和甘油(B)浓度的影响 Figure 4 Effects of the NADPH regulation strategy on the ethanol titer (A) and glycerol titer (B) in the control and recombinant strains |
图选项 |
综上所述,甘油的减少和乙醇的增多是由于打乱了细胞复杂的氧化还原平衡所致。而NADH的减少和NADPH的增多,最终使得重组菌的细胞质和线粒体均处于略高的氧化态。从SAM浓度的提高和副产物甘油、乙醇的变化可以看出,NADPH再生系统起到了一定的物质重新分配作用,消耗了NADH,提高了NADPH的胞内水平,从而促进了酿酒酵母中SAM的合成。
然而辅因子NADPH调控SAM合成的能力有限,最终没有获得SAM产量的大幅度提升。这可能是由于辅因子牵涉胞内众多反应,难以实现产物定向调控。此外,SAM的合成过程不仅仅受到NADPH的限制,ATP的不足同样会影响SAM的合成。因此,后续的研究可以考虑同时调控胞内ATP以及NADPH水平和比例,以进一步提高SAM产量,为构建高产SAM的菌株奠定基础。
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