ÖйúÃñº½´óѧº½¿Õ¹¤³ÌѧԺ, Ìì½ò 300300
ÊÕ¸åÈÕÆÚ: 2021-03-10; ÐÞ»ØÈÕÆÚ: 2021-06-15; ¼ÓÃÈÕÆÚ: 2021-06-15
»ù½ðÏîÄ¿: ÖйúÃñº½´óѧ¿ª·Å»ù½ð£¨No.000031020102£©
×÷Õß¼ò½é: ²Ü»ÝÁá(1962¡ª), Å®, ½ÌÊÚ, E-mail: hlcao@cauc.edu.cn
ͨѶ×÷Õߣ¨ÔðÈÎ×÷Õߣ©: ê̼Îΰ, E-mail: yjw980205@sina.com
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¹Ø¼ü´Ê£º»·¾³ÎÛȾQARÊý¾ÝÅŷųɱ¾×ۺϳɱ¾
Research on emission estimation of full flight segments combined with QAR Data and its impact on flight cost
CAO Huiling, YAN Jiawei, LI Yuming
College of Aeronautical Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300
Received 10 March 2021; received in revised from 15 June 2021; accepted 15 June 2021
Abstract: With the increasingly serious impact on the environment by emissions, it has become inevitable that emissions costs to be included in the total cost of flight. In the process of improving the basic flight cost model, in order to accurately calculate the aircraft emissions, many parameters that characterize the actual operation of the engine were used to accurately obtain the emissions according to the onboard QAR (Quick Access Recorder) data, and then the improved total flight cost model was used to calculate the actual flight cost. Discussed the cost proportion of fuel, time and emission in the overall cost. The result showed that fuel cost accounted for the largest proportion, about 41.63%, time cost was about 34.13%, and emission cost accounted for 24.24%, which exceeded half of the fuel cost. Therefore, the emission cost has a great impact on the total cost and can-not be ignored. Including the consideration of emission and emission cost calculation in many aspects could provide an effective basis for airlines to preliminarily estimate the aircraft operation cost.
Keywords: environmental pollutionQAR dataemission costcomprehensive cost
1 ÒýÑÔ(Introduction)ÃñÓú½¿Õ·¢¶¯»úÅÅ·ÅÎÛȾÎïÖ÷Òª°üº¬µªÑõ»¯Îï(NOx)¡¢Î´È¼Ì¼Çâ(HC)¡¢Ò»Ñõ»¯Ì¼(CO)¡¢¶þÑõ»¯Áò(SO2)Óë¿ÅÁ£ÎÛȾÎï(PM), Æä¶Ô»·¾³Î£º¦Ö÷Òª·ÖΪÁ½´óÀࣺ»ú³¡ÇøÓò»·¾³¿ÕÆøÖÊÁ¿ºÍÈ«Çò·¶Î§µÄÆøºò±ä»¯(ÕųڵÈ, 2015).Ϊ¿ØÖÆÖðÄêÔö¼ÓµÄÎÛȾÎïÅÅ·Å, ¼õ»º¶Ô»·¾³µÄΣº¦, Å·ÃËÒÑÉèÁ¢Óйغ½¿ÕÅÅ·ÅÎÛȾÎïµÄ»·¾³±£»¤Ë°, Õë¶ÔÎÛȾÎïÅÅ·ÅʵÐÐÃ÷È·¶¨¼Û(Cook et al., 2008), Ö¼ÔÚͨ¹ý¾¼ÃÊÖ¶ÎÀ´¿ØÖƺ½¿ÕÅŷŶԻ·¾³µÄÓ°Ïì.
Ϊ´Ë, ¹úÄÚÍâ****ÒÑ¿ªÊ¼½«ÎÛȾÎïÅŷųɱ¾ÄÉÈë·ÉÐгɱ¾Ö®ÖÐ, ¿ªÕ¹¿¼ÂÇÅŷŵķÉÐÐ×ܳɱ¾¼°¼õÉÙÅŷųɱ¾·½ÃæµÄÑо¿(κ־ǿµÈ, 2016£»Edwards et al., 2016).CookµÈ(2008)ͨ¹ý¶Ô²»Í¬ÎÛȾÎïÖ®¼äµÄȨÖØÎÊÌâ½øÐÐÑо¿, Ìá³öÁË°üº¬Åŷųɱ¾µÄ¶¯Ì¬³É±¾Ö¸Êý¸ÅÄî, ÓÃÓÚ¶Ôº½°àÑÓÎóµÄ·ÖÎö£»GreweµÈ(2013)½«º½¿ÕÅŷųɱ¾Ê×´ÎÒýÈëµ½·ÉÐгɱ¾Ö®ÖÐ, ÓÃÒÔʵÏÖ¶Ô·ÉÐй켣µÄÓÅ»¯Ñо¿£»WangµÈ(2014)¿ªÕ¹Á˽µµÍ·É»úÅŷźͳɱ¾µÄ¶àÄ¿±ê»¯Éè¼Æ, ͨ¹ý¸Ä±äÖØÒªµÄ¼¸ºÎ±äÁ¿ºÍ·ÉÐвÎÊý, ¶ÔÎÂÊÒЧӦºÍ·É»úÖ±½ÓÔËÐгɱ¾½øÐÐÁ˽üËÆÃô¸ÐÐÔ·ÖÎöºÍ¶àÄ¿±ê»¯Éè¼Æ£»EdwardsµÈ(2016)Õë¶Ôº½¿Õ³É±¾Ö¸ÊýºÍº½¿Õ̼ÅŷŵÄδÀ´½øÐÐÁËÏêϸÑо¿, µÃ³ö̼ÅŷŶԻ·¾³µÄÑÏÖØÓ°Ï켰δÀ´µÄ·¢Õ¹Ç÷ÊÆ£»ÎºÖ¾Ç¿µÈ(2016)½¨Á¢ÁËÎÛȾÎïÅÅ·ÅÁ¿ºÍÅŷųɱ¾¼ÆËãÄ£ÐÍ, ½áºÏ¹ú¼ÊÃñº½×éÖ¯(International Civil Aviation Organization, ICAO)ÅÅ·ÅÊý¾Ý¿â¸ø¶¨µÄ·ÉÐÐÊý¾Ý, ¸Ä½ø·ÉÐгɱ¾¼ÆËãÄ£ÐÍ, ¿¼ÂÇÎÛȾÎïÅŷŶԷÉÐгɱ¾ÓÅ»¯µÄÓ°Ï죻TianµÈ(2019)Õë¶ÔÓÅ»¯Ñ²º½·ÉÐÐÐÔÄÜÒÔ×î´ó³Ì¶È¼õÉÙÂÌÉ«Ö±½ÓÔËÐгɱ¾, ½µµÍ·É»úÔËÐжԻ·¾³Ôì³ÉµÄÑÏÖØÓ°Ïì.ÉÏÊöÑо¿Ìá³öÁ˳ɱ¾Ö¸Êý¸ÅÄî, ʵÏÖÁË¿¼ÂÇÅŷųɱ¾µÄ×ܳɱ¾¼ÆËãÓë·ÖÎö, µ«ÓÉÓÚδ½áºÏʵ¼Ê·ÉÐÐÊý¾Ý, ²»ÄÜͨ¹ýʵ¼ÊÎÛȾÎïÅÅ·ÅÀ´·ÖÎöÅŷŸ÷Ó°ÏìÒòËضԷÉÐгɱ¾µÄÓ°Ïì.
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±í 1(Table 1)
±í 1 Öйúº½¿Õ¹«Ë¾ÔËÐгɱ¾µÄµäÐÍ·ÖÀà Table 1 Typical classification of operating costs of Chinese airlines | ||||
±í 1 Öйúº½¿Õ¹«Ë¾ÔËÐгɱ¾µÄµäÐÍ·ÖÀà Table 1 Typical classification of operating costs of Chinese airlines
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±í 2(Table 2)
±í 2 º½¿ÕȼÓͼ°ÎÛȾÎïÅŷż۸ñ Table 2 Aviation fuel and pollutant emission price | ||||||||||||||||
±í 2 º½¿ÕȼÓͼ°ÎÛȾÎïÅŷż۸ñ Table 2 Aviation fuel and pollutant emission price
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2.3 ʱ¼ä³É±¾Ê±¼ä³É±¾Ö÷Òª°üº¬»úÎñάÐ޳ɱ¾ÖÐÓëʱ¼äÏà¹ØµÄ²¿·Ö¡¢·ÉÐн׶οͲշþÎñ·ÑºÍ»ú×éÈËÔ±·ÉÐÐСʱ·ÑÕâ3Ïî»ù´¡·ÑÓÃ, ÆäËûʱ¼ä³É±¾ÒòËØÓÉÓÚÁ¥Êôº½¿Õ¹«Ë¾µÄ²»Í¬, ÎÞ·¨½øÐÐͳһ¶ÈÁ¿, ¹Ê¶ø±¾ÎIJ»½øÐÐÌÖÂÛ.
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±í 3(Table 3)
±í 3 ²»Í¬Çé¿öϵĵ¥Î»Ê±¼ä³É±¾ Table 3 Unit time cost under different conditions | ||||||||
±í 3 ²»Í¬Çé¿öϵĵ¥Î»Ê±¼ä³É±¾ Table 3 Unit time cost under different conditions
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ÆäÖÐ, µÍ¡¢ÖС¢¸ßʱ¼ä³É±¾µÄ»®·Ö±ê×¼¸ù¾Ý·É»úÀàÐÍ(Ö÷ÒªÓ°ÏìÒòËØΪËæ»úÁä±ä¶¯µÄάÐ޳ɱ¾)¡¢»ú×éºÍ³ËÎñÈËÔ±ÊýÁ¿(Ö÷ÒªÓ°ÏìÒòËØΪÏà¹Øн×Ê·ÑÓÃ)ºÍ·ÉÐоàÀë(Ö÷ÒªÓ°ÏìÒòËØΪÉÌÓ÷ɻú·ÉÐÐÐÔÖÊ£ºÖ§Ïß¡¢¸ÉÏߺ͹ú¼Êº½Ïß)²»Í¬Éæ¼°µÄÈËԱά»¤·ÑÓþö¶¨.ʵ¼ÊÉÏ, »¹´æÔںܶàż·¢µÄʱ¼ä³É±¾.ÀýÈç, Óë·ÉÐÐʱ¼äÓйصĺ½°àÑÓÎó¡¢Âÿʹí¹ýת»úº½°àºÍÂÿÍÂúÒâ¶ÈµÈ, ¶¼ÓпÉÄܲúÉú¶îÍâµÄÔËÓª³É±¾£»µ±Òò¿Õ¹ÜÏÞÖƶøÔì³Éº½°àÆð·ÉÑÓÎóʱ, ·ÉÐпÉÄܲ»µÃ²»·ÅÆú¾¼ÃËٶȶø²ÉÓýϴóµÄѲº½ËÙ¶È.µ«¶ÔÓÚÕâЩż·¢µÄʱ¼ä³É±¾, ¿ÉÄÜÄÑÒÔ½¨Á¢¿ÉÓõÄÊýѧģÐÍ, Ò²²»ÊDZ¾ÎÄÌÖÂ۵ķ½Ïò, ¹Ê¶ø²»Õ¹¿ªÌÖÂÛ.
άÐ޳ɱ¾Ëæ×Å»úÁä¶ø·¢Éú±ä»¯, ·É»úÔÚ¡°ÃÛÔÂÆÚ¡±(0~72¸öÔÂÄÚ)άÐ޳ɱ¾×îµÍ, ¶ø½øÈë¡°ÀÏ»¯ÆÚ¡±(144¸öÔÂ)Ö®ºó, άÐ޳ɱ¾½Ï¸ß, 72~144¸öÔ»úÁäµÄάÐ޳ɱ¾¾ÓÖÐ.ÔÚʵ¼Ê¼ÆËã¹ý³ÌÖÐÓ¦°´ÕÕ·É»úµÄʵ¼ÊάÐÞ״̬À´È·¶¨Óëʱ¼äÏà¹ØµÄάÐ޳ɱ¾.±¾Ñо¿¶Ô3ÖÖ»úÁäÇé¿ö¾ù½øÐмÆËã, ¾ßÌåµÄάÐ޳ɱ¾¼ÆË㹫ʽ¿É²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ×(Edwards et al., 2016£»Ò¶Ò¶Åæ, 2018).
·ÉÐн׶εĿͲշþÎñ·ÑÓë»ú×éÈËÔ±·ÉÐÐСʱ·ÑÓÃ, ÓÉÓÚµØÇø²»Í¬¡¢º½¿Õ¹«Ë¾µÄ¾ÓªÄ£Ê½(ÍøÂ纽¿Õ¡¢µØÇøº½¿Õ¡¢µÍ³É±¾º½¿Õ»òÕßÃñÓªº½¿Õ)²»Í¬¡¢·É»úµÄ¶Öλ²»Í¬µÈ, »ú×é³É±¾Ò²´æÔںܴó²îÒì.»ú×éÈËÔ±ºÍ³ËÎñÈËÔ±Ïà¹Øʱ¼ä³É±¾, ͨ³£Óɹ̶¨Ð½×Ê·ÑÓÃ(»ù±¾¹¤×Ê¡¢¸£Àû´ýÓöºÍÅàѵ/¸´Ñµ³É±¾µÈ)ºÍ±ä¶¯·ÑÓÃ(·ÉÐÐСʱ·ÑºÍ³¬Ê±·ÑÓÃ)Á½²¿·Ö×é³É.¹Ì¶¨²¿·Ö¿Éµ÷¿Õ¼ä²»´ó, ±ä¶¯·ÑÓÃÖÐ, °´Õն·ÉÐÐÏÞÖÆ(ÿÄê1000 h)¼°³¬¶î±ê×¼(ÿÄê1200 h)3ÖÖÇé¿ö½øÐгɱ¾¼ÆËã.
·ÉÐоàÀëÏà¹Ø·ÑÓÃ, Ö÷Òª¸ù¾ÝÉÌÓ÷ɻú·ÉÐк½³ÌËùÉæ¼°µÄÈËԱά»¤·ÑÓþö¶¨, Ä¿Ç°´æÔÚÖ§Ïß¡¢¸ÉÏß¼°¹ú¼Êº½Ïß3ÖÖ·ÉÐоàÀë.¶ÔÓ¦²»Í¬·ÉÐоàÀë, ÈËԱά»¤·ÑÓÃÒ²²»¾¡Ïàͬ, Æä¾ßÌå¼ÆËã¹ý³Ì¿É²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ×(Edwards et al., 2016£»Ò¶Ò¶Åæ, 2018).
2.4 ÐÞÕýµÄ·ÉÐÐ×ۺϳɱ¾Ä£ÐÍΪÁ˸ü¼ÓÈ«ÃæµØÆÀ¹ÀÎÛȾÎïÅŷŶԻ·¾³´øÀ´µÄÓ°Ïì¼°¿¼ÂÇ»·¾³±£»¤Ë°ÎÊÌâ, ÔÚ·ÉÐгɱ¾»ù´¡Ä£ÐÍÖÐÌí¼ÓÁËÎÛȾÎïÅŷųɱ¾, µÃµ½ÐÞÕýºóµÄ·ÉÐÐ×ۺϳɱ¾Ä£ÐÍ, ¾ßÌå¼ûʽ(4).Åŷųɱ¾µÄ¼ÓÈë, »áʹÔÓмÆËã³É±¾·¢ÉúºÜ´ó±ä»¯.±ØҪʱº½¿Õ¹«Ë¾ÐèÒª°´ÕÕÐÞÕýºóµÄ³É±¾¼ÆËã·½·¨¹ÀËã·ÉÐгɱ¾.
(4) |
3.1 Æø̬ÎÛȾÎïÅÅ·ÅÖ¸ÊýÐÞÕý·¢¶¯»úÅÅ·ÅÎÛȾÎïÖÐ, SO2ºÍCO2Ö»ÓëȼÓÍÏûºÄÁ¿³ÉÕý±È¹Øϵ, ÓëÆäËû·¢¶¯»úÐÔÄܲÎÊýÎÞ¹Ø, ²»ÐèÒª¶ÔÆäÅÅ·ÅÖ¸ÊýÐÞÕý(ICAO, 2011).¶øNOx¡¢HCºÍCOµÄÅÅ·ÅÓë·¢¶¯»úÐÔÄÜÏà¹Ø, ÐèÒª¸ù¾Ý·¢¶¯»úʵʱÔËÐÐ×´¿öºÍÏà¹Ø²ÎÊý¶ÔÅÅ·ÅÊý¾Ý¿âÖлù׼״̬ϵÄÊý¾Ý½øÐÐÐÞÕý, »ñµÃÕæʵµÄÅÅ·ÅÖ¸Êý.
¶ÔÅÅ·ÅÖ¸Êý½øÐÐÐÞÕý֮ǰ, Ê×Ïȸù¾Ý·ÉÐи߶ȡ¢·ÉÐÐÂíºÕÊý¡¢µÍѹת×ÓתËÙ¡¢ÓÍß˽âËãÆ÷½Ç¶ÈµÈ²ÎÊý¶Ô·ÉÐн׶νøÐо«×¼»®·Ö, ¾Ý´Ë¿ÉÒÔÈ·¶¨·É»úÔÚ²»Í¬º½¶ÎÖоßÌåµÄ·ÉÐÐʱ¼äºÍȼÓÍÏûºÄÁ¿.ÒÀ¾ÝICAOÅÅ·ÅÊý¾Ý¿âÖжÔÓ¦µÄ¸÷·Ö½×¶Î»ù×¼ÅÅ·ÅÖ¸Êý, ²ÉÓÃP3-T3·½·¨¶ÔÆä½øÐÐÐÞÕý, »ñµÃÓëʵ¼Ê·ÉÐн׶ÎÏà¶ÔÓ¦µÄʵ¼ÊÅÅ·ÅÖ¸Êý.
P3-T3·½·¨½áºÏ·¢¶¯»úʵʱÔËÐÐ״̬, ͨ¹ýʵ¼ÊµÄȼÉÕÊÒÈë¿ÚѹÁ¦P3¡¢ÓÍÆø±È(Fuel Air Ratio, FAR)µÃµ½Ã¿Ò»Ë²Ì¬µÄÅÅ·ÅÖ¸Êý, ¾ßÌå¼ÆË㹫ʽ¼ûʽ(5)(²Ü»ÝÁáµÈ, 2019).
(5) |
´Óʽ(5)ÖпÉÎÛȾÎï»ù×¼ÅÅ·ÅÒÔ¿´µ½, Òª»ñµÃ²»Í¬·ÉÐн׶εÄʵʱÎÛȾÎïÅÅ·ÅÖ¸ÊýEIiFLT, ÐèÒª»ñÈ¡»ù׼״̬ÏÂEIiREF¡¢P3REF¡¢FARREFÊýÖµ, Ïêϸ¼ÆËã¹ý³Ì²Î¼ûÎÄÏ×(²Ü»ÝÁáµÈ, 2019).
3.2 ¿ÅÁ£ÎÛȾÎïÅÅ·ÅÖ¸Êý¼ÆËã¿ÅÁ£ÎÛȾÎïÖÐÖ÷ÒªÓзǻӷ¢ÐÔ¿ÅÁ£Îï(PMnvol)¡¢»Ó·¢ÐÔÁòËáÑοÅÁ£Îï(PMvol-FSC)¡¢»Ó·¢ÐÔÓлú¿ÅÁ£Îï(PMvol-Fuel Organics)¼°»Ó·¢ÐÔ»¬ÓÍÉú³ÉÓлú¿ÅÁ£Îï(PMvol-oil)(»Ó·¢ÐÔ»¬ÓÍÉú³ÉÓлú¿ÅÁ£ÎïÅÅ·ÅÁ¿Ä¿Ç°»¹Î´ÓмÆËãÑо¿).
3.2.1 ·Ç»Ó·¢ÐÔ¿ÅÁ£Îï(PMnvol)ÅÅ·ÅÖ¸Êý¼ÆËã·Ç»Ó·¢ÐÔ¿ÅÁ£ÎïµÄÖ÷Òª×é·ÖÊǺÚ̼ÆøÈܽº, ÒÀ¾ÝQARÊý¾Ý, ¼ÆËãÈ«º½¶ÎºÚ̼ÅÅ·ÅÖ¸Êý, ¿ÉÑ¡ÔñÎÞÐ迼ÂDzÉÑù¼°²âÊÔ³ÌÐò¡¢Ö±½Ó»ùÓÚºÚ̼µÄÐγɺÍÑõ»¯¹ý³ÌµÄÐγÉÑõ»¯·¨.ÐγÉÑõ»¯·¨»ùÓÚ´«Í³È¼ÁÏȼÉյķ¢¶¯»ú, ΪÁ˼æ¹Ëµ½·¢¶¯»úÐÔÄܺÍÍâ½ç»·¾³¶ÔȼÁÏȼÉÕ¼°¶ÔÎÛȾÎïÅŷŵÄÓ°Ïì, ÒýÈ뿼ÂÇȼÉÕÆ·ÖʵĿÕȼ±È(Air Fuel Ratio, AFR)ÒÔ¼°·´Ó³·¢¶¯»úȼÉÕÐÔÄܵÄȼÉÕÊÒÖ÷ȼÇøζÈTfl (K), ¼ÆËãÿһ˲̬ϵĺÚ̼Ũ¶ÈCBC (mg ¡¤ m-3)Öµ, ¾ßÌå¼ûʽ(6)£»½áºÏAFR¼°·¢¶¯»úºµÀ±È(Bypass Ratio, BPR)µÃµ½Ã¿Ç§¿ËȼÓ͵ķÏÆøÈÝ»ýÁ÷Á¿QMixed(m3 ¡¤ kg-1), ¾ßÌå¼ûʽ(7).
(6) |
(7) |
×ۺϼÆËãµÃµ½ºÚ̼Ũ¶ÈCBCÓë·ÏÆøÈÝ»ýÁ÷Á¿QMixed, ×îÖյõ½ºÚ̼ÅÅ·ÅÖ¸ÊýEIBC(mg ¡¤ kg-1), ¼ÆË㹫ʽ¼ûʽ(8), ¾ßÌå¼ÆËã¹ý³Ì²Î¼ûÎÄÏ×(²Ü»ÝÁáµÈ, 2020).
(8) |
(9) |
3.2.3 »Ó·¢ÐÔÓлú¿ÅÁ£Îï(PMvol-Fuel Organics)ÅÅ·ÅÖ¸Êý¼ÆËã»Ó·¢ÐÔÓлú¿ÅÁ£ÎïÅÅ·ÅÖ¸ÊýÊÇ´ÓICAO·¢¶¯»úÅÅ·ÅÊý¾Ý¿âËùÁеķ¢¶¯»ú̼Ç⻯ºÏÎïÅÅ·ÅÖ¸ÊýµÄ·¢¶¯»ú±ÈÂʼÆËãµÃ³ö, Èçʽ(10)Ëùʾ.
(10) |
±í 4(Table 4)
±í 4 ²»Í¬×´Ì¬ÏµıÈÂÊÖµ Table 4 Ratio values under different states | ||||||||||
±í 4 ²»Í¬×´Ì¬ÏµıÈÂÊÖµ Table 4 Ratio values under different states
| ||||||||||
3.3 ÎÛȾÎïÅÅ·ÅÁ¿¼ÆËãÑ¡ÔñÓëÖ®¶ÔÓ¦µÄQARÊý¾ÝÖÐÈÎÒâ˲̬֡ϵÄȼÓÍÁ÷Á¿, ½áºÏ·ÉÐÐʱ¼ä¼´¿ÉµÃµ½iÀàÎÛȾÎïÔÚ²»Í¬·ÉÐк½¶ÎÖеÄÎÛȾÎïÅÅ·ÅÁ¿EMIi, ¼ÆËã·½·¨¼û¹«Ê½(11), ½ø¶øÇóµÃÕû¸öÍêÕûº½¶ÎµÄ²»Í¬ÖÖÀàÎÛȾÎïµÄÅÅ·Å×ÜÁ¿EMI, ¼ÆËã·½·¨¼û¹«Ê½(12).
(11) |
(12) |
4 °¸Àý·ÖÎö(Case analysis)4.1 ·É»ú»ù±¾²ÎÊýÑ¡Ôñ´ÓÉϺ£ÆÖ¶«¹ú¼Ê»ú³¡(ICAO´úÂ룺ZSPD)·ÉÍù¼ÓÄôóθ绪»ú³¡(ICAO´úÂ룺CYVR)ij´Îº½°à, »úÐÍB777-300ER, ·¢¶¯»úÐͺÅGE90-115B, ·ÉÐÐʱ¼ä10.38 h, ·ÉÐоàÀë9031 km.¶Ô»úÔØQARÊý¾Ý½øÐÐÔ¤´¦Àí£ºÌÞ³ýÒ°Öµ¡¢²ÉÓÃÀ¸ñÀÊÈÕÄڲ幫ʽ¶ÔתÒëÒÅ©Êý¾Ý½øÐв¹³ä, È¥³ý¸÷·½Ãæ¸ÉÈŶøÔì³ÉµÄ²¨¶¯.ÔÚÍê³ÉÔ¤´¦ÀíµÄQARÊý¾ÝÖÐÌáÈ¡ËùÐèÒªµÄ·¢¶¯»úÏà¹ØÐÔÄܲÎÊý, ²ÉÑùʱ¼ä¼ä¸ôÑ¡Ôñ1 s, ²É¼¯µ½µÄʵ¼Ê·ÉÐÐÊý¾Ý°üÀ¨·ÉÐи߶ȡ¢·ÉÐÐÂíºÕÊý¡¢»·¾³×ÜεȲÎÊý.
´ÓICAO×éÖ¯¹«²¼Êý¾Ý¿â(ICAO, 2013)ºÍ»ú³¡¿ÕÆøÖÊÁ¿ÊÖ²á(ICAO, 2011)ÖвéµÃGE90-115BÐÍ·¢¶¯»úµÄ»ù׼ȼÓÍÁ÷Á¿ºÍÅÅ·ÅÊý¾Ý(±í 5), ÆäÊý¾ÝÊÇÔÚ»ù×¼Ìõ¼þÏÂÓɳµÌ¨ÊµÑéÊý¾Ý»ñµÃ.
±í 5(Table 5)
±í 5 ICAOÅÅ·ÅÊý¾Ý¿â¸ø¶¨µÄGE90-115BÐÍ·¢¶¯»ú»ù׼ȼÓÍÁ÷Á¿ºÍÅÅ·ÅÊý¾Ý Table 5 ICAO emission database given GE90-115B engine benchmark fuel flow and emission data | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
±í 5 ICAOÅÅ·ÅÊý¾Ý¿â¸ø¶¨µÄGE90-115BÐÍ·¢¶¯»ú»ù׼ȼÓÍÁ÷Á¿ºÍÅÅ·ÅÊý¾Ý Table 5 ICAO emission database given GE90-115B engine benchmark fuel flow and emission data
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4.2 ÎÛȾÎïÅÅ·ÅÁ¿¼ÆËã4.2.1 ·ÉÐн׶λ®·Ö½«ËùÑ¡º½°à·ÉÐÐÈ«¹ý³Ì»®·ÖΪ»¬ÐÐÆð·ÉÅÀÉý½×¶Î¡¢¸ß¿Õ·ÉÐн׶ÎÓë½ø½ü׎½×¶Î, ÒÀ¾Ýʵ¼ÊÊý¾Ý»ñÈ¡µÄ¸÷½×¶Î·ÉÐÐʱ¼äÓë·ÉÐи߶ȼû±í 6ºÍͼ 1.ÆäÖÐ, »¬ÐÐÆð·ÉÅÀÉý½×¶Î°üº¬·¢¶¯»úÆô¶¯Ö®ºóµÄ»ú³¡»¬ÐС¢Æð·É¡¢ÅÀÉý3¸ö½×¶Î, Ö÷ÒªÖ¸»¬³öÍ£»úλ·ÉÖÁ1000 m¸ß¿ÕÖ®Äڵijö¸Û»î¶¯£»¸ß¿Õ·ÉÐн׶ÎÖ÷ÒªÊÇ1000 m¸ß¿ÕÖ®ºó, ¼ÌÐøÅÀÉýÖÁÎÈ̬Ѳº½¸ß¶È, Íê³ÉÎÈ̬Ѳº½Ö®ºóϽµÖÁ1000 m¸ß¿Õ×¼±¸½ø¸Û֮ǰµÄ·ÉÐл£»½ø½ü׎½×¶ÎÖ÷ÒªÊÇ1000 m¸ß¶ÈÒÔÏÂ, Íê³ÉϽµ¡¢½ø½ü¡¢×ŽµÄ·ÉÐл.
±í 6(Table 6)
±í 6 È«º½¶Î·ÉÐн׶λ®·Ö Table 6 Division of flight stages for all flight segments | ||||||||||||
±í 6 È«º½¶Î·ÉÐн׶λ®·Ö Table 6 Division of flight stages for all flight segments
| ||||||||||||
ͼ 1(Fig. 1)
ͼ 1 È«º½¶Î·ÉÐи߶ÈʾÒâͼ Fig. 1Schematic diagram of flight altitude for all segments |
4.2.2 ·ÉÐÐÈ«º½¶ÎȼÓÍÏûºÄÁ¿·ÉÐйý³ÌÖÐÓÉÓÚ·ÉÐÐ״̬²»Í¬, ȼÓÍÁ÷Á¿ºÍÎÛȾÎïÅÅ·ÅÖ¸Êýʱ¿Ì·¢Éú±ä»¯, µ¼Ö¸÷¸ö½×¶ÎȼÓÍÏûºÄÁ¿ºÍÎÛȾÎïÅÅ·ÅÁ¿¾ù²»Ïàͬ.¸÷½×¶Îº½¿Õ·¢¶¯»úµÄȼÓÍÏûºÄÁ¿Óë·¢¶¯»úµÄÍÆÁ¦³ÊÕýÏà¹Ø, ͨ¹ý¶Ô»úÔØQARÊý¾ÝÖзÉÐн׶ÎÄÚÿһʱ¼ä֡ϵÄȼÓÍÁ÷Á¿½øÐмӺ͵õ½È«º½¶ÎȼÓÍÏûºÄ×ÜÁ¿Îª41302.76 kg, È«º½¶ÎȼÓÍÁ÷Á¿±ä»¯¼ûͼ 2a, ¸÷½×¶ÎȼÓÍÏûºÄÁ¿¼û±í 7.
ͼ 2(Fig. 2)
ͼ 2 È«º½¶ÎȼÓÍÁ÷Á¿(a) ¼°NOx (b)¡¢HC (c)¡¢CO (d)¡¢PMnvol (e)ºÍPMvol-Fuel Organics (f) ʵʱÅÅ·ÅÖ¸Êý±ä»¯Ç÷ÊÆ Fig. 2Real-time change trend of fuel flow(a), and NOx(b), HC(c), CO(d), PMnvol(e) and PMvol-Fuel Organics(f) emission index for the whole flight segment |
±í 7(Table 7)
±í 7 È«º½¶ÎȼÓÍÏûºÄÁ¿ Table 7 Fuel consumption of the whole flight segment | ||||||||||||||
±í 7 È«º½¶ÎȼÓÍÏûºÄÁ¿ Table 7 Fuel consumption of the whole flight segment
| ||||||||||||||
4.2.3 ·ÉÐÐÈ«º½¶ÎÎÛȾÎïÅÅ·ÅÖ¸Êý¸ù¾Ýʵ¼ÊQARÊý¾ÝÖеÄʵʱȼÓÍÁ÷Á¿Ff¡¢·¢¶¯»úȼÉÕÊÒÈë¿ÚѹÁ¦P3¡¢Î¶ÈT3¡¢¿Õȼ±ÈAFRµÈ·ÉÐÐÊý¾ÝºÍ´óÆøÏà¶Ôʪ¶ÈhµÈ»·¾³Êý¾Ý, ÒÀ¾ÝµÚ3½ÚÖн¨Á¢µÄ·¢¶¯»úÎÛȾÎïÅÅ·ÅÖ¸ÊýÐÞÕýÄ£ÐÍ, ½øÐÐÈ«º½¶ÎÎÛȾÎïʵʱÅÅ·ÅÖ¸Êý¼ÆËã.
¢Ù NOxÅÅ·ÅÖ¸Êý.·ÉÐÐÈ«º½¶ÎÖÐNOxÖ÷ÒªÊÇÓÉÓÚ½øÈëȼÉÕÊҵĿÕÆøÁ÷ÖеÄN2, ÔÚȼÉÕÊÒÖ÷ȼÇøµÄ»ðÑæÑÌÓðÖз¢ÉúÈÈÑõ»¯×÷Óöø²úÉú, Óë·¢¶¯»úȼÉÕÊÒȼÉÕ×´¿öÃÜÇÐÏà¹Ø, ½ø¶øµ¼ÖÂNOxÅÅ·ÅÖ¸Êýʵʱ±ä»¯Ç÷ÊÆÓëȼÓÍÁ÷Á¿±ä»¯Ç÷ÊƽÏΪÏà½ü, ¾ßÌåÈçͼ 2bËùʾ.
¢Ú HC¡¢COÅÅ·ÅÖ¸Êý.HCÓëCOÖ÷ÒªÊÇÔÚÔËÐйý³ÌÖз¢Éú²»ÍêȫȼÉÕÉú³ÉµÄ²úÎï, È«º½¶ÎÅÅ·ÅÖ¸Êýʵʱ±ä»¯Ç÷ÊÆÓëȼÓÍÁ÷Á¿µÄ±ä»¯Ç÷ÊÆÏà·´.Èçͼ 2c~2dËùʾ, HCÔÚÈ«º½¶Î·ÉÐйý³ÌÖÐ, ÅÅ·ÅÖ¸ÊýÖ÷ÒªÔÚ0.03~0.38 g ¡¤ kg-1·¶Î§Äڱ䶯£»COÔÚÈ«º½¶Î·ÉÐйý³ÌÖÐ, ÅÅ·ÅÖ¸ÊýÔÚLTO½×¶Î²¨¶¯½Ï´ó, Ѳº½½×¶Î½ÏΪƽÎÈ.
¢Û PMÅÅ·ÅÖ¸Êý.¿ÅÁ£ÎÛȾÎïÖзǻӷ¢ÐÔ×é·ÖPMnvolÖ÷ÒªÊÇ̼ÖÊȼÁÏδÍêȫȼÉÕ·¢ÉúÈȽâµÄ²úÎï, ±»ÈÏΪÊÇÒýÆðÆøºò±äů½ö´ÎÓÚCO2µÄÖØÒªÎÛȾÎï(Jacobson, 2005), ÅÅ·ÅÖ¸ÊýÓëȼÁÏȼÉÕϢϢÏà¹Ø, ÓëȼÓÍÁ÷Á¿µÄ±ä»¯Ç÷ÊÆÏàËÆ, Èçͼ 2eËùʾ, ÅÅ·ÅÖ¸ÊýÔÚ²»Í¬·ÉÐн׶βîÒìÐÔÒ²½Ï´ó, ×î´óÖµ³öÏÖÔÚÆð·É½×¶Î.»Ó·¢ÐÔÁòËáÑοÅÁ£ÎïPMvol-FSCÅÅ·ÅÖ¸ÊýÊǸù¾ÝICAO¸ø¶¨Ä£ÐͼÆËãµÃµ½µÄ, Óë·ÉÐн׶ÎÎÞ¹Ø.»Ó·¢ÐÔÓлú¿ÅÁ£ÎïPMvol-Fuel OrganicsͬÑùÒ²ÊÇȼÁÏδÍêȫȼÉյIJúÎï, ÅÅ·ÅÖ¸Êý±ä»¯Ç÷ÊÆÓëHC¡¢CO½üËÆ, Èçͼ 2fËùʾ, ÅÅ·ÅÖ¸ÊýͬÑùÒ²ÊÇÔÚ²»Í¬½×¶Î²îÒìÐԽϴó, Æð·É½×¶ÎÊýÖµ×î´ó, Âý³µ»¬Ðн׶Î×îС.
4.2.4 ·ÉÐÐÈ«º½¶ÎÎÛȾÎïÅÅ·ÅÁ¿½áºÏ4.2.2½ÚÖÐÈ«º½¶ÎȼÓÍÏûºÄÁ¿Óë4.2.3½ÚÖв»Í¬ÎÛȾÎïµÄÈ«º½¶ÎʵʱÅÅ·ÅÖ¸Êý, ÓÉʽ(11)¡¢(12)¼ÆËãµÃµ½È«º½¶Î¸÷ÀàÎÛȾÎïÅÅ·Å×ÜÁ¿(ͼ 3a).²»Í¬·ÉÐн׶θ÷ÀàÎÛȾÎïÅÅ·ÅÁ¿Èçͼ 3bËùʾ, ·ÉÐи÷½×¶Î¸÷ÀàÎÛȾÎïÅÅ·ÅÁ¿¾ßÌåÊýÖµ¼û±í 8.
ͼ 3(Fig. 3)
ͼ 3 È«º½¶Î(a) ¼°²»Í¬·ÉÐн׶Î(b) ¸÷ÀàÎÛȾÎïÅÅ·ÅÁ¿ Fig. 3Emissions of various pollutants in whole flight segment(a) and different flight stages(b) |
±í 8(Table 8)
±í 8 ·ÉÐи÷½×¶Î¸÷ÀàÎÛȾÎïÅÅ·ÅÁ¿ Table 8 Emissions of various pollutants in each stage of flight | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
±í 8 ·ÉÐи÷½×¶Î¸÷ÀàÎÛȾÎïÅÅ·ÅÁ¿ Table 8 Emissions of various pollutants in each stage of flight
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
´Óͼ 3aÖпÉÒÔ¿´µ½, ÎÂÊÒÆøÌåCO2µÄÈ«º½¶ÎÅÅ·ÅÁ¿×î¶à, ԼΪ131445.89 kg, Ô¶Ô¶¸ßÓÚÆäËûÎÛȾÎïµÄ×ܺͣ»¶Ô»·¾³ÎÛȾ×îΪÑÏÖصÄNOx, È«º½¶ÎÅÅ·Å×ÜÁ¿Ô¼Îª2027.63 kg£»SO2ºÍCOµÄÈ«º½¶ÎÅÅ·Å×ÜÁ¿´ÎÖ®, ·Ö±ðԼΪ161.34 kgºÍ88.19 kg£»ÅÅ·ÅÁ¿×îÉÙµÄÔòΪHCÓëPM, È«º½¶ÎÅÅ·ÅÁ¿¾ùÔÚ10 kgÒÔÄÚ, ·Ö±ðԼΪ6.21 kgÓë4.36 kg.
´Óͼ 3bÖпÉÒÔ¿´µ½, ·ÉÐйý³ÌÖзÉÐÐʱ¼ä×¡¢·ÉÐоàÀë×îÔ¶¡¢È¼ÓÍÏûºÄÁ¿×î´óµÄѲº½½×¶Î, ÎÛȾÎïÅÅ·ÅÁ¿×î¶à.SO2ºÍCO2µÄ²úÉú½öÓëȼÓÍȼÉպͷÉÐÐʱ¼äÏà¹Ø£»¶øNOx¡¢CO¡¢HCÓëPMÅÅ·ÅÁ¿Ôò²»½öÊܵ½È¼ÓÍÁ÷Á¿ºÍ·ÉÐÐʱ¼äµÄÓ°Ïì, »¹»áÊܵ½ÊµÊ±±ä»¯µÄÅÅ·ÅÖ¸ÊýµÄÓ°Ïì.
ΪÁ˶ÔÕÕÒÀ¾ÝICAOÅÅ·ÅÊý¾Ý¿â¸ø¶¨ÊýÖµ½øÐмÆËãºÍ°´ÕÕʵ¼ÊQARÊý¾Ý½øÐмÆËãµÄÒìͬ, ¼ÆËãÁ˱¾´Îº½°àLTO½×¶ÎÅÅ·ÅÁ¿¹ÀËãÖµÏà¶ÔÆ«²î, ½á¹û¼û±í 9.´Ó±íÖпɼû, ʵ¼ÊÅÀÉýʱ¼äµÍÓÚICAOÅÅ·ÅÊý¾Ý¿âÖиø¶¨Öµ, ¶øÆäËü½×¶Îʱ¼ä¾ù¶àÓÚICAO¸ø¶¨µÄʱ¼ä, ÕûÌåLTO½×¶ÎÖÐÕæʵ·ÉÐÐʱ¼ä±È»ù׼ʱ¼ä¶à³ö20%.ͬʱ, ʵ¼Ê·ÉÐйý³ÌÖÐ, ȼÓÍÁ÷Á¿¼¸ºõ¶¼Ð¡ÓÚ¸ø¶¨µÄ»ù׼ȼÓÍÁ÷Á¿, ½ø¶øµ¼ÖÂʵ¼ÊȼÓÍÏûºÄ×ÜÁ¿Ô¼ÉÙÓÚ»ù×¼ÊýÖµµÄ5%.
±í 9(Table 9)
±í 9 °´ÕÕQARʵ¼ÊÊý¾ÝÓëÒÀ¾ÝICAO»ù×¼²ÎÊý¼ÆËã½á¹ûµÄÏà¶ÔÆ«²î Table 9 The relative deviation between the actual QAR data and the calculated results based on ICAO benchmark parameters | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
±í 9 °´ÕÕQARʵ¼ÊÊý¾ÝÓëÒÀ¾ÝICAO»ù×¼²ÎÊý¼ÆËã½á¹ûµÄÏà¶ÔÆ«²î Table 9 The relative deviation between the actual QAR data and the calculated results based on ICAO benchmark parameters
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ÅÅ·ÅÎÛȾÎïÖÐ, Æø̬ÎÛȾÎïSO2ºÍCO2µÄÅÅ·ÅÖ¸ÊýÖ»ÓëȼÓÍÏûºÄÁ¿³ÉÕý±È¹Øϵ, ¹Ê¶øʵ¼ÊÅÅ·Å×ÜÁ¿¼¸ºõ¶¼ÊdzÊÏÖºÍȼÓÍÏûºÄÁ¿Ò»ÑùÉÙÓÚ»ù×¼ÅÅ·ÅÁ¿µÄÇ÷ÊÆ.NOxÈ«º½¶ÎÅÅ·ÅÁ¿½ö´ÎÓÚCO2, Õû¸öLTO½×¶ÎÖÐ, NOxʵ¼ÊÅÅ·ÅÁ¿¾ù¶àÓÚICAO»ù×¼ÅÅ·ÅÁ¿, ×ÜÁ¿Æ«²îֵΪ36%.ÆäÖÐ, ÔÚ»¬Ðн׶ÎÆ«²îÖµ×î´ó, ԼΪ80%, ÔÚÆäËû·Ö½×¶ÎÖÐ, Æ«²îÖµÔÚ16%~34%Ö®¼ä.HCºÍCOÁ½ÖÖÎÛȾÎïÊÇÆø̬ÎÛȾÎïÖÐÅÅ·ÅÁ¿×îÉÙµÄ, ·ÉÐн׶Îʵ¼ÊÅųöÁ¿Ïà±ÈICAO»ù×¼ÅÅ·ÅÁ¿, Æ«²îÖµ·Ö±ðΪ-12%ºÍ-18%.È«º½¶ÎPMÅÅ·Å×ÜÁ¿µÄʵ¼ÊÅųöÁ¿Óë»ù×¼ÅÅ·ÅÁ¿Æ«²îֵΪ27%, Æð·É¡¢ÅÀÉýºÍ»¬Ðн׶Î, ʵ¼ÊÅųöÁ¿¾ù¸ßÓÚ»ù×¼ÅÅ·ÅÁ¿, Æ«²îÖµÔÚ19%~53%Ö®¼ä²»µÈ£»½ø½ü½×¶Î, ÓÉÓÚȼÓÍÏûºÄÁ¿²»Í¬, ʵ¼ÊÅųöÁ¿µÍÓÚ»ù×¼ÅÅ·ÅÁ¿, Æ«²îֵΪ-48%.
·¢¶¯»úÅÅ·ÅÎÛȾÎïÕæʵÅÅ·ÅÁ¿ÓëICAO¸ø¶¨»ù×¼ÖµÖ®¼ä´æÔڽϴó²î¾à, ²»½öÓë·ÉÐÐʱ¼ä¡¢·ÉÐÐ״̬Ïà¹Ø, ·¢¶¯»ú×ÔÉíµÄÐÔÄÜÒ²Êܵ½Íâ½ç»·¾³Ìõ¼þ¡¢¹¤×÷ÄêÏÞºÍά»¤×´Ì¬µÈÖî¶àÒòËØÓ°Ï죻¿¼Âǵ½½µµÍÓͺĺÍÆð·ÉÔëÉùµÈ, ʵ¼Ê·ÉÐйý³ÌÖÐ, ·ÉÐÐÔ±Ò²»á±»ÒªÇóʵÐмõÍÆÁ¦µÈ·ÉÐвÙ×÷, ÕâҲʹµÃʵ¼ÊÎÛȾÎïÅÅ·ÅÁ¿Óë¸ø¶¨»ù×¼ÖµÓнϴó²îÒì.Óɴ˿ɼû, ÅÅ·ÅÊý¾Ý¿â¸ø¶¨»ù×¼ÅÅ·ÅÊý¾Ý¸üÊʺÏÓÃÓÚÕë¶Ô¹Ì¶¨»úÐ͵Äͳ¼Æ·ÖÎö, ΪÁ˸üΪ׼ȷµØÆÀ¹ÀÖ´ÐоßÌå·ÉÐÐÈÎÎñµÄ¾ßÌ庽°àµ¥¼Ü´Î·ÉÐгɱ¾, Ó¦ÒÔ½áºÏʵ¼Ê·ÉÐÐÊý¾Ý¼ÆËãµÄÎÛȾÎïÅÅ·ÅÁ¿×÷Ϊ³É±¾¼ÆËã»ù×¼.
4.3 ·ÉÐгɱ¾¼ÆËã4.3.1 ȼÓÍÓëÅŷųɱ¾ÒÀ¾Ý¼ÆËãµÃµ½µÄ¸÷½×¶ÎÅÅ·ÅÁ¿, ½áºÏ±í 2ÖеÄȼÓͼ°ÎÛȾÎïÅŷż۸ñ¿ÉµÃ·ÉÐÐÈ«º½¶ÎȼÓͳɱ¾¼°ÎÛȾÎïÅŷųɱ¾, ½á¹ûÈç±í 10Ëùʾ.²»Í¬ÖÖÀàÎÛȾÎïÅŷųɱ¾Õ¼±ÈÈçͼ 4Ëùʾ.ÓÉͼ 4¿ÉÒÔ¿´³ö, ³¤º½³ÌÅÅ·ÅÎÛȾÎïÖÐNOxÅŷųɱ¾×î¸ß, Õ¼±È¸ß´ï69.34%, µ±¾ÖÐë¸ß¶ÈÖØÊÓ¼õÉÙNOxÅÅ·ÅÁ¿µÄʵʩ´ëÊ©, ½ø¶ø¼õÉÙÆä¸ß°ºµÄÅŷųɱ¾£»Ä¿Ç°CO2ÅÅ·ÅÁ¿×î¶à, µ«ÓÉÓÚ̼Åŷż۸ñ½ÏÆäËûÎÛȾÎïµÍ, Åŷųɱ¾´ÎÖ®, ½üºõÉÙÓÚNOxÅŷųɱ¾µÄ1/2, Õ¼±ÈԼΪ25.09%£»SO2µÄÅÅ·ÅÁ¿½ÏµÍ, µ¥¼Û½Ï¸ß, Åŷųɱ¾Ò²²»¿ÉºöÊÓ, Õ¼±ÈԼΪ5.24%£»HC¡¢PMºÍCOµÄÅŷųɱ¾×îµÍ, Õ¼±È·Ö±ðԼΪ0.18%¡¢0.08%ºÍ0.07%.
±í 10(Table 10)
±í 10 ·ÉÐÐÈ«º½¶ÎȼÓͼ°ÎÛȾÎïÅŷųɱ¾ Table 10 Fuel and pollutant emission costs for the entire flight segment | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
±í 10 ·ÉÐÐÈ«º½¶ÎȼÓͼ°ÎÛȾÎïÅŷųɱ¾ Table 10 Fuel and pollutant emission costs for the entire flight segment
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ͼ 4(Fig. 4)
ͼ 4 ²»Í¬ÖÖÀàÎÛȾÎïÅŷųɱ¾Õ¼±È Fig. 4Proportion of different types of pollutant emission costs |
4.3.2 ʱ¼ä³É±¾¼øÓÚËùÑ¡º½°à·ÉÐÐʱ¼ä³¤¡¢»ú×éÈËÔ±¶à¡¢³Ë¿ÍÊýÁ¿ÅÓ´ó¡¢·ÉÐоàÀëÔ¶µÈʵ¼ÊÇé¿ö, Ñ¡Ôñ2.3½ÚÖÐËùÊöµÄ¸ßʱ¼ä³É±¾Çé¿ö½øÐмÆËãÑо¿.Óɹ«Ê½(4)½áºÏ±í 6ÖÐʵ¼Ê·ÉÐÐʱ¼ä(622.93min), µÃµ½È«º½¶Îʱ¼ä³É±¾Îª206607.19Ôª.
4.3.3 ³É±¾×ÛºÏÒÀ¾Ý¼ÆËãµÃµ½µÄ³ý¹Ì¶¨³É±¾Ö®ÍâµÄ¸÷Àà³É±¾¼°Õ¼±È¼û±í 11ºÍͼ 5.ÌÞ³ýÊÓΪ³£ÊýµÄ¹Ì¶¨³É±¾, ȼÓͳɱ¾Îª×ۺϳɱ¾ÖÐÕ¼±È×î´óµÄÒ»Ïî, Õ¼±ÈԼΪ41.63%.ʱ¼ä³É±¾Õ¼±È´ÎÖ®, ԼΪȼÓͳɱ¾µÄ2/3, Ëæן½³Ì¡¢»ú×éÈËÔ±µÈÒòËصÄÔö¼Ó, ʱ¼ä³É±¾ÈÔ»á¼ÌÐøÔö¼Ó, ÔÚ±¾´Îº½°à·ÉÐйý³ÌÖÐ, Õ¼±ÈԼΪ34.13%.һֱδÄÉÈë³É±¾¼ÆËãµÄÎÛȾÎïÅŷųɱ¾ÔÚ³¤º½³Ì³É±¾Õ¼±ÈÖдﵽ24.24%, ¶àÓÚȼÓͳɱ¾µÄ1/2Ö®ÉÏ, Óú¼Ó˵Ã÷ÅŷŶԷÉÐгɱ¾µÄÖØÒªÓ°Ïì.
±í 11(Table 11)
±í 11 È«º½¶Î²»Í¬ÖÖÀà³É±¾ Table 11 Different types of costs throughout the flight segment | ||||||||||
±í 11 È«º½¶Î²»Í¬ÖÖÀà³É±¾ Table 11 Different types of costs throughout the flight segment
| ||||||||||
ͼ 5(Fig. 5)
ͼ 5 È«º½¶Î²»Í¬ÖÖÀà³É±¾Õ¼±È Fig. 5The proportion of different types of costs in the whole flight segment |
5 ½áÂÛ(Conclusions)1) ÎÛȾÎïÅÅ·ÅÖ¸Êý¾ÐÞÕýºóÄÉÈë¼ÆËãÄ£Ð͵õ½·ÉÐÐÈ«º½¶Îʵ¼ÊÎÛȾÎïÅÅ·ÅÁ¿, ÓëICAO»ù׼ģÐÍLTO½×¶Î¹ÀËã½á¹û½øÐбȶÔ, ʵ¼Ê·ÉÐÐʱ¼äÏà½Ï»ù׼ģÐͶà20%£»¶øÒòȼÓÍÁ÷Á¿Ð¡ÓÚ»ù×¼ÊýÖµ, µ¼ÖÂʵ¼ÊȼÓÍÏûºÄÁ¿½Ï»ù×¼ÊýÖµÉÙ5%, Ö±½Óµ¼ÖÂÓëȼÓÍÏûºÄÁ¿³ÉÕý±ÈµÄSO2ºÍCO2ÅÅ·ÅÁ¿Ò²½Ï»ù×¼ÊýÖµÉÙ5%£»ÆäËüÎÛȾÎïÅÅ·ÅÁ¿Ò²½Ï»ù×¼ÊýÖµÓÐËùÔö¼õ, ÆäÖÐ, NOxºÍPMÅÅ·ÅÁ¿¶àÓÚ»ù×¼Öµ, ÆäËûÎÛȾÎïÅÅ·ÅÁ¿¾ùÉÙÓÚ»ù×¼Öµ.
2) ¶Ô²»Í¬ÖÖÀà³É±¾½øÐо¼ÃÐÔÁ¿»¯, ¼ÆËãµÃ³öÈ«º½¶Î·ÉÐÐ×ۺϳɱ¾ÖÐ, ȼÓͳɱ¾Õ¼±È×î´ó, ԼΪ41.63%£»Ê±¼ä³É±¾Õ¼±È´ïµ½ÁËȼÓͳɱ¾µÄ2/3, ԼΪ34.13%£»»ù´¡Ä£ÐÍÖÐδÄÉÈëµÄÅŷųɱ¾Õ¼±È´ïµ½24.24%, ¶àÓÚȼÓͳɱ¾µÄ1/2.
3) ÄÉÈëÎÛȾÎïÅŷųɱ¾, ÍêÉÆÁË·ÉÐгɱ¾¼ÆËãÄ£ÐÍ, ¿É¸üΪÕæʵµØÁ¿»¯·É»úÔËÐеľ¼ÃÐԳɱ¾, ͬʱ±íÃ÷Åŷųɱ¾¶Ô·ÉÐгɱ¾µÄÓ°Ïì²»¿É»òȱ, ΪȷÁ¢½áºÏ·É»úʵ¼ÊÔËÐÐ×´¿öµÄ·ÉÐÐ×ܳɱ¾¼ÆËãÌṩÁ˲ο¼ÒÀ¾Ý.
²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ×
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