摘要:鸟类是地球生物多样性中的重要组成部分，在生态系统功能和服务中发挥着重要作用，是生态环境变化的重要指示物种。农业景观中的食虫鸟类提供了重要的虫害控制服务。当前，农业景观中鸟类多样性丧失加剧，为探讨鸟类多样性在各生境以及年际间的变化，以黄淮平原为研究区，在河流、湖泊、农田、村庄等生境中共设置20个样点。于2016-2019年连续4年在繁殖期采用样线法对鸟类进行多样性调查。调查结果显示：（1）共发现22922只个体，分属14目，38科，53属。从区系分布来看，各生境各年间均以广布种为主；从生态类群来看，鸣禽占绝对优势；从居留型来看，留鸟所占比例最高。（2）在食性组成上，从物种丰富度看，食虫鸟类有57种，约占总物种数的77%；从个体数来看，杂食性鸟类占比超52%。（3）物种丰富度、多样性和均匀度指数最高值均出现在湖泊或河流生境中。（4）鸟类群落相似性分析显示，各生境间鸟类群落均为中等相似程度；鸟类物种丰富度波动幅度在农田和村庄中呈逐年上升趋势。（5）物种多样性加性拆分分析显示，在生境尺度上，局地的α多样性是生物多样性的最重要组成，而从整个研究区来看，生境间的差异则更为重要。造成鸟类多样性时空差异的原因复杂多样，而生境异质性的增加和水域的存在对提高鸟类多样性是具有积极作用的。调查中超过77%的物种和40%的个体均为食虫鸟类，应当充分重视鸟类为区域农业景观提供的虫害控制服务。本研究可为区域鸟类多样性保护及鸟类提供的生态系统服务的提升管理提供理论基础和科学依据。



Abstract:Birds are an important part of the earth's biodiversity and play an important role in ecosystem functions and services. At the same time, birds are sensitive to changes in the ecological environment and are easy to observe. They are important indicator species for ecological environment changes. In order to explore the changes of bird diversity in various habitats and inter-annual, the Huanghuai Plain was used as a research area, and 20 samples were set in rivers, lakes, farmland and village habitats. In the breeding season from 2016 to 2019, the diversity of birds was investigated by the transect method during the breeding season. The survey results showed that: (1) a total of 22,922 individuals were found, belonging to 14 orders, 38 families, and 53 genera. From the perspective of fauna distribution, each habitat was dominated by Cosmopolitan species, followed by Oriental realm species, and the lowest number of Palearctic realm species. From the perspective of ecological groups, songbirds had an absolute advantage; from the perspective of residence type, the resident birds was the main group in the study area; and the proportion of traveling birds and winter migrant birds was the lowest. (2) In terms of feeding composition, from the perspective of species richness, there were 57 species of insectivorous birds, accounting for about 77% of the total species, and herbivorous and omnivorous birds each accounted for about 10%. In terms of the number of individuals, omnivorous birds accounted for more than 52%, insectivorous birds also exceeded 40%, and herbivorous birds were the least. (3) The highest value of species richness, diversity and evenness index appeared in lakes or river habitats in all years and in general, indicating that the presence of waters has a positive impact on increasing species diversity. (4) Similarity analysis of bird communities was carried out on bird communities in different habitats, and each habitat was medium similar. The fluctuation range of bird species richness has been increasing year by year in farmland and villages. (5) The additive partition analysis of species diversity showed that on the habitat scale, local alpha diversity was the most important component of biodiversity, and from the perspective of the entire study area, the differences between habitats were more important. The reasons for the temporal and spatial differences in bird diversity are complex and diverse, and the increase in habitat heterogeneity and the presence of water areas have a positive effect on improving bird diversity. The proportion of the water area in the habitat should be increased, and the quality of the water should be improved. More than 77% of the species and 40% of the individuals in the survey are insectivorous birds, and full attention should be paid to the pest control services provided by birds for the regional agricultural landscape. The bird community consumes more insects and even small vertebrate, invertebrates, etc. during the breeding season,and the pest control services provided by insectivorous birds are essential for sustainable agricultural production and food security. This study can provide some theoretical support and reasonable suggestions for the improvement of regional bird diversity and stable supply of ecosystem services. The conclusions drawn can provide a theoretical basis and scientific basis for the conservation of regional bird diversity and the improvement of ecosystem services provided by birds.





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