摘要:鸟类是湿地生态系统重要的一类环境指示生物，研究其群落特征对湿地退化的响应，有助于揭示湿地生态系统结构和功能的变化、探讨对湿地状况进行有效监测和评价的方法。以若尔盖湿地国家级自然保护区花湖、兰州大学高寒草甸与湿地生态系统定位研究站（阿孜站）为研究区域，2018年5、2019年5月采用样线法对区域中4种高原湿地退化梯度，即典型湿地（Ⅰ型）、季节性湿地（Ⅱ型）、中度退化湿地（Ⅲ型）和重度退化湿地（Ⅳ型）的繁殖鸟类群落进行调查研究。研究时段共记录到繁殖鸟类8目14科41种，其中花湖繁殖鸟类39种，阿孜站繁殖鸟类21种。数据分析显示，随着高原湿地退化演替序列，两地的鸟类群落物种数和多样性指数均逐步减小，群落优势度不断增大；Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型群落相似性系数最高，Ⅰ型和Ⅳ型间群落相似性最低，表明鸟类群落随湿地退化发生明显改变，仅与毗邻的退化梯度群落组成相似。研究区域Ⅰ型生境中，水禽类占绝对优势，以红脚鹬（Tringa totanus）为优势种；Ⅱ型中长嘴百灵（Melanocorypha maxima）为群落中优势种；小云雀（Alauda gulgula）和角百灵（Eremophila alpestris）为Ⅲ型群落中的优势种；群落中优势种团为雪雀（Montifringilla spp.）和地山雀（Pseudopodoces humilis）时，标志着湿地已经重度退化（Ⅳ型）。鸟类群落优势种的转变是鸟类营巢环境要求与湿地退化中环境的改变相适应的结果。本研究尝试性的提出如何利用鸟类对高原湿地退化状态进行监测和评价。



Abstract:There is an important need to assess and monitor the status of the Zoige plateau wetland in the face of growing degradation. Birds are the most active element of wetland ecosystem and can be used as bio-indicators of environmental change. We conducted a field study on the breeding bird community of four degradation gradients of plateau wetland in Zoige area. Analysis of the data indicates that the species abundance and the diversity index of avian community decrease gradually and the community dominance index shows an increase with the degraded succession. The similarity of avian community between two contiguous gradients of the succession is higher. The dominant species of avian community is Tringa totanus in typical wetland (stage Ⅰ), and it converts to be Melanocorypha maxima after the wetland gradually drying up into seasonal wetland (stage Ⅱ). When the wetland turned into moderate degradation (stage Ⅲ) and heavy degradation (stage Ⅳ), its dominant species groups have become Eremophila alpestris /Alauda gulgula and Montifringilla spp. /Pseudopodoces humilis, respectively. We have identified a list of bird species associated with different plateau wetland degradation stages, and presented this as a checklist for future monitoring and assessing on plateau wetland degradation.





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