摘要:减小阻碍国家公园管理目标实现的灾害风险，实现管理有效性，是保证国家公园体制建设建立的重要途径。研究提出，面向国家公园多元管理目标，保障社会-生态系统稳定性和恢复力，国家公园灾害风险管理具有综合性。这种综合性体现在国家公园内致灾因子与承灾体的多样性、相对性与转化性，需要集成分别侧重社会与生态系统的传统自然灾害风险管理与生态风险管理，让灾害风险管理贯穿国家公园具体管理。为实现集成应对这种综合性，研究首先总结国内外多类型自然保护地灾害风险管理特点与经验，辨析国家公园灾害风险管理在国家公园管理职责和管理规划中的定位，从3个方面提出对我国国家公园灾害风险管理的启示：1）需要与国家公园宏观管理目标紧密相连；2）以维持社会-生态系统理想状态为目标；3）要具有管理空间、时间与运行的整体性。在此基础上提出一个面向国家公园管理目标的综合灾害风险管理框架，其主要特点是：1）具有"层级式"管理目标；2）以社会-生态系统服务为评价终点开展以理想状态为目标的风险管理；3）联结研究与管理、协调科学与价值观进行适应性管理。



Abstract:It is an important approach to ensure a national park system construction by reducing disaster risks, as they may hinder the realisation of national park management objectives and achieving management effectiveness. This research proposed that a comprehensive disaster risk management is needed to secure stability and resilience of a national park as a social-ecological system during the process of the realisation of multiple management objectives of national parks. National parks have multiple management objectives including biodiversity and ecosystem integrity protection, environmental education, recreation, scientific research, etc. The diversity of management objectives determines that the all the elements of the social-ecological system, including species and ecosystems as the ecological components, tourists, local residents and managers as the human components, as well as buildings, roads and other infrastructures, can be subject to natural, man-made and secondary hazards. Furthermore, bearers of certain disasters can also become hazards to others under certain conditions. For example, wild animals can be a threat to visitors and local people while they may also be vulnerable to natural disasters. Thus, disaster risk management in national parks is comprehensive in that both hazards and the receptors have diverse types, are relative in status to be interchangeable in certain contexts. Therefore, an integration of natural disaster risk management, which is usually emphasized in disaster risk reduction of social-economic systems, and ecological risk management, which is frequently addressed in environment and ecosystem management, is necessary to embed disaster risk management to the overall national park management. To achieve this integration, this research first summarised characteristics and experiences of disaster risk management of multiple types of protected areas, such as nature reserves and scenic areas, both at home and abroad in general, and then analysed the role of disaster risk management in the implementation of national park management policy and management planning in particular. By matching the global experience to China national park management demand, this paper then provided three aspects of insight that disaster risk management needs 1) to be closely connected with macro management goals of national parks; 2) to focus on the maintenance of "desired state" of the social-ecological system; and 3) to have an integrated idea at spatiotemporal and operation level. A management framework was then proposed with three major features of 1) defining a hierarchical management goal; 2) applying social-ecosystem services as assessment endpoints to achieve a "desired state" in risk management; and 3) linking science-based evidence to value judgement in management for adaptive management.





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