摘要:生态位分化使时空资源利用重叠的物种实现共存，并且生态位研究在野生动物管理、种间关系和群落结构等方面有广泛应用和深远影响。放牧作为最主要的人为干扰之一，通过资源（食物、时间、空间等）竞争改变野生动物资源利用特征，甚至影响同域分布物种的生存。华北豹（Panthera pardus japonesis）是我国特有的珍稀野生动物，而其野生猎物种群数量会因与家畜资源竞争而减少，甚至直接或间接地影响华北豹种群生存。因此掌握保护区内家畜与野生动物的空间、时间利用情况，得以评估野生动物的生存状态。于2018年10月-2019年5月，通过架设62台红外自动相机获取铁桥山自然保护区4种哺乳动物活动数据，采用双物种单季节模型（Two-species single season model）和核密度估计（kernel density estimation）分析华北豹与猎物及其家畜在圈养、散养期的空间互作关系和活动规律，并且通过重叠系数（Coefficient of overlap）计算两物种间日活动时间重叠。结果表明：（1）家畜放养期间，华北豹-狍，华北豹-野猪的空间回避作用均比无家畜存在时减弱，可能是时间重叠程度增大的补偿机制。华北豹-牛的空间回避作用最强。（2）华北豹-牛时空重叠程度不大，牛-狍时空重叠程度较大，牛-野猪空间上共存而时间重叠程度较小。（3）日活动节律的结果说明狍为昼行性，野猪为晨昏活动。因探测到华北豹的次数有限，故关于其的日活动节律仍待考究。研究表明，放牧将影响华北豹与猎物的时间、空间资源利用情况，并有可能导致人-豹冲突加剧。



Abstract:Niche differentiation enables species with a spatial-temporal overlap to coexist, and a niche research has wide application and far-reaching influence in wildlife management, interspecific relationship and community structure. Grazing, which is one of the most important human disturbances, will change the characteristics of wildlife resource utilization through resource competition (such as food, time, and space) and even affect the survival of sympatric species. North Chinese leopard is a unique and rare wildlife species in China. Its wild prey population is decreasing due to the increasing resources competition between wild prey and livestock. Therefore, we should understand the characteristics of spatial-temporal utilization for domestic and wild animals to assess the survival of wildlife. In this study, 62 infrared automatic cameras were set up to obtain the activity data of four kinds of mammals in Tie Qiao Shan provincial nature reserve form October 2018 to May 2019. Two-species single season model and kernel density estimation were used to analyze the spatial interaction and diurnal rhythm between the leopard and prey in a captive breeding period and cage-free period, and the overlap of activity rhythm between the two species was calculated using the coefficient of overlap. The results showed that the spatial avoidance of leopard-roe deer and leopard-wild boar decreased during grazing, which may be the compensation mechanism for the increase in temporal overlap. North Chinese leopard-cattle had the strongest spatial avoidance. The spatial-temporal overlap of leopard-cattle was not significant. Moreover, it was large for cattle-roe deer, while that of cattle-wild boar was small. This study showed that the grazing affected the spatial-temporal coexistence relationship between the North Chinese leopard and prey, and may have led to the potential risk of intensified human-leopard conflict. The results of the daily activity rhythm showed that the roe deer were diurnal, while wild boars were crepuscular. Owing to the limited number of times the North Chinese leopard has been detected, its daily activity rhythm still needs further study.





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