摘要:从社会维度的视角分析评价生态系统所提供的各种效用，必然涉及供需双方。在提供城市公共服务的过程中，城市公园绿地的空间配置会潜在地影响社会效益享用的平等与有效性，是具有显著空间属性的社会资源。研究同时关注城市公园绿地与居住人口（使用者）的空间布局特征，提出基于社会公平正义的生态系统服务供需关系的研究框架，从"地域平等"、"社会公平"与"社会正义"3个层次评估城市公园绿地的空间配置对于社会服务有效供给能力的影响，进而关联使用者需求空间特征分析供需匹配关系。研究构建基于社会公平正义的6个指标反映城市公园绿地社会服务供需状况，并选取上海徐汇区进行实证研究。研究结果表明：（1）徐汇区城市公园绿地存在供需空间不匹配状况，尤其是口袋公园层面存在较大缺口；（2）空间布局均好性较高，地域平等性较好；（3）人均享有绿地资源水平还有待提高，社会公平性不足；（4）进一步地在社会正义层面，评价结果显示过去进行城市公园绿地空间布局决策时并没有特别关注老年人、青少年群体，各个空间单元差距较大，且这两类使用人群密度较高的空间单元在这两个指标上往往低于平均水平，社会正义性亟待提高。研究为实现城市公园绿地空间的社会效益均衡、高效、可持续发展提供了有益的探索。



Abstract:The social perspective of analysing the performances of ecosystems emphasises both the sides of supply and demand. The distribution of urban parks potentially affects the equity and effectiveness of a society while they provide public services for the city. Thus, urban parks can be considered as social resources with spatial attributes. This study focused on the spatial distribution patterns of both urban parks and citizens (or users) and proposes a research framework of ecosystem supply-demand relations based on social equity and justice. We evaluated the supply capacities of social services provided by the distribution of urban parks from three aspects, namely, place-based equality, social equity, and social justice, based on which supply-demand matching relations can be established with the consideration of users' demands. We proposed six indexes based on social equity and justice in order to represent the supply-demand situations of urban parks and selected the Xuhui District of Shanghai as a case study. The results showed that (1) there was a spatial inequality based on supply-demand relations of urban parks in Xuhui, particularly pocket parks; (2) the distribution of urban parks in Xuhui had equal quality, resulting in a better place-based equality; (3) social equity was inadequate because the level of shared urban parks per head needs to be improved; and (4) from the perspective of social justice, the previous consideration of urban park distributions did not emphasise the importance of the needs of the elders, the young, and children. Each unit showed remarkable differences, and units with higher densities of these two groups of people were lower than the average, which means that social justice needs to be improved. The study explored the possibility of the equal, effective, and sustainable development of a society through a careful consideration of urban park distributions.





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