摘要:通过田间试验，研究秸秆还田配施不同肥料对冬小麦土壤的培肥效果以及对土壤水氮环境、酶活性及微生物群落结构的影响，为合理的秸秆还田方式与土壤可持续利用提供决策依据。试验于中国科学院禹城综合试验站进行，以冬小麦为研究对象，玉米秸秆全量还田为基础，设置五个处理，分别为（1）单施化肥（TF），（2）70%化肥+普通有机肥（TM），（3）70%化肥+微生物有机肥（TE），（4）70%化肥+微生物促腐菌剂（TJ），（5）70%化肥+微生物有机肥+微生物促腐菌剂（TEJ）。观测冬小麦生长中的水氮条件，分析小麦收获后土壤环境因子、酶活性以及磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）变化特征；采用RDA冗余分析，识别环境因子、酶活性与土壤微生物群落结构之间的相关关系，研究秸秆还田与不同施肥方式组合对土壤的培肥效果。结果表明，相较施用化肥（TF），秸秆还田配施微生物有机肥（TE）显著提高了小麦生育后期的土壤含水率（13.3%-20.5%）；施用普通有机肥（TM）能够提高小麦生育后期土壤硝态氮（NO₃^--N）与铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）含量；且两者均能提高土壤微生物氮（MBN）与可溶性氮（DON）含量以及β-1，4-葡萄糖苷酶（βG）、纤维二糖水解酶（CBH）活性；但对土壤中酸性磷酸酶（AP）、亮氨酸氨基肽酶（LAP）活性无显著影响。各施肥组合中，TE处理PLFA总量最高（4733.1 ng/g），且微生物群落多样性指数均显著高于TF处理。βG、CBH活性与土壤微生物群落多样性存在正相关关系，MBN与DON与土壤微生物群落多样性关系最为密切，环境因子对微生物群落多样性影响的重要性排序为Moisture > NH₄⁺-N > Avail-P > Temp > NO₃^--N > pH > EC。秸秆还田配施有机肥与微生物有机肥能合理调节土壤水氮环境，显著提高土壤微生物的数量与活性，有利于土壤生态环境的改善，其中秸秆还田配施微生物有机肥（TE）效果最为显著。



Abstract:Straw incorporation is one of the most important ways of utilizing straw resources. Owing to the differences in soil microenvironments, there are significant differences in the effect of straw incorporation combined with agronomic measures on soil fertility improvement. A field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of straw incorporation combined with inorganic-organic fertilizers on soil fertility improvement, water and nitrogen changes, enzyme activities, and microbial community structures in winter wheat, which provided the theoretical and technical foundation to formulate methods for straw incorporation and sustainable utilization of soil. The experimental field was located in the Yucheng Comprehensive Experiment Station of the China Academy of Sciences, Shandong Province, which has a summer maize-winter wheat rotation system. With winter wheat as the research object and maize straw returning to field as the basis, five treatments were carried out in the field experiment:(1) chemical fertilizer (TF), (2) 70% chemical fertilizer plus organic fertilizer (TM), (3) 70% chemical fertilizer plus microbial organic fertilizer (TE), (4) 70% chemical fertilizer plus microbial decomposition agent (TJ), and (5) 70% chemical fertilizer plus microbial organic fertilizer and microbial decomposition agent (TEJ). Soil water and nitrogen conditions during wheat growth were observed. After the winter wheat harvest, soil environmental factors, soil enzyme activity, and microbial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) of the topsoil in the different treatments were measured to understand their variation characteristics. Usingadopted canonical correlation analysis, the correlation of soil environmental factors and soil enzyme activities with soil microbial community structure was analyzed to determine soil fertility improvement by straw incorporation combined with inorganic-organic fertilizations. The results of the field experiment showed that more than the application of chemical fertilizers (TF), the application of microbial organic fertilizers (TE) significantly increased soil moisture (13.3%-20.5%) at later developing stages. The application of organic fertilizers (TM) increased soil nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^--N) and ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) contents at later developing stages. TM and TE also improved the concentration of microbial nitrogen (MBN) and dissolved nitrogen (DON), as well as the activities of soil β-glucosidase (βG) and cellobiohydrolase (CBH), whereas the activities of soil acid phosphatase (AP) and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) in the treatments were not significantly different. The TE treatment showed the highest total amount of PLFA (4733.1 ng/g), and the microbial community diversity indexes of the TE treatment were significantly higher than those of the TF treatment. The results of the statistical analysis revealed that the activities of soil βG and CBH were positively correlated with soil microbial community and that the concentrations of MBN and DON were most closely related to soil microbial community. The canonical variables ordering result showed that the effect of soil physicochemical property on soil microbial community was Moisture > NH₄⁺-N > Avail-P > Temp > NO₃^--N > pH > EC. These findings showed that straw incorporation combined with the application of organic fertilizer and microbial organic fertilizer reasonably regulated soil water and nitrogen conditions, increased the population and activity of soil microbes and the activity of soil enzymes, as well as helped improve the soil eco-environment. Among the treatments, TE (straw incorporation combined with the application of microbial organic fertilizer) showed the most significant effect.





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