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--> --> --> -->2.1.非相对论能量
对于孤立双电子原子, 非相对论哈密顿量可以表示为2
2.2.相对论修正
非相对论能量的相对论修正哈密顿量可以写成u | ${\alpha _{1{\rm{s}}}}$ | ENR | EMC | ED1 | ΔERS | ET | Ref.[20] | Ref.[25,26] |
0 | 5.6875 | ?32.3477 | ?0.0696508 | 0.0587822 | ?0.01087 | ?32.35857 | ?32.4176 | ?32.3612 |
0.1 | 5.68614 | ?31.1633 | ?0.0695843 | 0.0587401 | ?0.01084 | ?31.17414 | ?31.2324 | ?31.177 |
0.2 | 5.68218 | ?30.0095 | ?0.0693905 | 0.0586174 | ?0.01077 | ?30.02027 | ?30.079 | ?30.0237 |
0.3 | 5.67577 | ?28.8854 | ?0.0690781 | 0.0584193 | ?0.01066 | ?28.89606 | ?28.9557 | — |
0.4 | 5.66706 | ?27.7899 | ?0.0686549 | 0.0581507 | ?0.01050 | ?27.80040 | ?27.8614 | — |
0.5 | 5.65616 | ?26.7223 | ?0.0681282 | 0.0578158 | ?0.01031 | ?26.73261 | ?26.7963 | ?26.7395 |
0.6 | 5.64318 | ?25.6817 | ?0.067505 | 0.0574187 | ?0.01009 | ?25.69179 | ?25.7576 | — |
0.7 | 5.62821 | ?24.6674 | ?0.0667916 | 0.0569630 | ?0.00983 | ?24.67723 | ?24.7457 | — |
0.8 | 5.61134 | ?23.6788 | ?0.0659942 | 0.0564522 | ?0.00954 | ?23.68834 | ?23.7006 | ?23.7594 |
0.9 | 5.59263 | ?22.7151 | ?0.0651186 | 0.0558895 | ?0.00923 | ?22.72433 | ?22.7986 | — |
1.0 | 5.57215 | ?21.7758 | ?0.0641701 | 0.0552778 | ?0.00889 | ?21.78469 | ?21.8629 | — |
表1相对论修正对C4+基态1s2 1S能级的影响(单位: a.u.)
Table1.Effects of relativistic correction on ground state 1s2 1S energies level in C4+ (unit: a.u.).
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3.1.Ar16+非相对论能量
为了研究相对论修正对原子能级结构的影响, 我们对弱耦合等离子环境下类氦Ar16+基态1s2 1S、单激发态1sns (n = 2—5) 1,3S, 1snp (n = 2—5) 1,3P和双激发态2snp (n = 2—5) 1,3P的非相对论能量及其相对论修正能量值进行了系统的计算.对于双电子体系单重态, 其原子态的Racah波函数可以展开为
2S+1 | n | 1sns 2S+1S | 1snp 2S+1P | 2snp 2S+1P | ||||||||
${\alpha _{1{\rm{s}}}}$ | ${\alpha _{n{\rm{s}}}}$ | ENR | ${\alpha _{1{\rm{s}}}}$ | ${\alpha _{n{\rm{p}}}}$ | ENR | ${\alpha _{2{\rm{s}}}}$ | ${\alpha _{n{\rm{p}}}}$ | ENR | ||||
1 | 1 | 17.6875 | — | ?312.848 | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
2 | 17.9324 | 17.3433 | ?198.384 | 18.0107 | 16.9176 | ?197.969 | 17.4113 | 17.8229 | ?77.601 | |||
3 | 17.9815 | 17.2194 | ?178.14 | 18.0008 | 16.9725 | ?178.018 | 17.9428 | 17.2934 | ?56.8575 | |||
4 | 17.9924 | 17.1623 | ?171.068 | 18.0001 | 16.9852 | ?171.017 | 17.9766 | 17.2143 | ?49.655 | |||
5 | 17.9961 | 17.129 | ?167.799 | 18 | 16.9901 | ?167.773 | 17.9882 | 17.1692 | ?46.3425 | |||
3 | 2 | 18.0137 | 17.1931 | ?199.196 | 17.9577 | 17.266 | ?198.504 | — | — | — | ||
3 | 18.0031 | 17.1286 | ?178.355 | 17.99 | 17.1509 | ?178.162 | — | — | — | |||
4 | 18.0012 | 17.0962 | ?171.155 | 17.9961 | 17.1079 | ?171.076 | — | — | — | |||
5 | 18.0006 | 17.0768 | ?167.843 | 17.9981 | 17.0845 | ?167.803 | — | — | — |
表2Ar16+ 1sns, 1snp和2s2p组态变分参数
Table2.Variation parameters of 1sns, 1snp and 2snp configurations in Ar16+.
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3.2.等离子环境中Ar16+基态和激发态相对论能级
在球张量的形式下, 将(10)—(13)式代入各相对论修正项(14)式, 利用不可约张量理论完成径向、角向和自旋部分的积分, 最终可以得到各原子态解析的相对论能量参数表达式. 以基态1s2 (1S)态和激发态1s2s (1S)态为例, 基态1s2 (1S)各相对论修正项的解析参数表达式为u | ${\alpha _{1{\rm{s}}}}$ | ENR | EMC | ED1 | ΔERS | ET |
0 | 17.6875 | ?312.848 | ?6.51488 | 5.30399 | ?1.21089 | ?314.05889 |
0.1 | 17.6871 | ?309.263 | ?6.51425 | 5.30360 | ?1.21065 | ?310.47365 |
0.2 | 17.6858 | ?305.708 | ?6.51238 | 5.30246 | ?1.20992 | ?306.91792 |
0.3 | 17.6837 | ?302.184 | ?6.50929 | 5.30057 | ?1.20872 | ?303.39272 |
0.4 | 17.6808 | ?298.688 | ?6.50501 | 5.29796 | ?1.20705 | ?299.89505 |
0.5 | 17.6771 | ?295.222 | ?6.49957 | 5.29463 | ?1.20494 | ?296.42694 |
0.6 | 17.6726 | ?291.785 | ?6.49299 | 5.29061 | ?1.20238 | ?292.98738 |
0.7 | 17.6674 | ?288.377 | ?6.48530 | 5.28591 | ?1.19939 | ?289.57639 |
0.8 | 17.6614 | ?284.997 | ?6.47652 | 5.28055 | ?1.19597 | ?286.19297 |
0.9 | 17.6547 | ?281.645 | ?6.46668 | 5.27453 | ?1.19215 | ?282.83715 |
1.0 | 17.6473 | ?278.32 | ?6.45580 | 5.26787 | ?1.18793 | ?279.50793 |
表3Ar16+基态1s2 1S相对论性能量(单位: a.u.)
Table3.Relativistic correction on ground state 1s2 1S energies level in Ar16+ (unit: a.u.).
u | ${\alpha _{2{\rm{s}}}}$ | ${\alpha _{2{\rm{p}}}}$ | ENR | EMC | ED1 | ED2 | ESSC | EOO | ΔERS | ET |
0 | 17.4113 | 17.8229 | ?77.6010 | ?0.59499 | 0.31621 | ?8.39310 × 10?4 | 1.67862 × 10?3 | ?0.0006009 | ?0.27854 | ?77.87954 |
0.1 | 17.4043 | 17.8174 | ?74.0566 | ?0.59406 | 0.31583 | ?8.38360 × 10?4 | 1.67672 × 10?3 | ?6.00393 × 10?4 | ?0.27800 | ?74.33460 |
0.2 | 17.3839 | 17.8014 | ?70.6207 | ?0.59139 | 0.31472 | ?8.35602 × 10?4 | 1.67120 × 10?3 | ?5.98927 × 10?4 | ?0.27644 | ?70.89714 |
0.3 | 17.351 | 17.7755 | ?67.2898 | ?0.58711 | 0.31294 | ?8.31163 × 10?4 | 1.66233 × 10?3 | ?5.96551 × 10?4 | ?0.27393 | ?67.56373 |
0.4 | 17.3064 | 17.7402 | ?64.0605 | ?0.58132 | 0.31053 | ?8.25157 × 10?4 | 1.65031 × 10?3 | ?5.93313 × 10?4 | ?0.27055 | ?64.33105 |
0.5 | 17.2508 | 17.6959 | ?60.9298 | ?0.57415 | 0.30754 | ?8.17686 × 10?4 | 1.63537 × 10?3 | ?5.89259 × 10?4 | ?0.26637 | ?61.19617 |
0.6 | 17.1845 | 17.6429 | ?57.8948 | ?0.56569 | 0.30401 | ?8.08845 × 10?4 | 1.61769 × 10?3 | ?5.84432 × 10?4 | ?0.26146 | ?58.15626 |
0.7 | 17.1081 | 17.5816 | ?54.9531 | ?0.55606 | 0.29998 | ?7.98720 × 10?4 | 1.59744 × 10?3 | ?5.78871 × 10?4 | ?0.25586 | ?55.20896 |
0.8 | 17.0219 | 17.5122 | ?52.1022 | ?0.54534 | 0.29546 | ?7.87391 × 10?4 | 1.57478 × 10?3 | ?5.72611 × 10?4 | ?0.24966 | ?52.35186 |
0.9 | 16.9262 | 17.4349 | ?49.3398 | ?0.53361 | 0.29051 | ?7.74933 × 10?4 | 1.54987 × 10?3 | ?5.65688 × 10?4 | ?0.24289 | ?49.58269 |
1.0 | 16.8213 | 17.3499 | ?46.6639 | ?0.52098 | 0.28514 | ?7.61414 × 10?4 | 1.52283 × 10?3 | ?5.58134 × 10?4 | ?0.23563 | ?46.89953 |
表8Ar16+基态2s2p 1P相对论性能量(单位: a.u.)
Table8.Relativistic correction on excited state 2s2p 1P energies level in Ar16+ (unit: a.u.).
从表3—表8可以看出, 电荷亏损
u | ${\alpha _{1{\rm{s}}}}$ | ${\alpha _{2{\rm{s}}}}$ | ENR | EMC | ED1 | ED2 | ESSC | ΔERS | ET |
0 | 17.9324 | 17.3433 | ?198.384 | ?3.93094 | 3.07620 | ?7.249983 × 10?3 | 1.450003 × 10?2 | ?0.84749 | ?199.23149 |
0.1 | 17.9319 | 17.3364 | ?194.822 | ?3.92982 | 3.07562 | ?7.245793 × 10?3 | 1.44916 × 10?2 | ?0.84695 | ?195.66895 |
0.2 | 17.9306 | 17.3164 | ?191.335 | ?3.92657 | 3.07394 | ?7.233613 × 10?3 | 1.44672 × 10?2 | ?0.84540 | ?192.18040 |
0.3 | 17.9285 | 17.284 | ?187.921 | ?3.92130 | 3.07121 | ?7.213953 × 10?3 | 1.44279 × 10?2 | ?0.84288 | ?188.76388 |
0.4 | 17.9256 | 17.2401 | ?184.577 | ?3.91415 | 3.06749 | ?7.187233 × 10?3 | 1.43745 × 10?2 | ?0.83947 | ?185.41647 |
0.5 | 17.9218 | 17.1852 | ?181.301 | ?3.90522 | 3.06284 | ?7.153833 × 10?3 | 1.43077 × 10?2 | ?0.83523 | ?182.13623 |
0.6 | 17.9173 | 17.1198 | ?178.092 | ?3.89462 | 3.05729 | ?7.114063 × 10?3 | 1.42281 × 10?2 | ?0.83022 | ?178.92222 |
0.7 | 17.912 | 17.0445 | ?174.947 | ?3.88245 | 3.05090 | ?7.068203 × 10?3 | 1.41364 × 10?2 | ?0.82448 | ?175.77148 |
0.8 | 17.906 | 16.9594 | ?171.866 | ?3.86880 | 3.04371 | ?7.016463 × 10?3 | 1.40329 × 10?2 | ?0.81807 | ?172.68407 |
0.9 | 17.8992 | 16.865 | ?168.847 | ?3.85377 | 3.03575 | ?6.959053 × 10?3 | 1.39181 × 10?2 | ?0.81106 | ?169.65806 |
1.0 | 17.8918 | 16.7615 | ?165.889 | ?3.83745 | 3.02706 | ?6.896133 × 10?3 | 1.37923 × 10?2 | ?0.80349 | ?166.69249 |
表4Ar16+激发态1s2s 1S相对论性能量(单位: a.u.)
Table4.Relativistic correction on excited state 1s2s 1S energies level in Ar16+ (unit: a.u.).
u | ${\alpha _{1{\rm{s}}}}$ | ${\alpha _{2{\rm{s}}}}$ | ENR | EMC | ED1 | ΔERS | ET |
0 | 18.0137 | 17.1931 | ?199.196 | ?3.97703 | 3.10590 | ?0.87113 | ?200.06713 |
0.1 | 18.0133 | 17.1858 | ?195.635 | ?3.97594 | 3.10534 | ?0.87060 | ?196.50560 |
0.2 | 18.0122 | 17.1646 | ?192.149 | ?3.97276 | 3.10370 | ?0.86906 | ?193.01806 |
0.3 | 18.0104 | 17.1305 | ?188.735 | ?3.96761 | 3.10104 | ?0.86657 | ?189.60157 |
0.4 | 18.0078 | 17.0841 | ?185.392 | ?3.96062 | 3.09742 | ?0.86320 | ?186.25520 |
0.5 | 18.0046 | 17.0263 | ?182.119 | ?3.95189 | 3.09289 | ?0.85900 | ?182.97800 |
0.6 | 18.0006 | 16.9574 | ?178.912 | ?3.94152 | 3.08748 | ?0.85404 | ?179.76604 |
0.7 | 17.996 | 16.878 | ?175.77 | ?3.92962 | 3.08124 | ?0.84838 | ?176.61838 |
0.8 | 17.9907 | 16.7885 | ?172.692 | ?3.91627 | 3.07421 | ?0.84206 | ?173.53406 |
0.9 | 17.9847 | 16.6891 | ?169.676 | ?3.90156 | 3.06643 | ?0.83513 | ?170.51113 |
1.0 | 17.9781 | 16.5803 | ?166.721 | ?3.88557 | 3.05792 | ?0.82765 | ?167.54865 |
表5Ar16+激发态1s2s 3S相对论性能量(单位: a.u.)
Table5.Relativistic correction on excited state 1s2s 3S energies level in Ar16+ (unit: a.u.).
u | ${\alpha _{1{\rm{s}}}}$ | ${\alpha _{2{\rm{p}}}}$ | ENR | EMC | ED1 | ED2 | ESSC | EOO | ΔERS | ET |
0 | 18.0107 | 16.9176 | ?197.969 | ?3.58167 | 2.80005 | ?2.073823 × 10?3 | 4.147643 × 10?3 | ?0.0064010 | ?0.78595 | ?198.75495 |
0.1 | 18.0103 | 16.9115 | ?194.403 | ?3.58123 | 2.79986 | ?2.071283 × 10?3 | 4.142563 × 10?3 | ?6.394563 × 10?3 | ?0.78569 | ?195.18869 |
0.2 | 18.0091 | 16.8936 | ?190.903 | ?3.57994 | 2.79929 | ?2.063883 × 10?3 | 4.127763 × 10?3 | ?6.375753 × 10?3 | ?0.78496 | ?191.68796 |
0.3 | 18.007 | 16.8646 | ?187.467 | ?3.57782 | 2.79834 | ?2.051933 × 10?3 | 4.103873 × 10?3 | ?6.345353 × 10?3 | ?0.78377 | ?188.25077 |
0.4 | 18.0042 | 16.8251 | ?184.094 | ?3.57490 | 2.79703 | ?2.035733 × 10?3 | 4.071453 × 10?3 | ?6.304033 × 10?3 | ?0.78214 | ?184.87614 |
0.5 | 18.0007 | 16.7755 | ?180.783 | ?3.57121 | 2.79536 | ?2.015513 × 10?3 | 4.031023 × 10?3 | ?6.252373 × 10?3 | ?0.78009 | ?181.56309 |
0.6 | 17.9963 | 16.7162 | ?177.532 | ?3.56677 | 2.79335 | ?1.991533 × 10?3 | 3.983063 × 10?3 | ?6.190923 × 10?3 | ?0.77762 | ?178.30962 |
0.7 | 17.9913 | 16.6477 | ?174.339 | ?3.56161 | 2.79099 | ?1.963993 × 10?3 | 3.927983 × 10?3 | ?6.120133 × 10?3 | ?0.77478 | ?175.11378 |
0.8 | 17.9855 | 16.57 | ?171.203 | ?3.55574 | 2.78830 | ?1.933093 × 10?3 | 3.866193 × 10?3 | ?6.040453 × 10?3 | ?0.77155 | ?171.97455 |
0.9 | 17.979 | 16.4835 | ?168.124 | ?3.54919 | 2.78527 | ?1.899033 × 10?3 | 3.798063 × 10?3 | ?5.952253 × 10?3 | ?0.76797 | ?168.89197 |
1.0 | 17.9718 | 16.3883 | ?165.101 | ?3.54198 | 2.78193 | ?1.861983 × 10?3 | 3.723953 × 10?3 | ?5.855883 × 10?3 | ?0.76404 | ?165.86504 |
表6Ar16+激发态1s2p 1P相对论性能量(单位: a.u.)
Table6.Relativistic correction on excited state 1s2p 1P energies level in Ar16+ (unit: a.u.).
u | ${\alpha _{1{\rm{s}}}}$ | ${\alpha _{2{\rm{p}}}}$ | ENR | EMC | ED1 | EOO | ΔERS | ET |
0 | 17.9577 | 17.266 | ?198.504 | ?3.54736 | 2.77539 | 6.7643 × 10?3 | ?0.76521 | ?199.26921 |
0.1 | 17.9573 | 17.26 | ?194.937 | ?3.54694 | 2.77522 | 6.75783 × 10?3 | ?0.76496 | ?195.70196 |
0.2 | 17.9562 | 17.2424 | ?191.436 | ?3.54571 | 2.77469 | 6.738923 × 10?3 | ?0.76428 | ?192.20028 |
0.3 | 17.9543 | 17.2138 | ?187.998 | ?3.54369 | 2.77381 | 6.70833 × 10?3 | ?0.76317 | ?188.76117 |
0.4 | 17.9517 | 17.1749 | ?184.622 | ?3.54091 | 2.77260 | 6.66673 × 10?3 | ?0.76164 | ?185.38364 |
0.5 | 17.9483 | 17.1261 | ?181.306 | ?3.53739 | 2.77106 | 6.61473 × 10?3 | ?0.75972 | ?182.06572 |
0.6 | 17.9443 | 17.0678 | ?178.05 | ?3.53315 | 2.76919 | 6.55273 × 10?3 | ?0.75741 | ?178.80741 |
0.7 | 17.9396 | 17.0002 | ?174.852 | ?3.52822 | 2.76700 | 6.48123 × 10?3 | ?0.75474 | ?175.60674 |
0.8 | 17.9342 | 16.9237 | ?171.71 | ?3.52262 | 2.76450 | 6.40083 × 10?3 | ?0.75172 | ?172.46172 |
0.9 | 17.9281 | 16.8384 | ?168.624 | ?3.516370 | 2.76170 | 6.31163 × 10?3 | ?0.74836 | ?169.37236 |
1.0 | 17.9214 | 16.7445 | ?165.593 | ?3.509490 | 2.75859 | 6.21423 × 10?3 | ?0.74469 | ?166.33769 |
表7Ar16+基态1s2p 3P相对论性能量(单位: a.u.)
Table7.Relativistic correction on excited state 1s2p 3P energies level in Ar16+ (unit: a.u.).
图 1 A16+ 1s2 1S, 1s2s 1,3S, 1s2p 1,3P和2s2p 1P 的相对论修正能量随参数u的变化
Figure1. Relativistic corrections against parameter u for 1s2 1S, 1s2s 1,3S, 1s2p 1,3P and 2s2p 1P of Ar16+.
等离子体效应导致的原子能级移动是反映等离子体内部性质的重要参量. 通过计算, 我们发现等离子体环境导致电荷亏损减小, 即核外电子感受到的原子核的影响减弱, 能级位置发生偏移. 此外我们发现, 由等离子效应导致的非相对论能量偏移量大于相对论修正部分的偏移量. 图2以单激发态1sns 和双激发态2s2p的单重态为例, 分别给出了等离子体效应产生的总能量(非相对论能量+相对论修正能量)偏移与等离子体屏蔽参数之间的关系, 其中纵坐标
图 2 等离子能级偏移与参数u之间的关系
Figure2. Plasma energy shifts against parameter u.
2
3.3.等离子效应对波函数的影响
由于等离子屏蔽效应改变核外电子感受到原子核的势场, 从而导致核外电子的波函数形状发生改变, 并进一步导致原子能级位置、跃迁谱线以及碰撞动力学参数的改变. 下面我们将借助(6)式和变分参数的数值展示等离子体屏蔽对不同原子态电子轨道波函数的影响. 图3分别给出了屏蔽参数u = 0, 0.5和1时, 1sns单重态s轨道径向波函数模方. 图3(a)和图3(b)分别给出了基态1s2和激发态1s4s单重态内壳层1s轨道径向波函数模方|R1s|2. 可以看到, 基态1s2和高激发态1s4s内壳层1s电子轨道的波函数几乎一样, 且等离子体屏蔽效应对其影响可以忽略不计; 图3(c)和图3(d)分别给出了1s2s 1S, 1s4s 1S单重态外壳层2s和4s轨道径向波函数模方|R2s|2和|R4s|2. 可以看到, 屏蔽参数越大, 电子轨道越往外侧延展, 且4s轨道比2s轨道延展的明显. 这表明等离子体屏蔽效应使得原子外壳层电子远离原子核, 且激发态越高, 电子轨道感受到等离子体屏蔽效应越明显.图 3 内外壳层电子径向波函数模方
Figure3. Module of radial wave functions for inner and outer shell electron.