In-use iron and steel stock estimation and driving force analysis in Chongqing
LIUQiance1,2,3,4,, LIULitao3, LIUJian5, LIShenggong3,6,, BAIHao7, LIUGang2 1. Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China2. SDU Life Cycle Engineering, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark3. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China4. Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research, Beijing 100049, China5. Department of General Administration of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China6. College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China7. School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China 通讯作者:通讯作者:李胜功,E-mail: lisg@igsnrr.ac.cn 收稿日期:2018-09-21 修回日期:2018-10-30 网络出版日期:2018-12-20 版权声明:2018《资源科学》编辑部《资源科学》编辑部 基金资助:国家自然科学基金项目(41728002)中国地质调查局项目(121201103000150015) 作者简介: -->作者简介:刘仟策,男,吉林长春人,硕士生,研究方向为物质流分析。E-mail: lqc_ustbeco@163.com
关键词:物质流分析;钢铁存量;自下而上方法;IPAT方程;驱动力分析;重庆市 Abstract A precise accounting of urban iron and steel stocks could provide scientific basis for predicting future iron (including steel) demand, forecasting scrap steel generation, and informing relevant resource and environmental management strategies and policies. Studies on in-use stocks at city level, especially in China, have far less been paid attention to by scientific community comparing to them at country level, although it is still crucial to solve urban waste management and resource recycling problem. Chongqing, one of the four municipalities in China, is a representative city in West China with the largest population between all Chinese cities. Hence, in this study, we selected Chongqing to estimate its in-use iron stock levels and its sector distribution from 1985 to 2014 by applying a statistics-based bottom-up approach within its whole administrative boundary. A huge effort was made to establish a more elaborate iron and steel containing product inventory and collect data of product amount and iron intensities of each product. Social-economic drivers of stocks growth were further analyzed by IPAT equation that could easily quantify the impact for each factor. Our main findings include: (1) Both total and per capita iron stocks have increased by more than 10 times in the last 30 years and reached 59 million tons and 1.748t/cap in 2014, respectively. (2) Chongqing shows the lowest iron and steel stock among it and other two cities reported in the literature (Handan, China and New Haven, USA). However, it has similar distribution structure among different sectors (e.g., with the largest share in the building sector). (3) Economic growth and population positively contribute to stock growth. Alternatively, the technology shows a negative effect, leading to a decreasing trend for future iron demand in Chongqing.
Keywords:material flow analysis;iron and steel stocks;bottom-up method;IPAT equation;driving force analysis;Chongqing -->0 PDF (7448KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章收藏文章 本文引用格式导出EndNoteRisBibtex收藏本文--> 刘仟策, 刘立涛, 刘剑, 李胜功, 白晧, 刘刚. 重庆市钢铁存量估算及驱动力分析[J]. 资源科学, 2018, 40(12): 2341-2350 https://doi.org/10.18402/resci.2018.12.02 LIUQiance, LIULitao, LIUJian, LIShenggong, BAIHao, LIUGang. In-use iron and steel stock estimation and driving force analysis in Chongqing[J]. RESOURCES SCIENCE, 2018, 40(12): 2341-2350 https://doi.org/10.18402/resci.2018.12.02
本研究的时间跨度为30年(1985—2014年),以重庆市所辖的全部行政区为空间边界。在时间和空间边界内,本研究将钢铁终端产品分为建筑、基础设施、机械、家用电器和交通工具五大行业,各行业又分为若干子类,如图1所示。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图1钢铁终端产品分类 -->Figure 1Classification of iron and steel end products -->
本研究计算所需的钢铁终端产品数量、常住人口、名义GDP数据来源于《重庆市统计年鉴》(1985—2015)[28],钢铁终端产品的钢铁含量由表1中文献获得。 Table 1 表1 表1钢铁终端产品含铁量 Table 1Iron densities of iron and steel end products
由于篇幅限制,本文仅在51个钢铁终端产品中选取建筑面积、路桥长度、民用汽车数量及工业机械总功率为例对产品的历史发展趋势进行了分析,如图2所示(见第2345页)。图2a显示,重庆市建筑面积已于2014年达到近20亿m2,历年住宅建筑均占85%以上。路桥长度为普通公路、高速公路、城市道路以及桥梁长度的总和,图2b显示,30年间,重庆市路桥长度持续增长,2014年达到近85万km。图2c显示,民用汽车也于20年代初期开始高速增长,并于2014年达到近450万辆。图2d显示,工业机械总公率虽于2004年左右大幅波动,但整体上仍为上涨趋势,于2014年达到400MW。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图21985—2014年重庆市主要钢铁终端产品变化 -->Figure 2The main iron and steel end products dynamic in Chongqing from 1985 to 2014 -->
重庆市钢铁总存量逐年累积,自1985年的0.05亿t增长至2014年的0.59亿t;人均钢铁存量从1985年的0.16t/人增长至2014年的1.75t/人,30年间两个指标分别增长了10倍及12倍(图3a)。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图31985—2014年重庆市钢铁存量及行业分布 -->Figure 3Iron and steel stock and their sectors’ distribution in Chongqing from 1985 to 2014 -->
为了更详细地体现钢铁存量在各钢铁终端产品中的分布,对重庆市2014年的钢铁存量进行深入的分析。由于城市规模的差异,以及为方便与其他城市对比,分析人均存量相对总存量更有意义。 如图4所示,人均钢铁存量在各钢铁终端产品中的分布十分不均。城镇住宅建筑、非住宅建筑、铁路、农村住宅建筑和工业机械占所有产品的前5名,5项之和约占总存量80%,若再加载客汽车、载货汽车及供水管道,51个产品中的前8个产品就超过总量的90%。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图42014年重庆市钢铁终端产品人均钢铁存量及比重 -->Figure 4Iron and steel stocks per capita and proportions of subcategories in Chongqing in 2014 -->
本研究以10年为时间间隔,将1985—2014的30年分成3个阶段,对IPAT因素进行分解分析,结果如表2所示。结果显示,由经济、人口和技术所带来的钢铁存量的总驱动力随时间增强。 Table 2 表2 表2IPAT分析各时期驱动因子驱动力变化量 Table 2Variations of driving forces for each driving factor in IPAT analysis in each period (%)
将本研究所得结果与邯郸2005年、美国纽黑文2004年钢铁存量计算结果对比后发现(表3)[5,11],总量上,重庆市钢铁总存量约为邯郸的2倍,但人均存量仅为邯郸市的57.10%。在存量行业分布结构上二者类似,其中建筑、家电及交通工具所占比重类似,且建筑占主导地位。不同的是,重庆市的基础设施人均存量低于邯郸市,但机械的比重远高于邯郸。 Table 3 表3 表3邯郸、纽黑文和重庆的钢铁存量对比 Table 3Comparison on iron and steel stock per capita among Handan, New Haven and Chongqing
与国家层面相比,研究城市的钢铁存量及分析驱动力更具有针对性及实用性。本文以重庆市为例,示范了钢铁存量在城市层面的应用,包括:识别中外城市钢铁存量分布的行业特征、实证钢铁行业与其他行业间的关联、预测城市未来钢铁的消耗及累积趋势、为城市废钢回收提供政策建议。在方法上,完善了自下而上法计算存量的系统定义和计算方法,总结出了一套更为详尽的产品清单。本研究得到的主要结论有: (1)1985—2014年间,重庆市钢铁存量持续累计,钢铁总存量及人均存量分别增长了10倍和12倍,但距像美国的发达城市仍存在较大差距。 (2)建筑始终在各行业中占主导的地位,且重庆市钢铁存量从20世纪80年代以依靠建筑增长的一元增长模式逐渐转变为多元增长模式。 (3)经济发展和人口增长正向促进重庆市钢铁存量增长,技术则有负向作用。 (4)受经济放缓及主要含铁产品类别的发展阻力,重庆市未来钢铁总存量的增速将放缓。 (5)基于重庆市钢铁存量及结构分布,可以粗略预测未来重庆市废钢产量将于2040年左右达到高峰期,为防止废钢管理、市场混乱等问题的出现,重庆市应尽早制定相关政策。 本研究仍可在计算存量结果的不确定性及钢铁终端产品的含铁量随时间变化上进一步讨论。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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