The perceptions and attitudes of residents towards the impacts of tourism
JIZhongjuan1,, JIANGYiyi2,, XIETing3 1. School of Management,Minzu University of China,Beijing 100081,China2. International Tourism Research Institute,China Tourism Academy,Beijing 100005,China3. Department of Tourism Management,Beijing Institute of Petro-chemical Technology,Beijing 102617,China 通讯作者:通讯作者:蒋依依,E-mail:yiyijiangpku@126.com 收稿日期:2016-11-22 修回日期:2017-02-21 网络出版日期:2017-03-20 版权声明:2017《资源科学》编辑部《资源科学》编辑部 基金资助:国家“****”青年拔尖人才课题国家旅游局科研立项重点项目 (14TACK009)国家旅游局旅游业青年专家培养计划课题 (TYEPT201404) 作者简介: -->作者简介:汲忠娟,女,山东临沂人,硕士生,研究方向为遗产旅游。E-mail:jizhju2009@163.com
关键词:旅游影响;社区居民;感知;态度;旅游地 Abstract Tourism stakeholders include many kinds of groups,such as government agencies,community resident and tourism developers. Community residents are the most important stakeholders in tourism destinations and their perceptions and attitudes have attracted increasing attention from the 1970s internationally and from the 1990s within China. Drawing on national and international work in this field published between 1975 and 2015,we describe research on tourism influences in different aspects,factors that influence community residents’ perceptions and attitudes towards tourism,and theoretical and research methods of tourism destination community residents' attitudes towards tourism development and impacts. We found that the relationship between different influence factors and community residents' perceptions and attitudes are determined by tourism development phases and conditions. Researchers based in China need to combine the special conditions of tourism development in China for empirical research;while they have conducted localization research in related fields in recent years,there are few results regarding theoretical constructions. We should promote theoretical abstraction and innovation in the process of examining tourism phenomenon in the future. Quantitative research methods have dominated the study of community residents’ perceptions and attitudes towards tourism,strengthening the use of qualitative research methods would benefit our understanding of the nature behind these phenomenon.
旅游业发展带来的影响涉及经济、社会、文化、环境等多个方面[1]。在各利益相关者当中,居民受到的影响尤为突出[2]。居民的感知和态度成为测度旅游业对旅游地影响最常采用的方法[3]。社区居民对旅游发展的正面感知以及积极态度不仅有助于增强旅游地的吸引力,而且有助于增进游客的旅游体验,同时社区参与也是旅游业发展所必需。因此,分析居民旅游影响感知,探讨其影响因素,进而寻求感知与态度改善的途径,成为促进旅游地可持续性发展的重要渠道,成为国内外旅游影响研究的热点领域。 国外****对旅游地居民感知和态度的研究始于20世纪70年代[4],相关研究从最初着重关注居民对经济影响的感知[5],发展到对社会、文化[6,7]和环境[8]等方面的研究。随着研究的深入,越来越多的****开展了经济、社会、文化和环境等方面的综合感知研究[9,10],特别在居民感知对态度的影响及居民感知和态度的影响因素研究方面进行了大量探索。国内****的相关研究始于20世纪90年代[11],主要涉及居民感知和态度对旅游发展的影响[12,13]、相关影响因素以及不同影响因素之间的关系[14]等问题。并与实证分析相结合,开展了古镇古村落、城市等多种类型旅游地的系列研究[15,16]。进入21世纪后,研究视角不断拓展,开展了居民感知和态度分类[17,18]、居民感知和态度时空差异比较[19]与动态变化[20]、对某一节事或景区的感知[16]等多个方面的内容,但对于感知与态度研究的理论依据、感知与态度之间的关系探讨、影响因素研究结论的背离涉及较少。 为此,本研究以中文关键词“居民”、“旅游感知”、“支持/态度”,英文关键词“resident ”、“impact of tourism/tourism impact”、“attitudes/perceptions of tourism”、“support for/of tourism”,系统梳理了1975-2015年国内外主要核心期刊上关于旅游影响感知和态度的文献。其中在国外期刊《Tourism Mana-gement》、《Annals of Tourism Research》、《Journal of Travel Research》上检索到103篇相关期刊文献。在国内期刊《地理学报》、《地理研究》、《地理科学》、《资源科学》、《人文地理》、《经济地理》、《旅游学刊》上检索到42篇相关期刊文献,对其中重要文献进行引用。此外,根据重要引文延伸阅读,引用其他类型期刊上的英文文献25篇,中文文献9篇。 结合以上研究,本文从居民感知和态度的研究内容、影响因素、理论依据和研究方法四个方面全面分析国内外相关研究文献,对以往研究综述中对于理论研究归纳尚显不足[21,22]的问题进行弥补,以为国内相关研究提供参考和借鉴。
国内外关于旅游地居民感知和态度的研究成果较为丰富,本研究全面总结了国内外****研究内容与影响因素,并对比了不同情况下研究结果的差异,可以为未来相关研究提供参考。就影响因素而言,国内外****考察的范围非常广泛,但除了在个别因素与居民感知、态度的关系上得到一致结论外,对其他大多数因素如何影响居民感知和态度,以及影响程度并没有定论。因此,对不同影响因素之间如何相互作用,影响因素对感知和态度的影响程度等进行深入的探讨是未来研究趋势。同时,需要认识到感知与态度作为截然不同的心理学面向,两者之间的关系受多种复杂因素的影响[120],在研究中对旅游地居民旅游感知与态度的关系进行深入探讨。对于国内研究,如何结合中国旅游业发展的特殊形态进行探索性研究,并在此基础上归纳出发展中国家发展范式的理论经验与成果应当作为重点。例如旅游业短时间内的快速发展对于居民感知与态度的影响,从入境市场为主向国内市场更替过程中居民感知与态度的变化,以及境外旅游地对迅速发展的中国出境旅游的感知与态度等等。 关于居民旅游感知和态度研究的理论应用和探索值得关注。研究领域的发展和成熟离不开理论的支撑。本研究详细分析了旅游地居民感知和态度研究相关理论的发展。不同理论的优缺点和适用范围,成为本研究最重要的价值所在。但理论模型的问题在于都建立在对居民感知与态度简单化的基础上,而忽略了居民旅游态度的影响因素多元性与复杂性[121]。如何反映居民群体的异质性以及动态变化,是未来理论建构中最需要关注的问题。同时,正如肖洪根在2002年就指出的,对于在西方国家已经开展了将近半个世纪的影响研究成果,如何对其进行归纳、总结和理论升华,使之有效地推动学术进步、贡献于人类知识,仍然是当今摆在旅游影响研究者面前的核心课题[122],同样也是国内研究者面临的重要课题。国内相关研究需要结合中国的具体情况,在实证研究的基础上,在对旅游现象的审视中,进行理论抽象与创新。 对于研究方法而言, Kendall曾经指出研究尺度和衡量标准的不一致为成果可比性带来的困难,经验研究的零散性使得难以系统衡量旅游在经济、社会文化以及环境等方面的影响等是旅游地居民感知与态度在研究方法上的主要障碍[123]。这些问题目前仍然存在,但对于纷繁复杂的旅游现象,要实现研究的规范与系统,可能还需要在实证研究基础上进行广泛的探索。尽管国内外的相关研究已经力图通过量化方法的引入解决上述问题,但量表基础上问卷调查等数据收集的方式以及结构方程等模型的构建,往往只能告诉研究者标准化的结果,而难以深究结果背后的原因。因此,将定量研究与定性研究相结合,是研究方法需要探索的方向,以此达到整合规范研究与深度分析的目的。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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