A study on economic effects and carbon emissions effects of Sino-Japan trade in 2007
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ÊÕ¸åÈÕÆÚ:2015-07-12
ÐÞ»ØÈÕÆÚ:2015-11-15
ÍøÂç³ö°æÈÕÆÚ:2016-01-23
°æȨÉùÃ÷:2016¡¶µØÀíÑо¿¡·±à¼²¿¡¶µØÀíÑо¿¡·±à¼²¿
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Abstract
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²ÉÓùú¼Òͳ¼Æ¾ÖºËËã˾ÓëÈÕ±¾¾²úÊ¡µÈÓйز¿ÃÅÁªºÏ±àÖƵÄ2007Äê77²¿ÃŵÄÖÐÈÕ¹ú¼ÊͶÈë²ú³ö±í£¨Í¼1£©¡£ÈÕ±¾2007Äê·ÖÐÐÒµCO2Ö±½ÓÅÅ·ÅϵÊý¼ÆËãËùÐèÊý¾ÝÀ´×ÔÑÇÖÞ¾¼ÃÑо¿Ëù3EID Êý¾Ý¿â£¨Embodied Energy and Emission Intensity Data for Japan Using Input-Output Tables£©;Öйú2007Äê·ÖÐÐÒµCO2Ö±½ÓÅÅ·ÅϵÊý¼ÆËãËùÐèÊý¾ÝÀ´×Ô¡¶ÖйúÄÜԴͳ¼ÆÄê¼ø2008¡·ºÍ¡¶2006ÄêIPCC¹ú¼ÒÎÂÊÒÆøÌåÇåµ¥Ö¸ÄÏ¡·¡£ÏÔʾÔͼ|ÏÂÔØÔͼZIP|Éú³ÉPPT
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-->Fig. 1The format of Japan-China international IO table for 2007
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Tab. 1The sectors classification of this study
ÐÐÒµÃû³Æ | ±àºÅ | ÐÐÒµÃû³Æ | ±àºÅ |
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Å©ÁÖÄÁÓæË®ÀûÒµ | 1 | ½ðÊôÖÆÆ·Òµ | 15 |
ú̿¡¢Ê¯ÓÍ¡¢ÌìÈ»Æø¿ª²ÉÒµ | 2 | ͨÓÃרÓÃÉ豸ÖÆÔìÒµ | 16 |
½ðÊô¿ó²ÉÑ¡Òµ | 3 | ½»Í¨ÔËÊäÉ豸ÖÆÔìÒµ | 17 |
·Ç½ðÊô¿ó²ÉÑ¡Òµ | 4 | µçÆø»úе¼°Æ÷²ÄÖÆÔìÒµ | 18 |
ʳƷÒûÁÏÒµ | 5 | ͨÐÅÉ豸¡¢¼ÆËã»ú¼°ÆäËûµç×ÓÉ豸ÖÆÔìÒµ | 19 |
·ÄÖ¯Òµ¡¢·þ×°¼°Æ¤¸ïÖÆÆ·Òµ | 6 | ÒÇÆ÷ÒÇ±í¼°ÎÄ»¯¡¢°ì¹«ÓûúеÖÆÔìÒµ | 20 |
ľ²Ä¼Ó¹¤¼°¼Ò¾ßÖÆÔìÒµ | 7 | ¹¤ÒÕÆ·¼°ÆäËûÖÆÔìÒµ | 21 |
Ö½¡¢Ó¡Ë¢ºÍ¼Ç¼ý½é¸´ÖÆ | 8 | ·ÏÆú×ÊÔ´ºÍ·Ï¾É²ÄÁÏ»ØÊÕ¼Ó¹¤Òµ | 22 |
ÎĽÌÌåÓýÓÃÆ·ÖÆÔìÒµ | 9 | µçÁ¦¡¢ÃºÆø¼°Ë®Éú²úºÍ¹©Ó¦Òµ | 23 |
ʯÓͼӹ¤¡¢Á¶½¹¼°ºËȼÁϼӹ¤Òµ | 10 | ½¨ÖþÒµ | 24 |
»¯Ñ§ÏËά | 11 | ½»Í¨ÔËÊä¡¢²Ö´¢¼°ÓʵçͨѸҵ | 25 |
ÆäËû»¯Ñ§¹¤Òµ | 12 | Åú·¢ºÍÁãÊÛóÒ×¼°²ÍÒûÒµ | 26 |
·Ç½ðÊô¿óÎïÖÆÆ·Òµ | 13 | ÆäËû·þÎñÒµ | 27 |
½ðÊôÒ±Á¶¼°Ñ¹ÑÓ¼Ó¹¤Òµ | 14 |
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-->Fig. 2Comparison of value added coefficients and CO2 emission coefficients between Japan and China
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Öйú | 512.95 | 375.23 | 0.60 | 888.78 |
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ÈÕ±¾ | 758.54 | 3851.05 | 1.02 | 4610.61 |
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ƽºâ¶î | 9971.23 | 7985.55 | 17.98 | 17974.76 |
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[8] | . , ¶«ÑÇÉú²úÍøÂçµÄ·¢Õ¹´ø¶¯ÁËÇøÓòÄÚ²úÒµµÄ´¹Ö±»¯·Ö¹¤£¬ÓÉ´Ë´øÀ´µÄ²úÒµ¼°Ã³Ò׽ṹµÄ±ä»¯¶ÔÇøÓòÄÚ¸÷¾¼ÃÌåµÄ̼ÅŷŲúÉúÁ˾޴óÓ°Ïì¡£±¾ÎÄͨ¹ý¹¹½¨Ò»¸öÒÔÖйú¡¢ÈÕ±¾¡¢º«¹ú¡¢Öйų́Íå¡¢ÖйúÏã¸ÛºÍ¶«ÃË10¹úΪÑù±¾µÄÃæ°åÊý¾ÝÄ£ÐÍ£¬Ñо¿ÁË1995-2011Ä궫ÑǵØÇø̼ÅÅ·ÅÓë¾¼ÃÔö³¤¡¢²úÒµÄÚóÒס¢Ã³Ò׽ṹ֮¼äµÄ¹Øϵ¡£Ñо¿±íÃ÷£¬¶«ÑǵØÇø²»½ö´æÔÚ¡°µ¹uÐΡ±µÄ»·¾³¿â×ÈÄù´ÄÇúÏߺ͡°ÎÛȾ±ÜÄÑËù¡±¼Ù˵µÄÏÖÏ󣬶øÇÒÓÉÓÚÌØÊâµÄÉú²ú·Ö¹¤ºÍ²úÒµÄÚóÒ׵ĴóÁ¿Ôö¼Ó£¬ÕâÖÖÏÖÏóÓÐÇ¿»¯µÄÇ÷ÊÆ¡£Öйú±ØÐë²ÉÈ¡Ïà¹ØµÄ´ëÊ©£¬¼È±£Ö¤Äܹ»ÓÐЧµØ²ÎÓ붫ÑǵØÇøµÄ·Ö¹¤£¬ÓÖÒª±ÜÃâ³ÉΪ¹ú¼Ê̼ÅŷŵÄÄ¿µÄµØ¡£ , ¶«ÑÇÉú²úÍøÂçµÄ·¢Õ¹´ø¶¯ÁËÇøÓòÄÚ²úÒµµÄ´¹Ö±»¯·Ö¹¤£¬ÓÉ´Ë´øÀ´µÄ²úÒµ¼°Ã³Ò׽ṹµÄ±ä»¯¶ÔÇøÓòÄÚ¸÷¾¼ÃÌåµÄ̼ÅŷŲúÉúÁ˾޴óÓ°Ïì¡£±¾ÎÄͨ¹ý¹¹½¨Ò»¸öÒÔÖйú¡¢ÈÕ±¾¡¢º«¹ú¡¢Öйų́Íå¡¢ÖйúÏã¸ÛºÍ¶«ÃË10¹úΪÑù±¾µÄÃæ°åÊý¾ÝÄ£ÐÍ£¬Ñо¿ÁË1995-2011Ä궫ÑǵØÇø̼ÅÅ·ÅÓë¾¼ÃÔö³¤¡¢²úÒµÄÚóÒס¢Ã³Ò׽ṹ֮¼äµÄ¹Øϵ¡£Ñо¿±íÃ÷£¬¶«ÑǵØÇø²»½ö´æÔÚ¡°µ¹uÐΡ±µÄ»·¾³¿â×ÈÄù´ÄÇúÏߺ͡°ÎÛȾ±ÜÄÑËù¡±¼Ù˵µÄÏÖÏ󣬶øÇÒÓÉÓÚÌØÊâµÄÉú²ú·Ö¹¤ºÍ²úÒµÄÚóÒ׵ĴóÁ¿Ôö¼Ó£¬ÕâÖÖÏÖÏóÓÐÇ¿»¯µÄÇ÷ÊÆ¡£Öйú±ØÐë²ÉÈ¡Ïà¹ØµÄ´ëÊ©£¬¼È±£Ö¤Äܹ»ÓÐЧµØ²ÎÓ붫ÑǵØÇøµÄ·Ö¹¤£¬ÓÖÒª±ÜÃâ³ÉΪ¹ú¼Ê̼ÅŷŵÄÄ¿µÄµØ¡£ |
[9] | , Although foreign divestment and international relocation by multinational firms carry important economic implications for the industrialization of East Asian countries, there has been little empirical research on these issues. In this paper we analyze the magnitude and pattern of foreign divestment and relocation by Japanese electronics firms in nine East Asian countries during 1995-2003. The average annual divestment rate of electronics manufacturing affiliates is 3 percent, but divestment patterns diverge strongly across countries. Divestments are much more frequent in higher labor cost countries and in approximately one-third of cases are accompanied by relocations to lower wage countries, particularly to China. Evidence is found for rivalry between China and ASEAN countries in attracting foreign direct investment, but the growing attractiveness of China has not been accompanied by a reduction in employment in Japanese affiliates in ASEAN countries (with the exception of Singapore). Divestments and relocations are related to Japanese firms' strategy to reconfigure their Asian production networks in response to changing competitiveness, regional integration, and changes in local investment environments. |
[10] | , ABSTRACT This paper is a critical examination of the 'flying geese' and 'billiard ball' models of foreign direct investment (FDI) and their ability to explain the spatial expansion of Japanese electronics multinationals (MNCs) in Asia-Pacific countries from 1985 to 1996. Data on Japanese FDI are analyzed in this region at the aggregate, sectoral, and firm level. The paper commences with a review of the flying geese model, especially that version which interprets Japanese FDI as a catalyst for Asian development, and the billiard ball metaphor which suggests a mechanism for host countries to 'catch up' with Japan. The authors then turn to an analysis of Japanese FDI in Asia-Pacific together with employment data for fourteen major firms. This allows an evaluation of the two models in terms of recent geographical patterns of investment and employment growth by electronics MNCs. A special case study of Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. Ltd (MEI) helps flesh out the evolving geography of Japanese electronics firms in Asia-Pacific. Although the results support the overall patterns suggested by the two models, the authors argue that metaphors and analogies such as flying geese and billiard balls should not be used casually and as a substitute for analysis. |
[11] | , China's export structure has shown a rapid shift towards more sophisticated industries. While some believe that this trend is a result of processing trade and foreign direct investment, the evidence is mixed. This paper examines variations in level of export sophistication across China's manufacturing industries. We find that an industry's level of export sophistication is positively related to the share of wholly foreign owned enterprises from OECD countries and the share of processing exports of foreign-invested enterprises, and negatively related to the share of processing exports of indigenous Chinese enterprises. Evidence from the relative export prices of Chinese goods, which measure within-product export sophistication, shows a similar pattern. |
[12] | , <a name="Abs1"></a>China has taken advantage of the globalisation process and has become an assembly country for firms in Asia, which have extended their production and trade networks to China. China’s position in the segmentation of the production processes has fostered its trade in high-technology products. However the rapid technological upgrading of China’s trade is associated with an increasing dependence on foreign capital and technology. The emergence of China has led to the reorganisation of production in Asia and to a triangular trade pattern: firms in advanced Asian economies use China as an export base and instead of exporting finished goods to the US and Europe, now export intermediate goods to their affiliates in China. |
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[15] | , <h2 class="secHeading" id="section_abstract">Abstract</h2><p id="">This paper examines CO<sub>2</sub> emissions embodied in Japan–China trade. Besides directly quantifying the flow of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions between the two countries by using a traditional input–output (IO) model, this study also estimates the effect of bilateral trade to CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by scenario analysis. The time series of quantifications indicate that CO<sub>2</sub> emissions embodied in exported goods from Japan to China increased overall from 1990 to 2000. The exported CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from China to Japan greatly increased in the first half of the 1990s. However, by 2000, the amount of emissions had reduced from 1995 levels. Regardless, there was a net export of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from China to Japan during 1990–2000. The scenario comparison shows that the bilateral trade has helped the reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. On average, the Chinese economy was confirmed to be much more carbon-intensive than Japan. The regression analysis shows a significant but not perfect correlation between the carbon intensities at the sector level of the two countries. In terms of CO<sub>2</sub> emission reduction opportunities, most sectors of Chinese industry could benefit from learning Japanese technologies that produce lower carbon intensities.</p> |
[16] | , By using the latest China–Japan input–output data sets and the index decomposition analysis (IDA) approach, this article analyzes the driving forces of COemissions embodied in trade between the two countries during 1990–2000. We found that the growth of trade volume had a large influence on the increase of COemissions embodiments in bilateral trade. The dramatic decline in carbon intensity of the Chinese economy is a primary cause in offsetting COemissions exported from China to Japan over 1995–2000. We argue that a better understanding of the factors affecting COemissions embodied in international trade will assist in seeking more effective climate policies with wider participation in the post-Kyoto regime. |
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[18] | , The present paper presents a new development in the application of input-output analysis to interregional relationships based on trade in commodities and services. |
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[21] | . , <p>ÇøÓò¼äͶÈë²ú³ö·ÖÎö×îÄܾ«È·¿Ì»ÇøÓò¼ä¾¼Ã·¢Õ¹µÄ±Ë´Ë¹ØÁª¹ØϵºÍ¾¼ÃÔö³¤µÄÇý¶¯Á¦Ô´Èª¡£ÒÀ¾ÝÎÒ¹úºê¹ÛÇøÓò¼äµÄͶÈë²ú³ö×ÊÁÏ,¶Ô20ÊÀ¼ÍÄ©¸÷¸öµØÇø²úÒµÔö³¤µÄÇý¶¯Á¦½øÐÐÁËÅб𡣽á¹û±íÃ÷,¾¹ý1978Äê¸Ä¸ï¿ª·ÅÒÔÀ´µÄ·¢Õ¹,²»Í¬µØÇø²úÒµ·¢Õ¹ÓëÔö³¤µÄ¶¯Á¦Ô´ÈªºÍÊг¡Çý¶¯Á¦·¢ÉúÁ˾޴ó±ä»¯,Ñغ£µØÇø´ó²¿·Ö²úÒµÒѾÐγÉÁËÒԷDZ¾µØÊг¡Îª¶¯Á¦µÄ·¢Õ¹¸ñ¾Ö,60%ÒÔÉϵIJúÒµ¶Ô·Ç±¾µØÊг¡µÄÒÀ´æ¶ÈÔÚ50%ÒÔÉÏ,¶øÄÚ½¹ã´óµØÇø,Æä²úÒµ·¢Õ¹µÄÇý¶¯Á¦Ö÷ÒªÀ´×ÔÓÚÆä±¾µØÊг¡¡£ÕâÖÖ¾Þ´óµÄ²îÒìµ¼ÖÂÁ˲úÒµ·¢Õ¹Ç±Á¦µÄ²îÒìºÍµØÀí¼¯Öжȵı仯,µ¼ÖÂÐí¶à²úÒµÏòÑغ£¼¯ÖС£ÕâÖÖ̬ÊÆҲԤʾ×ÅÔÚÊг¡¾¼ÃµÄ»·¾³ÖÐ,Î÷²¿´ó¿ª·¢¡¢¶«±±ÀϹ¤Òµ»ùµØÕñÐ˺ÍÖв¿áÈÆð,ÔÚ²úÒµ¾ºÕùÁ¦ÅàÓýÓëÊг¡ÍØÕ¹·½ÃæÃæÁٽϴóÌôÕ½,Ò²ÊDZØÐë¸øÓèÕþ²ß·ö³ÖµÄÖص㡣´ËÍâ,´Ó¹ú¼ÊóÒ׽Ƕȿ´,Ñغ£µØÇø²úÒµµÄ¹ú¼Ê»¯³Ì¶ÈÒѾ´ïµ½Ïà¶Ôˮƽ,¹ú¼ÊÊг¡µÄ±ä¶¯½«Ö±½Ó³å»÷ÕâÒ»µØÇø²úÒµµÄ·¢Õ¹,»ò´ÓÖлñÒæ¡£</p> , <p>ÇøÓò¼äͶÈë²ú³ö·ÖÎö×îÄܾ«È·¿Ì»ÇøÓò¼ä¾¼Ã·¢Õ¹µÄ±Ë´Ë¹ØÁª¹ØϵºÍ¾¼ÃÔö³¤µÄÇý¶¯Á¦Ô´Èª¡£ÒÀ¾ÝÎÒ¹úºê¹ÛÇøÓò¼äµÄͶÈë²ú³ö×ÊÁÏ,¶Ô20ÊÀ¼ÍÄ©¸÷¸öµØÇø²úÒµÔö³¤µÄÇý¶¯Á¦½øÐÐÁËÅб𡣽á¹û±íÃ÷,¾¹ý1978Äê¸Ä¸ï¿ª·ÅÒÔÀ´µÄ·¢Õ¹,²»Í¬µØÇø²úÒµ·¢Õ¹ÓëÔö³¤µÄ¶¯Á¦Ô´ÈªºÍÊг¡Çý¶¯Á¦·¢ÉúÁ˾޴ó±ä»¯,Ñغ£µØÇø´ó²¿·Ö²úÒµÒѾÐγÉÁËÒԷDZ¾µØÊг¡Îª¶¯Á¦µÄ·¢Õ¹¸ñ¾Ö,60%ÒÔÉϵIJúÒµ¶Ô·Ç±¾µØÊг¡µÄÒÀ´æ¶ÈÔÚ50%ÒÔÉÏ,¶øÄÚ½¹ã´óµØÇø,Æä²úÒµ·¢Õ¹µÄÇý¶¯Á¦Ö÷ÒªÀ´×ÔÓÚÆä±¾µØÊг¡¡£ÕâÖÖ¾Þ´óµÄ²îÒìµ¼ÖÂÁ˲úÒµ·¢Õ¹Ç±Á¦µÄ²îÒìºÍµØÀí¼¯Öжȵı仯,µ¼ÖÂÐí¶à²úÒµÏòÑغ£¼¯ÖС£ÕâÖÖ̬ÊÆҲԤʾ×ÅÔÚÊг¡¾¼ÃµÄ»·¾³ÖÐ,Î÷²¿´ó¿ª·¢¡¢¶«±±ÀϹ¤Òµ»ùµØÕñÐ˺ÍÖв¿áÈÆð,ÔÚ²úÒµ¾ºÕùÁ¦ÅàÓýÓëÊг¡ÍØÕ¹·½ÃæÃæÁٽϴóÌôÕ½,Ò²ÊDZØÐë¸øÓèÕþ²ß·ö³ÖµÄÖص㡣´ËÍâ,´Ó¹ú¼ÊóÒ׽Ƕȿ´,Ñغ£µØÇø²úÒµµÄ¹ú¼Ê»¯³Ì¶ÈÒѾ´ïµ½Ïà¶Ôˮƽ,¹ú¼ÊÊг¡µÄ±ä¶¯½«Ö±½Ó³å»÷ÕâÒ»µØÇø²úÒµµÄ·¢Õ¹,»ò´ÓÖлñÒæ¡£</p> |
[22] | , Firms that are expanding their cross-border activities, such as vertical specialization trade, outsourcing, and fragmentation productions, have brought dramatic changes to the global economy during the last two decades. In an attempt to understand the evolution of the interaction among countries or country groups, many trade-statistics-based indicators have been developed. However, most of these statistics focus on showing the direct trade-specific-relationship among countries, rather than considering the roles that intercountry and interindustrial production networks play in a global economy. This paper uses the concepts of trade in value added as measured by the inputa€"output tables of OECD and IDE-JETRO to provide alternative indicators that show the evolution of regional economic integration and global value chains for more than 50 economies. In addition, this paper provides thoughts on how to evaluate comparative advantages on the basis of value added using an international inputa€"output model. |
[23] | , In this study, we apply the inter-regional input-output model to explain the relationship between China's inter-regional spillover of CO2 emissions and domestic supply chains for 2002 and 2007. Based on this model, we propose alternative indicators such as the trade in CO2 emissions, CO2 emissions in trade and the regional trade balances of CO2 emissions. Our results do not only reveal the nature and significance of inter-regional environmental spillover within China's domestic regions but also demonstrate how CO2 emissions are created and distributed across regions via domestic and global production networks. Results show that a region's CO2 emissions depend on its intra-regional production technology, energy use efficiency, as well as its position and participation degree in domestic and global supply chains. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. |
[24] | . , ±¾ÎÄͨ¹ýͶÈë²ú³ö·ÖÎö¼¼Êõ£¬×ܽáÁËÇøÓòÄÚ³ËÊýЧӦ¡¢ÇøÓòÎÊÒç³öЧӦÓëÇøÓò¼ä·´À¡Ð§Ó¦µÄ¾¼Ãº¬ Ò壬½øÒ»²½Ì½ÌÖÁËËüÃǵÄÏ໥¹Øϵ¡¢³Ë·¨·Ö½âÓë¼Ó·¨·Ö½âµÄÒ»ÖÂÐÔÎÊÌ⣬ÒÔ¼°Í³Ò»ÒÔ×îÖÕÐèÇóΪ³ö·¢µãµÄ²â¶È·½·¨ÎÊÌâ¡£ÔÚ´Ë»ù´¡ÉÏ£¬ÀûÓÃ2000ÄêµÚÒ»·ÝÖйú8 ÇøÓòͶÈë²ú³ö±í£¬¶ÔÖйúÑغ£ÓëÄÚ½µØÇø¼äµÄÒç³öÓë·´À¡Ð§Ó¦½øÐÐʵ֤·ÖÎö¡£ÊµÖ¤·ÖÎö±íÃ÷£¬Ñغ£µØÇø¾¼Ã·¢Î·£¬¶ÔÄÚ½µØÇøµÄÒç³öЧӦ²¢²»Ã÷ÏÔ£¬ÉõÖÁÓÚ»¹²»¼°ÄÚ Â½µØÇø¶ÔÑغ£µØÇøµÄÒç³öЧӦ¡£ÕýÊÇÓÉÓÚÕâÒ»Ó°Ï죬ÖйúÄÚ½µØÇøµÄ·´À¡Ð§Ó¦²»¼°Ñغ£µØÇø´ó¡£ , ±¾ÎÄͨ¹ýͶÈë²ú³ö·ÖÎö¼¼Êõ£¬×ܽáÁËÇøÓòÄÚ³ËÊýЧӦ¡¢ÇøÓòÎÊÒç³öЧӦÓëÇøÓò¼ä·´À¡Ð§Ó¦µÄ¾¼Ãº¬ Ò壬½øÒ»²½Ì½ÌÖÁËËüÃǵÄÏ໥¹Øϵ¡¢³Ë·¨·Ö½âÓë¼Ó·¨·Ö½âµÄÒ»ÖÂÐÔÎÊÌ⣬ÒÔ¼°Í³Ò»ÒÔ×îÖÕÐèÇóΪ³ö·¢µãµÄ²â¶È·½·¨ÎÊÌâ¡£ÔÚ´Ë»ù´¡ÉÏ£¬ÀûÓÃ2000ÄêµÚÒ»·ÝÖйú8 ÇøÓòͶÈë²ú³ö±í£¬¶ÔÖйúÑغ£ÓëÄÚ½µØÇø¼äµÄÒç³öÓë·´À¡Ð§Ó¦½øÐÐʵ֤·ÖÎö¡£ÊµÖ¤·ÖÎö±íÃ÷£¬Ñغ£µØÇø¾¼Ã·¢Î·£¬¶ÔÄÚ½µØÇøµÄÒç³öЧӦ²¢²»Ã÷ÏÔ£¬ÉõÖÁÓÚ»¹²»¼°ÄÚ Â½µØÇø¶ÔÑغ£µØÇøµÄÒç³öЧӦ¡£ÕýÊÇÓÉÓÚÕâÒ»Ó°Ï죬ÖйúÄÚ½µØÇøµÄ·´À¡Ð§Ó¦²»¼°Ñغ£µØÇø´ó¡£ |
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[26] | . , ²ÉÓÃIPCC¹ØÓÚ̼ÅŷŵIJâËã·½·¨,¾Û½¹Ê®¹ú¶Ô»ª·´ÇãÏúµÄÉæ°¸²ú Æ·¼°Éæ°¸ÐÐÒµ,²âËãÁË1995-2011Äê¼äÎÒ¹úÔâÊÜ·´ÇãÏúµ÷²é×î¶àµÄ8¸öÖÆÔìÒµ·ÖÐÐÒµµÄ̼ÅÅ·ÅÁ¿,½á¹ûÏÔʾ·´ÇãÏúÉæ°¸ÐÐҵ̼ÅÅ·ÅÁ¿ºÍ±»ËßÇãÏú°¸¼þÊýÁ¿Ö® ¼ä´æÔÚÒ»ÖµÄ̬ÊÆ×ßÏò.½Ó×Å,ͨ¹ý¼ÆÁ¿»Ø¹éÄ£ÐÍ·ÖÎöÁË̼ÅÅ·ÅÁ¿ÓëÄÜԴЧÂÊ¡¢²úÒµ½á¹¹ÏµÊý¼°È˾ùÖÆÔìÒµÔö¼ÓÖµÖ®¼äµÄ¹Øϵ.·ÖÎö·¢ÏÖ:È˾ùÖÆÔìÒµÔö¼ÓÖµÊÇÖÆÔì ҵ̼ÅŷŵÄÖ÷Òª´Ù½øÒòËØ,¶ø²úÒµ½á¹¹ÏµÊýºÍÄÜԴЧÂʶÔ̼ÅŷŵÄÒÖÖÆ×÷Óò¢²»Ã÷ÏÔ.ÓÉ´Ë,Ìá³öÁËÖÆÔìÒµµÄ²úÒµ½á¹¹ÓÅ»¯Éý¼¶Õ½ÂÔ,ÒÔÆÚͨ¹ý½µµÍ̼ÅŷŵÄ;¾¶, ΪÎÒ¹ú³ö¿ÚÆóÒµ²úÒµ½á¹¹µÄÓÅ»¯Éý¼¶ÒÔ¸üºÃÓ¦¶Ô¹úÍâ·´ÇãÏúÌṩÆÕÊÊÐÔ¶Ô²ß. , ²ÉÓÃIPCC¹ØÓÚ̼ÅŷŵIJâËã·½·¨,¾Û½¹Ê®¹ú¶Ô»ª·´ÇãÏúµÄÉæ°¸²ú Æ·¼°Éæ°¸ÐÐÒµ,²âËãÁË1995-2011Äê¼äÎÒ¹úÔâÊÜ·´ÇãÏúµ÷²é×î¶àµÄ8¸öÖÆÔìÒµ·ÖÐÐÒµµÄ̼ÅÅ·ÅÁ¿,½á¹ûÏÔʾ·´ÇãÏúÉæ°¸ÐÐҵ̼ÅÅ·ÅÁ¿ºÍ±»ËßÇãÏú°¸¼þÊýÁ¿Ö® ¼ä´æÔÚÒ»ÖµÄ̬ÊÆ×ßÏò.½Ó×Å,ͨ¹ý¼ÆÁ¿»Ø¹éÄ£ÐÍ·ÖÎöÁË̼ÅÅ·ÅÁ¿ÓëÄÜԴЧÂÊ¡¢²úÒµ½á¹¹ÏµÊý¼°È˾ùÖÆÔìÒµÔö¼ÓÖµÖ®¼äµÄ¹Øϵ.·ÖÎö·¢ÏÖ:È˾ùÖÆÔìÒµÔö¼ÓÖµÊÇÖÆÔì ҵ̼ÅŷŵÄÖ÷Òª´Ù½øÒòËØ,¶ø²úÒµ½á¹¹ÏµÊýºÍÄÜԴЧÂʶÔ̼ÅŷŵÄÒÖÖÆ×÷Óò¢²»Ã÷ÏÔ.ÓÉ´Ë,Ìá³öÁËÖÆÔìÒµµÄ²úÒµ½á¹¹ÓÅ»¯Éý¼¶Õ½ÂÔ,ÒÔÆÚͨ¹ý½µµÍ̼ÅŷŵÄ;¾¶, ΪÎÒ¹ú³ö¿ÚÆóÒµ²úÒµ½á¹¹µÄÓÅ»¯Éý¼¶ÒÔ¸üºÃÓ¦¶Ô¹úÍâ·´ÇãÏúÌṩÆÕÊÊÐÔ¶Ô²ß. |
[27] | . , ¶ÔÖйú¸÷Ê¡ÇøÊ®¶þÎåÆÚ¼äµÄCO2ÅÅ·Å¿ØÖÆÁ¿½øÐвâËã,·ÖÎöÁ˸÷ÇøÓò¼õÅŵÄѹÁ¦ºÍ¹ú¼ÒÕûÌåÄ¿±êµÄʵÏ̶ֳÈ.ÔÚ¸÷Ê¡ÇøÍêÈ«Ö´Ðйú¼Ò¼õÅÅ·ÖÅä·½°¸µÄÇé¿öÏÂ,¹ú¼Ò ÕûÌå¼õÅÅÄ¿±êʵÏÖ92£¥ÒÔÉÏ,Ê®¶þÎå¼õÅÅÄ¿±ê»¹²»ÄÜÍêȫʵÏÖ.2015ÄêÈ«¹ú30¸öÊ¡ÇøCO2ÅÅ·Å×ÜÁ¿´ïµ½152ÒÚt,Ê®¶þÎåÆÚ¼äÔö¼ÓÅÅ·ÅÁ¿40ÒÚt.Ëä È»ÅÅ·ÅÇ¿¶ÈÄ¿±êÉèÖÃΪϽµ,µ«ÊÇ2015Äê¸÷Ê¡ÇøCO2ÅÅ·ÅÁ¿ÔÚ2010Äê»ù´¡ÉÏÈÔÈ»Óнϴó·ù¶ÈµÄÌáÉý,Ôö¼ÓÁ¿ÔÚÊýÁ¿ÉϲîÒì½Ï´ó,·Ö²¼É϶«²¿ºÍ±±²¿µØÇøµÄ Ôö¼ÓÁ¿¸ßÓÚÆäËûµØÇø.¶Ô±ÈÁ˸÷Ê¡ÇøʮһÎåÆÚ¼äµÄʵ¼ÊÔöÁ¿ºÍÊ®¶þÎå¿ØÖÆÔöÁ¿,·¢ÏÖÑغ£µØÇøºÍ»ª±±µØÇø¼õÅÅѹÁ¦½Ï´ó,ÖÐÎ÷²¿ºÍ¶«±±µØÇø¼õÅÅѹÁ¦½ÏС.ÔÚ»ùÆÚÄê ºÍÄ¿±êÄê,ÎÄÕ¶¼¾ßÌå·ÖÎöÁËÅÅ·ÅÁ¿¡¢ÅÅ·ÅÇ¿¶ÈºÍÅÅ·ÅÔöÁ¿µÄ¿Õ¼ä·Ö²¼Çé¿ö.×îºóÕë¶Ô¼ÆËã¹ý³ÌºÍ½á¹û·ÖÎö,Ìá³öÁËÕþ²ß½¨Òé. ¶ÔÖйú¸÷Ê¡ÇøÊ®¶þÎåÆÚ¼äµÄCO2ÅÅ·Å¿ØÖÆÁ¿½øÐвâËã,·ÖÎöÁ˸÷ÇøÓò¼õÅŵÄѹÁ¦ºÍ¹ú¼ÒÕûÌåÄ¿±êµÄʵÏ̶ֳÈ.ÔÚ¸÷Ê¡ÇøÍêÈ«Ö´Ðйú¼Ò¼õÅÅ·ÖÅä·½°¸µÄÇé¿öÏÂ,¹ú¼Ò ÕûÌå¼õÅÅÄ¿±êʵÏÖ92£¥ÒÔÉÏ,Ê®¶þÎå¼õÅÅÄ¿±ê»¹²»ÄÜÍêȫʵÏÖ.2015ÄêÈ«¹ú30¸öÊ¡ÇøCO2ÅÅ·Å×ÜÁ¿´ïµ½152ÒÚt,Ê®¶þÎåÆÚ¼äÔö¼ÓÅÅ·ÅÁ¿40ÒÚt.Ëä È»ÅÅ·ÅÇ¿¶ÈÄ¿±êÉèÖÃΪϽµ,µ«ÊÇ2015Äê¸÷Ê¡ÇøCO2ÅÅ·ÅÁ¿ÔÚ2010Äê»ù´¡ÉÏÈÔÈ»Óнϴó·ù¶ÈµÄÌáÉý,Ôö¼ÓÁ¿ÔÚÊýÁ¿ÉϲîÒì½Ï´ó,·Ö²¼É϶«²¿ºÍ±±²¿µØÇøµÄ Ôö¼ÓÁ¿¸ßÓÚÆäËûµØÇø.¶Ô±ÈÁ˸÷Ê¡ÇøʮһÎåÆÚ¼äµÄʵ¼ÊÔöÁ¿ºÍÊ®¶þÎå¿ØÖÆÔöÁ¿,·¢ÏÖÑغ£µØÇøºÍ»ª±±µØÇø¼õÅÅѹÁ¦½Ï´ó,ÖÐÎ÷²¿ºÍ¶«±±µØÇø¼õÅÅѹÁ¦½ÏС.ÔÚ»ùÆÚÄê ºÍÄ¿±êÄê,ÎÄÕ¶¼¾ßÌå·ÖÎöÁËÅÅ·ÅÁ¿¡¢ÅÅ·ÅÇ¿¶ÈºÍÅÅ·ÅÔöÁ¿µÄ¿Õ¼ä·Ö²¼Çé¿ö.×îºóÕë¶Ô¼ÆËã¹ý³ÌºÍ½á¹û·ÖÎö,Ìá³öÁËÕþ²ß½¨Òé. |
[28] | , Dramatic changes are occurring in the nature of international trade. Production processes increasingly involve a sequential, vertical trading chain stretching across many countries, with each country specializing in particular stages of a good's production sequence. We document a key aspect of these vertical linkages--the use of imported inputs in producing goods that are exported -- which we call vertical specialization. Using input-output tables from the OECD and emerging market countries we estimate that vertical specialization accounts for up to 30 percent of world exports, and has grown as much as 40 percent in the last twenty-five years. The key insight about why vertical specialization has grown so much lies with the fact that trade barriers (tariffs and transportation costs) are incurred repeatedly as goods-in-process cross multiple borders. Hence, even small reductions in tariffs and transport costs can lead to extensive vertical specialization, large trade growth, and large gains from trade. We formally illustrate these points by developing an extension of the Dornbusch-Fischer-Samuelson ricardian trade model. |