胡家齐,
夏桂敏^,,
张?,
张柏纶,
迟道才
沈阳农业大学水利学院 沈阳 110866
基金项目: 公益性行业（农业）科研专项项目201303125

详细信息

作者简介:胡家齐, 主要从事农业节水理论与技术研究。E-mail:hu_hooolic@163.com

通讯作者:夏桂敏, 主要从事农业与生态节水理论与技术研究。E-mail:xiagm1229@126.com

中图分类号:S27;TV93

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收稿日期:2017-06-05
录用日期:2017-08-02
刊出日期:2018-01-01

Effect of nitrogen application on soil nitrogen absorption and transformation under supplementary irrigation of peanut

HU Jiaqi,
XIA Guimin^,,
ZHANG Yan,
ZHANG Bailun,
CHI Daocai
College of Water Conservancy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
Funds: the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China201303125

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Corresponding author:XIA Guimin, E-mail: xiagm1229@126.com

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摘要
摘要:为提高辽西地区花生产量和水氮利用率，本文以‘白沙1016’为对象，采取裂区试验，主区为雨养（W0）和测墒补灌（W1）两种灌溉模式，子区为0 kg·hm^-2（N0）、40 kg·hm^-2（N1）、60 kg·hm^-2（N2）和80 kg·hm^-2（N3）4个施氮水平，研究施氮对测墒补灌条件下花生干物质积累和氮素积累及分配的影响。试验结果表明：在雨养和测墒补灌条件下，花生成熟期的单株干物质量分别为64.66~74.92 g和71.65~92.81 g，以W1N3处理最高，W0N0最低，且随施氮量呈现二次曲线变化趋势。花生植株氮积累量随施氮量变化趋势与干物质量一致，W1N2较其他处理显著提高了氮素积累量、产量和水分利用效率。测墒补灌优化了花生植株中氮素的分配，延长了叶片氮素积累时长，同时提高了叶片氮素向荚果的转移量，继而相对雨养处理显著增加了花生荚果氮积累量所占植株氮积累总量的比重（氮收获系数）2.13%、氮肥农学利用率78.57%、氮肥表观回收率25.90%。花生收获后，土壤硝态氮主要分布在0~40 cm土层内，占0~60 cm土层的77.75%，且累积量随着施氮量的增高而增加，但补灌会使土壤硝态氮下移造成硝态氮淋失。因此，综合考虑水氮利用效率，在辽西半干旱地区推荐W1N2为适宜花生生产水氮管理，其产量、水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率最高，分别为6 485.03 kg·hm^-2、2.02 kg·m^-3和10.21 kg·m^-3。
关键词:花生/
雨养/
测墒补灌/
施氮量/
氮素吸收与转化/
硝态氮/
水氮利用率
Abstract:Rainfed agriculture is a mode of critical production which relies on natural rainfall in arid and semiarid regions. However, it causes crop yield instability due to frequent insufficient water supply at key growth stages of crops. Thus supplemental irrigation based on soil moisture has been widely adopted as an alternative water-saving irrigation method. To determine the effects of different nitrogen (N) application rates on nitrogen absorption and distribution, yield of peanut and soil nitrate accumulation under rainfed or supplementary irrigation conditions, a split plot experiment was conducted using the 'Baisha 1016' peanut variety with different N and irrigation managements in semiarid region of West Liaoning Province. The aim of the study was to explore suitable water and N managements and provide support for "modulate N with water" in peanut cultivation in semiarid regions. The irrigation treatments included W0 (rainfed condition) and W1 (supplemental irrigation based on soil moisture with the lower limit of soil water content of 55% of field capacity). The N treatments included N0[no N], N1[40 kg(N)·hm^-2], N2[60 kg(N)·hm^-2] and N3[80 kg(N)·hm^-2]. The results indicated that biomass and plant N uptake were highest under W1N2 treatment (supplemental irrigation at N application rate of 60 kg·hm^-2) among all treatments at maturity stage of peanut. The yield and nitrogen accumulation of peanut increased with increasing nitrogen, but decreased at N3 dose. N application rate, irrigation mode and their interactions significantly affected yield, water use efficiency (WUE), N use efficiency (NUE)[including N agronomic efficiency (NAE), grain N recovery efficiency (GRE) and apparent N recovery efficiency (NRE), and N harvest index (NHI)]. Total plant pod N accumulation greatly increased due to the optimal distribution of N nutrient in peanut, and accelerated N transfer from leaf to kernel under W1 treatment. This created beneficial effects on increasing total plant pod N accumulation, peanut harvest index, agronomic N efficiency and yield. Compared with W0, W1 increased peanut NHI, NAE and NRE by 2.13%, 78.57% and 25.90%, respectively. Soil nitrate content was highest in the 0-20 cm soil layer after peanut harvest, but decreased with increasing soil depth. The accumulation of soil nitrate N at the 0-60 cm soil depth increased with increasing N application rate. However, supplementary irrigation accelerated the leaching loss of soil nitrate N. It was concluded that W1N2 treatment had the highest yield (6 485.03 kg·hm^-2), WUE (2.02 kg·m^-3) and irrigation WUE (10.21 kg·m^-3). It was therefore recommended as the best combination for water and N to improve peanut yield under drip irrigation with plastic film mulching in semi-arid regions in Western Liaoning Province.
Key words:Peanut/
Rainfed/
Supplemental irrigation/
Nitrogen application rate/
Nitrogen absorption and transfer/
Nitrate nitrogen/
Nitrogen and water use efficiency

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图1雨养(a)和测墒补灌(b)条件下施氮量对花生干物质量和荚果产量的影响
Figure1.Effects of nitrogen rate on dry biomass and pod yield of peanut under rainfed (a) and supplemental irrigation (b) conditions


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图2雨养和测墒补灌条件下施氮量对花生苗期(A)、花针期(B)、结荚期(C)和饱果期(D)各器官氮素积累量和分配的影响
不同小写字母表示0.05水平差异显著。Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at 0.05 level.
Figure2.Effects of nitrogen rate on amounts of nitrogen accumulation and distribution in plant organs of peanut at seedling (A), pegging (B), podding (C) and pod filling (D) stages under rainfed and supplemental irrigation


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图3雨养(a)和测墒补灌(b)条件下不同施氮水平下花生叶片氮含量的动态变化
N0、N1、N2和N3分别表示施氮0 kg·hm^-2、40 kg·hm^-2、60 kg·hm^-2和80 kg·hm^-2。N0, N1, N2 and N3 represent nitrogen application rates of 0 kg·hm^-2, 40 kg·hm^-2, 60 kg·hm^-2 and 80 kg·hm^-2, respectively.
Figure3.Dynamic of nitrogen contents in peanut leaves of different nitrogen rates under rainfed (a) and supplemental irrigation (b) conditions


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图4雨养和测墒补灌条件下不同施氮水平对收获后0~60 cm土层内土壤硝态氮累积的影响
不同小写字母表示0.05水平差异显著。Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at 0.05 level.
Figure4.Effect of nitrogen rate on NO₃^--N accumulation in 0-60 cm soil after peanut harvest under rainfed and supplemental irrigation conditions


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表1试验年份花生生育期内降水量及有效雨量
Table1.Precipitation and effective precipitation during peanut growth period in the study year

mm
日期(年-月) Date (month-day)	05-14—05-31	06.01—06-30	07-01—07-31	08-01—08-31	09-01—09-17
降水量Precipitation	12.4	42.0	236.9	80.7	7.6
有效降水量Effective precipitation	64.0	24.5	147.8	71.3	7.6

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表2补灌和施氮对花生产量、水分利用效率和氮利用效率的影响
Table2.Effects of supplemental irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on yield, and water and nitrogen use efficiencies of peanut

灌水 Water condition (W)	施氮量 Nitrogen rate (N)	产量 Yield (kg·hm-2)	水分利用效率 Water use efficiency (kg·m-3)	灌溉水利用效率 Irrigation water use efficiency (kg·m-3)		氮收获系数 Nitrogen harvest index (%)	氮肥农学利用率 Agronomic nitrogen efficiency (kg·kg-1)	籽粒氮肥吸收利用率 Nitrogen grain recovery efficiency (%)		氮肥表观回收率 Nitrogen recovery efficiency (%)
W0	N0	4 155.63±11.53d	1.63±0.11c	—		66.38±3.33f	—	—		—
	N1	4 783.73±198.33c	1.83±0.18b	—		74.78±7.60c	15.70±1.25cd	25.22±2.27b		46.93±5.32b
	N2	4 903.87±543.75c	1.98±0.12a	—		74.26±6.54c	20.03±2.12bc	97.19±10.28a		72.83±8.39a
	N3	4 951.53±76.76c	1.95±0.13a	—		73.18±4.97d	9.95±1.30de	19.27±1.64b		12.13±0.91c
W1	N0	4 645.50±54.89c	1.41±0.13d	6.50±0.08c		66.96±6.46f	—	—		—
	N1	5 915.40±25.17b	1.76±0.09b	7.58±0.03b		81.22±7.93a	23.99±1.80b	37.92±4.38b		85.66±8.42a
	N2	6 485.03±46.57a	2.02±0.17a	10.21±0.07a		78.11±6.77b	38.82±3.49a	81.58±7.33a		41.44±4.18b
	N3	5 656.67±155.46c	1.73±0.09b	6.71±0.22c		68.46±5.97e	18.76±1.83c	21.54±1.39b		38.95±3.01b
显著性Significance
N		121.560**	120.662**	395.335**	149.523**		357.184**		39.336**		9.962**
W		195.320**	114.930**	—	611.974**		142.815**		178.066**		80.194**
W × N		61.408**	46.017**	—	483.691**		99.082**		90.249**		37.772**
???W0和W1分别为雨养和测墒补充灌; N0、N1、N2和N3分别表示施氮0 kg·hm-2、40 kg·hm-2、60 kg·hm-2和80 kg·hm-2。同列不同小写字母表示在0.05水平上差异显著。**表示极显著P < 0.01。W0 and W1 are treatments of rainfed and supplemental irrigation, respectively. N0, N1, N2 and N3 represent nitrogen application rates of 0 kg·hm-2, 40 kg·hm-2, 60 kg·hm-2 and 80 kg·hm-2, respectively. Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences at 0.05 level. ** means significant difference at 0.01 level.

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