Arnau Vich Vila
Alexandra Zhernakova
Debby P. Y. Koonen
Rinse K. Weersma
Daan J. Touw
Folkert Kuipers
Cisca Wijmenga
Jingyuan Fu
1 Departments of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands;
2 Departments of Paediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands;
3 Departments of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands;
4 Departments of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands;
5 Departments of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands;
6 K. G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1072, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
Funds: M. Doestzada holds a MD-PhD Fellowship from University Medical Center Groningen. A. Zhernakova is funded by a Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) VIDI Grant (016.178.056) and a European Research Council (ERC) Starting Grant (715772). A. Zhernakova also holds a Rosalind Franklin Fellowship (University of Groningen). R. K. Weersma is funded by an NWO VIDI (016.136.308). D. J. Touw is funded by ZonMw (Grant No. 80-83600-98-42014), Astellas, Chiesi and the Tekke Huizinga Fund. C.W. is funded by an ERC Advanced Grant (FP/2007-2013/ERC Grant 2012-322698), NWO Spinoza Prize (92-266), Stiftelsen Kristian Gerhard Jebsen Foundation (Norway), NWO Gravitation Grant Netherlands for the Organ-on-Chip Initiative (024.003.001) and University of Groningen Investment Agenda Grant for Personalized Health. J. Fu is funded by an NWO-VIDI (864.13.013). A. Zhernakova, D. P. Y. Koonen, F. Kuipers and J. Fu are also supported by CardioVasculair Onderzoek Nederland (CVON 2012-03). We thank Kate Mc Intyre for editing the manuscript.
Received Date: 2018-03-05
Rev Recd Date:2018-04-16
Abstract
Abstract
Inter-individual heterogeneity in drug response is a serious problem that affects the patient's wellbeing and poses enormous clinical and financial burdens on a societal level. Pharmacogenomics has been at the forefront of research into the impact of individual genetic background on drug response variability or drug toxicity, and recently the gut microbiome, which has also been called the second genome, has been recognized as an important player in this respect. Moreover, the microbiome is a very attractive target for improving drug efficacy and safety due to the opportunities to manipulate its composition. Pharmacomicrobiomics is an emerging field that investigates the interplay of microbiome variation and drugs response and disposition (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion). In this review, we provide a historical overview and examine current state-of-the-art knowledge on the complex interactions between gut microbiome, host and drugs. We argue that combining pharmacogenomics and pharmacomicrobiomics will provide an important foundation for making major advances in personalized medicine.Keywords: gut microbiome,
drug metabolism,
personalized medicine
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