Change of Phosphorus in Red Soil and Its Effect to Grain Yield Under Long-Term Different Fertilizations
LI DongChu1,2, WANG BoRen,2, HUANG Jing2, ZHANG YangZhu1, XU MingGang2, ZHANG ShuXiang2, ZHANG HuiMin,21 College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128 2 Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory for Improving Quality of Arable Land, Beijing 100081
Abstract 【Objective】 Change characteristic of phosphorus (P) in red soil were quantified under long term different fertilizations, and effects of P on soil productivity were studied, so as to provide a theoretical basis for P management in red soil regions in southern China. 【Method】 Change of soil Olsen-P and total P content was compared under long term no P fertilization (CK, N, NK), chemical P fertilizer (PK, NP, NPK), application of chemical fertilizer combined with half crop straw return (NPKS) and application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer combined with organic manure (1.5NPKM, NPKM, M) using long term trial platform in the upland red soil (from 1991-2016). Responses of soil P to P balance were analyzed. Different models were used to fit the response curve of crops yield to Olsen-P in the red soil. The critical P value of soil Olsen-P for crop yield (CV) was calculated. 【Result】 The Olsen-P and total P increased, and P activation coefficient (PAC) promoted under long term P fertilization in the red soil. PAC was higher under application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer combined with organic manure (1.5NPKM, NPKM, M) than that under application of chemical fertilizer combined with half crop straw return (NPKS) and chemical P fertilizer (PK, NP, NPK). Changes of Olsen-P and total P were significantly affected by P balance (P<0.01). Soil Olsen-P increased by 3.00-5.22 mg·kg -1, and total P increased by 0.02-0.06 g·kg -1 with 100 kg P·hm -2 cumulative surplus in the red soil. The Olsen-P decreased with years under long term no P fertilization (CK, N, NK), and they decreased by 1.85 mg·kg -1, 0.40 mg·kg -1, and 1.76 mg·kg -1, respectively, with 100 kg P·hm -2 cumulative deficiency in the red soil. Grain yields of wheat and maize were significant higher under application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer combined with organic manure (1.5NPKM, NPKM, M) than that under application of chemical fertilizer combined with half crop straw return (NPKS) and chemical P fertilizer (PK, NP, NPK) than under no P fertilizations (CK, N, NK). Sustainability index of grain yield (SYI) were higher under application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer combined with organic manure (1.5NPKM, NPKM, M) than that under the other treatments. Three models (linear-linear model, linear-platform model and Michelice model) were better fit the response of crop yield to Olsen-P in red soil (P<0.01). Linear-linear model was recommended for the higher R2. The critical value of Olsen-P content in agronomic in red soil of wheat and maize were 13.5 mg·kg -1, and 23.4 mg·kg -1, respectively, calculated by linear-linear mode. 【Conclusion】 Application of chemical fertilizer combined with organic manure were recommended in red soil region of southern China. That had the beneficial for P accumulation and promoting P availability. Applications of chemical fertilizer combined with organic manure were also used to keep the high and stable production. Linear-linear model was recommended to calculate the critical value of Olsen-P content in agronomic. Application rates of P fertilizer should be adjusted timely according to the difference between actual Olsen-P content in the soil and critical value of Olsen-P content in agronomic in productivity. Keywords:Olsen-P;total P;relative yield;PAC;P balance;critical value of Olsen-P content in agronomic;long-term fertilization;red soil
PDF (749KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章导出EndNote|Ris|Bibtex收藏本文 本文引用格式 李冬初, 王伯仁, 黄晶, 张杨珠, 徐明岗, 张淑香, 张会民. 长期不同施肥红壤磷素变化及其对产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(21): 3830-3841 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.21.012 LI DongChu, WANG BoRen, HUANG Jing, ZHANG YangZhu, XU MingGang, ZHANG ShuXiang, ZHANG HuiMin. Change of Phosphorus in Red Soil and Its Effect to Grain Yield Under Long-Term Different Fertilizations[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(21): 3830-3841 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.21.012
Fig. 3Change of PAC value in red soil under different fertilizations during the period of 1991-2016
2.4 长期施肥土壤磷素变化量对磷盈亏量的响应
长期施用磷肥土壤全磷增加量与土壤累积磷盈余量呈显著正相关关系(图4,P<0.01)。由图可知,土壤每累积100 kg P·hm-2,土壤全磷含量上升0.02—0.06 g·kg-1,其中以化肥配合秸秆还田(NPKS)最高,单施有机肥(M)最低。长期不施磷肥3种处理(CK、N、NK),土壤全磷变量与土壤累积磷盈亏量无显著关系。
Fig. 4Correlations relationship between soil total P change and P balance under long-term fertilizations during the period of 1991-2016
土壤Olsen-P变化量与土壤磷素盈亏量呈正相关或显著正相关关系(图5,P<0.01)。长期不施磷肥3种处理(CK、N、NK),土壤每亏缺100 kg P·hm-2,土壤Olsen-P分别下降1.85、0.40、1.76 mg·kg-1。施用化学磷肥的3种处理(PK、NP、NPK),土壤每累积100 kg P·hm-2,土壤Olsen-P分别上升4.34、4.64、4.86 mg·kg-1。单施有机肥(M)、化肥有机肥配施(NPKM、1.5NPKM),以及化肥配合秸秆还田(NPKS),土壤每累积100 kg P·hm-2,土壤Olsen-P分别上升3.00、4.13、4.12、5.22 mg·kg-1。
Table 2 表2 表2长期不同施肥小麦玉米产量及产量可持续性指数(1991—2016) Table 2Grain yield and SYI of wheat and maize under different long term fertilizations during the period of 1991-2016
处理 Treatments
小麦产量 Grain yield of wheat (kg·hm-2·a-1)
产量可持续指数 SYI
玉米产量 Grain yield of maize (kg·hm-2·a-1)
产量可持续指数 SYI
年总产量 Grain yield annually (kg·hm-2·a-1)
产量可持续指数 SYI
CK
332.2±135.0 C
0.32
241.7±207.5 F
0.04
573.9±287.5E
0.23
N
275.5±392.8 C
-0.09
578.4±721.3 F
-0.05
853.9±1079.6E
-0.06
NP
774.3±584.4 B
0.09
1438.5±1254.1E
0.05
2212.8± 1780.3D
0.07
NK
302.9±416.8 C
-0.09
801.9±951.5 F
-0.05
1104.8±1342.9E
-0.06
PK
829.2±279.8 B
0.37
453.7±286.2 F
0.12
1282.9± 430.2E
0.38
NPK
941.0±612.3 B
0.14
2571.4±1580.9D
0.17
3512.5±1985.5C
0.22
NPKM
1569.5±429.1 A
0.48
5185.8±1026.6 B
0.58
6755.2±1034.9 A
0.65
1.5NPKM
1555.6±478.2 A
0.42
5802.2± 1225.1A
0.54
7357.8±1343.6A
0.61
NPKS
1065.9±653.6 B
0.16
2969.6±1802.5 D
0.18
4034.5±2268.0 C
0.23
M
1349.3±424.0 A
0.41
3760.2±1064.1C
0.46
5109.5±1146.0B
0.51
SYI:产量可持续指数SYI。表中数据为平均值±标准差,不同大写字母表示不同处理产量差异显著(P<0.05) SYI: Sustainability index of grain yield. Data in the table are average ± standard deviation. Capital letter indicates the difference of yield significantly among different treatments (P<0.05)
短划线、实线和点虚线分别表示线性-线性、线性-平台和米切里西拟合曲线 Fig. 7Responses of relative yield of wheat (a) and maize (b) to soil Olsen-P content under different long term fertilizations
Short dash line, solid line and dotted line represent fitted curves by linear-linear model, linear-platform model and Michelice model respectively
Table 3 表3 表3长期不同施肥磷素农学阈值 Table 3The critical P value of soil Olsen-P for crop yield (CV) under different long term fertilizations
作物 Crop
样本数 N
线线模型LL
线性-平台模型LP
米切里西方程EXP
农学阈值平均 Mean of CV (mg·kg-1)
农学阈值 CV (mg·kg-1)
R2
农学阈值 CV (mg·kg-1)
R2
农学阈值 CV (mg·kg-1)
R2
小麦 Wheat
108
13.5
0.72**
22.3
0.67**
28.8
0.69**
21.5
玉米 Maize
108
23.4
0.66**
29.2
0.65**
46.0
0.67**
32.9
LL: Linear-linear model; LP: Linear-platform model; EXP: Michelice model; CV: Critical value of Olsen-P content in agronomic
土壤磷盈亏量决定着土壤有效磷含量水平,影响土壤有效磷转化[21]。长期施用磷肥造成土壤磷素累积,大量研究表明土壤磷素变化量与磷盈亏量显著相关[36-37, 39-40]。国内外文献结果表明,累积盈余100 kg P·hm-2土壤有效磷提高1—6 mg·kg-1,不同试验点之间差异与其环境因素、土壤理化性质及种植制度等有关[42,43]。对于不同施肥措施,土壤每累积盈余100 kg P·hm-2,单施化学磷肥处理土壤有效磷含量平均提高2.6—21.2 mg·kg-1,有机肥配施化学磷肥处理有效磷含量平均提高0.56—41.3 mg·kg-1[40,43]。本研究结果表明红壤磷素累积量对磷盈亏量存在显著响应关系。在红壤旱地小麦玉米轮作体系上,土壤每累积盈余100 kg P·hm-2,土壤有效磷含量提高3.0—5.2 mg·kg-1,高低顺序分别为NPKS>NPK>NP>PK>NPKM>1.5NPKM。施用有机肥处理表层土壤有效磷对磷盈亏量的转化效率要低于施用化学磷肥。原因可能在于有机肥处理磷素投入量大,随着磷肥施用年限持续,大量的磷素在土壤中累积,一方面增加了磷素向土壤深层迁移量,以及淋失或径流迁移出土体风险[25, 43];另一方面有机肥投入的磷素以有机磷为主,虽然有机肥的加入促进了土壤磷的有效化,但土壤磷的有效化速度要低于有机肥固定无机磷的速度[14]。与单施化学磷肥相比,化肥配合秸秆还田,有利于减缓磷素迁移,提升表层土壤磷素的转化效率。
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