明毅^,, 张锡洲^,, 余海英四川农业大学资源学院,成都 611130

The Evaluation of Cd Accumulation in Grains of Different Wheat Materials

MING Yi^,, ZHANG XiZhou^,, YU HaiYingCollege of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130

通讯作者: 张锡洲,E-mail：zhangxzhou@163.com

第一联系人: 联系方式：明毅,Tel：18380445140;E-mail： m864346198@163.com。
收稿日期:2018-06-7接受日期:2018-08-8网络出版日期:2018-11-16

基金资助:

国家“十二五”科技支撑计划.2015BAD05B01 四川省重点研发项目.2017SZ0188, 2017SZ0198, 2018SZ0326

Received:2018-06-7Accepted:2018-08-8Online:2018-11-16


摘要
【目的】筛选小麦低镉（cadmium,Cd）积累材料不仅使受Cd污染农田得到安全利用,还可为其遗传特性的探究提供材料。【方法】以139份小麦材料为研究对象,分别于2014—2015年和2015—2016年在土壤重金属Cd重度污染条件下连续开展2期大田试验,以小麦籽粒Cd含量为指标对各年份种植相同的139小麦材料进行籽粒Cd积累差异评价,以获取籽粒具有Cd低积累特性的小麦材料。通过土培试验,进一步探讨籽粒Cd低积累型小麦材料在土壤重金属Cd重度污染条件下籽粒部位对Cd的积累差异与产量特征,并结合籽粒Cd含量和籽粒产量,进行聚类分析,以获得籽粒Cd含量低且产量较高的优势小麦材料,进而对比分析其与籽粒Cd高积累型材料各器官对Cd的积累转移差异,明晰籽粒Cd低积累型材料籽粒Cd含量低的原因。【结果】在2014—2015年和2015—2016年大田试验条件下,139份小麦材料籽粒Cd含量范围、变异系数分别为0.002—0.271 mg·kg ^-1DW ^-1、63.097%和0.095—0.343 mg·kg ^-1DW ^-1、24.960%,小麦材料间籽粒Cd含量差异明显。以籽粒Cd含量为聚类分析指标,综合得到2年试验中籽粒对Cd积累类型相同的小麦材料,12N551（M033）、济麦22（M059）、蜀麦375（M075）、中梁22（M079）、30389（M092）、B7094（M094）、ML2652（M114）、G219-24（M116）、77782（M121）、南农Ozy23（M123）、省C90097（M124）、Pm99915-1（M126）、南农02y393（M127）、省CXK027-4（M129）、02Y23（M131）、良麦2号（M139）16份小麦材料籽粒具有低Cd积累的特性,且在年际间具备较好的重现性或稳定性。土培条件下,16份籽粒Cd低积累型小麦材料籽粒Cd含量和产量均差异明显,在1或4 mg·kg ^-1 Cd水平下,其籽粒Cd含量、籽粒产量变幅分别为0.286—0.910 mg·kg ^-1、3.199—7.716 g·plant ^-1和0.881—1.381 mg·kg ^-1、3.075—8.252 g·plant ^-1,籽粒Cd含量、籽粒产量变异系数分别为33.706%、24.044%和12.276%、30.351%,以其籽粒Cd含量、籽粒产量为聚类指标,获得籽粒Cd含量低且产量较高的优势材料12N551（M033）、中梁22（M079）、G219-24（M116）与良麦2号（M139）。与Cd高积累型材料抗锈3816（M060）、射1136（M073）相比,12N551（M033）、中梁22（M079）、G219-24（M116）良麦2号（M139）同一器官（根、茎叶或籽粒）Cd含量在4 mg·kg ^-1 Cd水平下均显著高于1 mg·kg ^-1 Cd水平。在1或4 mg·kg ^-1 Cd水平下,籽粒Cd低积累型小麦材料12N551（M033）、中梁22（M079）、G219-24（M116）与良麦2号（M139）籽粒Cd含量均显著低于籽粒Cd高积累型材料抗锈3816（M060）、射1136（M073）,其对Cd的转移能力较低,进而使籽粒Cd含量较低。 【结论】综合大田试验和土培试验结果,12N551（M033）、中梁22（M079）、G219-24（M116）和良麦2号（M139）具有籽粒Cd含量低且产量较高的优势,且在不同年际间、不同试验方式下籽粒Cd积累稳定性较好,具备可用于中轻度Cd污染农田种植的潜力,可作为小麦籽粒Cd低积累遗传特性的研究材料。
关键词： 小麦;Cd;Cd低积累型材料;差异评价;转移系数

Abstract
【Objective】 The screening of the low-Cd accumulation genotypes for wheat not only benefits for the safe production of Cd-contaminated agricultural soils, but also provides breeding materials for the study of hereditary characteristics of wheat. 【Method】 In this study, 139 wheat lines were considered to be the research objectives and two consecutive field trials were carried out under Cd heavy pollution in soil in 2014-2015 and 2015-2016. Cd concentrations in grains of the 139 wheat lines for the two field trials were evaluated to investigate Cd accumulation difference among the 139 wheat lines, so as to obtain wheat lines with the characteristics of low-Cd accumulation in grains. Followly, the characteristics of Cd accumulation and yield of the low-Cd accumulation wheat materials were explored under Cd heavy pollution in soil by a pot experiment. With the index of Cd concentration in grain and grain yield, cluster analysis was also carried out to obtain superior wheat lines with low-Cd accumulation and high yield. The difference of Cd accumulation and translocation in organs between the two wheat lines was analyzed to get further understanding of the mechanisms of low-Cd accumulation in grains of the low-Cd accumulation wheat lines.【Result】For the two field experiments in 2014-2015 and 2015-2016, the range and coefficient of variation (CV) of Cd concentrations in grains of the 139 wheat materials were 0.002-0.271 mg·kg ^-1 DW ^-1, 63.097% and 0.095-0.343 mg·kg ^-1 DW ^-1, 24.960%, respectively. There was a significant difference for Cd concentrations in grains among the 139 wheat materials. According to the cluster analysis, 16 low-Cd accumulation wheat lines were obtained for the two field experiments, including 12N551 (M033), JIMAI22 (M059), SHUMAI375 (M075), ZHONGLIANG22 (M079), 30389 (M092), B7094 (M094), ML2652 (M114), G219-24 (M116), 77782 (M121), NANNONGOzy23 (M123), SHENGC90097 (M124), Pm99915-1 (M126), NANNONG02y39 (M127), SHENGCXK027-4 (M129), 02Y23 (M131) and LIANGMAI No.2 (M139). For the pot experiment, significant difference for Cd concentrations in grains and grain yield among the 16 low-Cd accumulation wheat lines was observed. Cd concentrations in grains and grain yield among the 16 low-Cd accumulation wheat lines ranged from 0.286-0.910 mg·kg ^-1, 3.199-7.716 g·plant ^-1 and 0.881-1.381 mg·kg ^-1, 3.075-8.252 g·plant ^-1, respectively. when exposed to 1 mg·kg ^-1 and 4 mg·kg ^-1 Cd, The CV of Cd concentrations in grains and grain yield among the 16 low-Cd accumulation wheat lines was 33.706%, 24.044% and 12.276%, 12.276%, respectively. Then, the dominant wheat materials (12N551 (M033), ZHONGLIANG22 (M079), G219-24 (M116) and LIANGMAI No. 2 (M139) ) with low-Cd content and high yield were obtained according to the cluster analysis. Compared with the high-Cd accumulative materials (KANGXIU3816 (M060) and SHE1136 (M073)), Cd concentrations in different organs of the low-Cd accumulation wheat lines (12N551 (M033), ZHONGLIANG22 (M079), G219-24 (M116) and LIANGMAI No. 2 (M139) ) exposed to 4 mg·kg ^-1 Cd were significantly higher than those exposed to 1 mg·kg ^-1 Cd. Cd concentrations in grains of the low-Cd accumulation wheat lines (12N551 (M033), ZHONGLIANG22 (M079), G219-24 (M116) and LIANGMAI No. 2 (M139) ) were significantly lower than the high-Cd accumulation wheat lines(KANGXIU3816 (M060), SHE1136 (M073)). The low-Cd accumulation wheat lines presented lower Cd translocation from straws to grains and therefore lower Cd accumulation in grains. 【Conclusion】 According to the two-year field experiments and pot experiment, (12N551 (M033), ZHONGLIANG22 (M079), G219-24 (M116) and LIANGMAI No. 2 (M139)) showed lower Cd accumulation and greater grain yield in grains under different experimental conditions of field and pot experiments in 2014-2017, thus could be considered to be ideal candidates for the cultivation in the moderate Cd-contaminated agricultural soils and also providing materials for the study of genetic characteristics of the low Cd accumulation in grains.
Keywords：wheat;Cd;low-Cd accumulation material;difference evaluation;translocation factor


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本文引用格式
明毅, 张锡洲, 余海英. 小麦籽粒镉积累差异评价[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(22): 4219-4229 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.22.001
MING Yi, ZHANG XiZhou, YU HaiYing. The Evaluation of Cd Accumulation in Grains of Different Wheat Materials[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(22): 4219-4229 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.22.001

0 引言

【研究意义】现代工农业快速发展过程中,工业“三废”排放量不断增加,导致农田土壤Cd污染日益严重,Cd可以通过土壤转移积累到作物的可食部位,降低粮食品质,进而威胁人体健康^[1,2]。寻找合适可行的途径以减少作物可食部位Cd积累量,保证粮食安全已成为环境科学关注的热点^[3]。【前人研究进展】国际食品法典委员会于2013年提出的《食品污染物法典》（CCCF）规定小麦籽粒Cd含量不得超出0.2 mg·kg^-1,以保证食用安全^[1,3],而中国规定谷物及其制品中Cd含量不得超过0.1 mg·kg^-1[4]。目前,降低农田土壤Cd污染风险,减少粮食中Cd含量的途径主要有2条：一是从土壤角度出发,采用物理或化学修复方式,主要包括客土法和添加外源物质,以减少土壤中Cd含量或者钝化土壤中Cd活性,进而降低粮食中Cd含量;二是从农作物的角度,筛选可食部位具有Cd低积累特性的作物在污染土壤上推广种植,以减小土壤Cd污染对粮食安全的威胁^[3,5-7]。然而,前者由于在实际生产中成本较高,治理耗时长、难以大面积推广应用^[1,7]。已有报道提出筛选和培育Cd低积累品种的概念,其主要是基于植物种类或种间对Cd的吸收积累差异获得Cd低积累品种,即使在Cd污染的农田土壤上,Cd低积累品种体内Cd含量也可保持在较低积累水平以保证安全生产与消费^[3]。诸多****以不同评价指标对Cd低积累材料进行筛选研究,得到了包括水稻^[8]、大豆^[9]、白菜^[10]等对Cd具有低积累特性的材料,筛选Cd低积累型材料在一定程度上可有效应对农田土壤Cd污染对粮食安全构成的威胁^[11]。【本研究切入点】小麦作为中国仅次于水稻的第二大谷类作物,其品种多、基因型差异大^[2]。已有****在大田试验中筛选小麦Cd低积累材料^[11],孙洪欣等^[12]开展田间试验综合评价了小麦产量、富集系数、转运系数等指标,获得了籽粒Cd、Pb含量低且高产的潜力品种。有研究指出,籽粒Cd含量或产量易受到外界环境多种因素的影响,诸多研究采用一年试验或单一培养方式对籽粒Cd低积累小麦进行筛选,缺乏不同年份或不同试验条件的综合对比分析^[12,13],难以反映小麦籽粒Cd低积累的稳定状况。【拟解决的关键问题】本研究以大田试验和土培试验相结合的方式,选用来源广泛的139份小麦材料,进行籽粒Cd低积累型小麦材料筛选,并对其Cd积累与转移差异进行研究,以获取具有稳定的籽粒Cd低积累特性的小麦材料,为安全利用受Cd污染农田和进一步研究Cd低积累遗传特性提供材料。

1 材料与方法

1.1 大田试验

试验于2014—2015年和2015—2016年在成都平原某市进行,试验地属中纬度亚热带湿润气候,平均海拔507 m,年平均气温15.2℃。土壤类型为水稻土,常年水稻-小麦轮作。2014—2015年和2015—2016年土壤全Cd、有效Cd含量、土壤pH分别为3.18 mg·kg^-1、0.30 mg·kg^-1、6.69和3.51 mg·kg^-1、0.36 mg·kg^-1、6.60,属Cd重度污染土壤^[14,15]。供试139份小麦材料由四川农业大学小麦研究所提供,材料编号为M001—M139（电子附表1）。

1.2 土培试验

供试作物：大田试验筛选得到的18份小麦材料。

供试土壤：灰潮土,采自都江堰市蒲阳镇双柏村,其基本理化性质为有机质22.4 g·kg^-1、全氮0.54 g·kg^-1、碱解氮63 mg·kg^-1、有效磷14.5 mg·kg^-1、速效钾65 mg·kg^-1,pH6.95,土壤Cd含量未检测出。

供试肥料：尿素（含N 35%）、磷酸二氢钾（含P₂O₅ 52%、K₂O 34%）、硫酸钾（含K₂O 54%）均为分析纯试剂。

试验于2016年11月—2017年6月在四川农业大学教学科研园区有防雨设施的网室中进行。

1.3 试验设计与处理

大田试验：将田块划分为139个1.5 m×0.6 m的试验小区,小区之间设30 cm的间隔区。每年均种植139份小麦材料,选取籽粒饱满的种子,随机种植于139个小区,每份材料种植3行,行距10 cm,株距10 cm,田块四周种植保护行。水肥管理和病虫害防治同当地常规小麦栽培管理方式。

土培试验：设Cd浓度分别为0（CK）、1（Cd1）和4 mg·kg^-1（Cd4）3个水平。氮（N）、磷（P₂O₅）、钾（K₂O）肥用量分别为200、150和150 mg·kg^-1。每个处理重复3次,共162盆,完全随机排列。供试土壤风干后,压碎,过筛混匀,每盆（12 L）装土10 kg。Cd以CdCl₂·2.5H₂O（分析纯）添加,以溶液形式施入土壤,充分混匀后陈化4周待用^[16],陈化后测定Cd1和Cd4条件下土壤Cd有效量分别为0.63和2.55 mg·kg^-1。种子经消毒、催芽后,选择长势一致的3株幼苗定植于盆中。移栽前将氮肥、磷肥和钾肥作为基肥以水溶液形式施入土壤。自然光照,常规水肥管理。

1.4 样品采集与制备

大田试验：于成熟期采集小麦穗部,每个小区内随机采集长势一致的30穗混为一个样。自然风干后,人工脱粒（去掉颍壳）,籽粒烘干至恒重,粉碎装袋备用。各期试验均于小麦种植前,按照五点法采集土壤,自然风干,去除杂质,研磨过筛后装袋备用,以测定土壤全Cd含量与有效Cd含量。

土培试验：于成熟期采集植株根、茎叶和穗,每盆3株混合为一个样,共3个重复。将样品先用清水冲洗干净,根系于20 mmol L^-1 EDTA-Na₂ 浸泡15 min,以去除根系表面附着的Cd离子,再经去离子水润洗,吸水纸擦干。105℃杀青,75℃烘干至恒重。人工脱粒并考种,样品称重后粉碎装袋备用。

1.5 测定项目与方法

土壤基本理化性质采用常规分析方法^[17];植株Cd含量采用HNO₃-HClO₄（v:v,5:1）进行消化;土壤全Cd含量采用HNO₃-HClO₄ -HF（v:v:v,5:1:1）消化,土壤有效Cd含量采用二乙基三胺五乙酸（DTPA）浸提;原子吸收光谱仪（PinAAcle 900T,Perkin Elmer,USA）测定^[18]。

1.6 数据处理与分析

转移系数（translocation factor,TF）：TF_{籽粒/茎叶}=籽粒Cd含量/茎叶Cd含量;TF_茎叶/根=茎叶Cd含量/根Cd含量^[3,4];

采用DPS(11.0)进行统计分析,选择LSD法进行多重比较,图表制作采用Microsoft Excel 2013和Origin 9.0。

2 结果

2.1 小麦籽粒Cd含量差异评价

2.1.1 小麦籽粒Cd含量变化特征 对供试小麦的籽粒Cd含量分析发现（表1）,在2年大田试验中,2014—2015年各小麦籽粒Cd含量变幅为0.002—0.271 mg·kg^-1DW^-1（CV=63.097%）,均值为0.067 mg·kg^-1DW^-1,而2015—2016年各小麦籽粒Cd含量变幅为0.095—0.343 mg·kg^-1DW^-1（CV=24.960%）,其均值为0.193 mg·kg^-1DW^-1。139份小麦籽粒Cd含量差异明显且变异系数较大,具备对不同小麦材料进行差异性评价的基础条件。

Table 1
表1
表1小麦籽粒Cd含量差异统计
Table 1The different statistics of Cd content in grains of the wheat materials

年份Year	变幅Range (mg·kg-1)	均值Mean value	标准差SD	变异系数CV(%)
2014-2015	0.002—0.271	0.067	0.042	63.097
2015-2016	0.095—0.343	0.193	0.048	24.960

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2.1.2 小麦籽粒Cd含量聚类分析 以籽粒Cd含量为评价指标,采用离差平方和法对2014—2015年和2015—2016年种植均相同的139份供试小麦籽粒Cd含量分别进行聚类分析（图1）,当欧氏距离分别为0.97和1.18时,将各年份间的139份小麦均划分为Cd低积累型材料、Cd中积累型材料和Cd高积累型材料。根据2年大田试验划分结果,将供试小麦籽粒Cd含量在2年试验均表现一致的同类型材料作为目标材料,获得小麦籽粒Cd低积累型材料16份,Cd中积累型材料28份和Cd高积累型材料2份,由表2可知,Cd低积累型小麦材料其籽粒Cd含量变幅于2014—2015与2015—2016年分别为0.010—0.055 mg·kg^-1和0.095—0.167 mg·kg^-1,在当年大田试验中,均低于其他两类型材料。

图1

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图1139份小麦材料籽粒Cd含量聚类分析

Fig. 1Cluster analysis of Cd content in the grains of 139 wheat materials



Table 2
表2
表22014-2016不同Cd积累类型代表材料编号及其Cd含量变化
Table 2Material codes and changes of Cd content in the different Cd accumulation types representative wheat from 2014 to 2016 (mg·kg^-1)

类型 Type	材料数量 Number of materials	材料编号 Material code	变幅Range (mg·kg-1)
			2014—2015	2015—2016
低积累型 Low accumulation	16	M033、M079、M114、M123、M127、M139、M059、M092、M116、M124、M129、M075、M094、M121、M126、M131	0.010—0.055	0.095—0.167
中积累型 Medium accumulation	28	M002、M005、M006、M007、M010、M020、M023、M024、M026、M031、M047、M049、M050、M054、M055、M056、M058、M064、M067、M082、M083、M085、M090、M104、M108、M110、M119、M133	0.061—0.091	0.175—0.218
高积累型 High accumulation	2	M060、M073	0.177—0.191	0.265—0.314

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2.2 Cd低积累型小麦籽粒Cd含量与产量变化特征

依据大田试验结果,对Cd低积累型小麦进行土培种植,探讨其在不同Cd水平下的籽粒Cd含量和产量差异（表3）。在1和4 mg·kg^-1 Cd水平下,小麦籽粒Cd含量变幅分别为0.286—0.910 mg·kg^-1（CV= 33.706%）和0.881—1.381 mg·kg^-1（CV=12.276%）,均值分别为0.502和1.117 mg·kg^-1。与对照相比,在1 mg·kg^-1 Cd水平下,小麦籽粒产量变幅为3.199—7.716 g·plant^-1（CV=24.044%）,均值为5.554 g·plant^-1,而在4 mg·kg^-1 Cd水平下,小麦籽粒产量变幅为3.075—8.252 g·plant^-1（CV=30.351%）,均值为5.632 g·plant^-1。Cd低积累型材料间籽粒Cd含量与籽粒产量差异明显。

Table 3
表3
表3不同Cd水平下Cd低积累型材料籽粒Cd含量与籽粒产量差异统计
Table 3The different statistics of yield and Cd content in the grains of the Cd low accumulation wheats under different Cd level

Cd水平 Cd level	参数 Parameter	变幅 Range	均值 Mean value	标准差 SD	变异系数 CV (%)
CK	籽粒Cd含量Cd content in grain(mg·kg-1)	-	-	-	-
	籽粒产量Grain yield(g·plant-1)	4.750—9.554	6.688	1.211	18.114
Cd1	籽粒Cd含量Cd content in grain(mg·kg-1)	0.286—0.910	0.502	0.169	33.706
	籽粒产量Grain yield(g·plant-1)	3.199—7.716	5.554	1.335	24.044
Cd4	籽粒Cd含量Cd content in grain(mg·kg-1)	0.881—1.381	1.117	0.137	12.276
	籽粒产量Grain yield(g·plant-1)	3.075—8.252	5.632	1.709	30.351

"-" means not detected
“-”表示未检测出

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为获得籽粒Cd含量低且籽粒产量高的小麦材料,以籽粒Cd含量和籽粒产量为评价指标,对Cd低积累型小麦进行聚类分析（图2）。在1和4 mg·kg^-1 Cd水平下,当籽粒Cd含量、籽粒产量的欧氏距离分别为0.66、7.05和0.70、7.25时,将Cd低积累型小麦按籽粒Cd含量和籽粒产量高、低进行划分,以获得籽粒Cd含量低且高产的优势材料。依据图2可发现材料12N551（M033）、中梁22（M079）、G219-24 （M116）和良麦2号（M139）在1和4 mg·kg^-1 Cd水平下均具有籽粒Cd含量低且高产的优势。在大田试验条件下,材料12N551（M033）、中梁22（M079）、G219-24（M116）和良麦2号（M139）于2014—2015年和2015—2016年其籽粒Cd含量分别为0.044、0.037、0.023和0.026 mg·kg^-1及0.160、0.143、0.166和0.141 mg·kg^-1,均属于当年籽粒Cd含量低积累型且无明显差异;在土培条件下,1和4 mg·kg^-1 Cd水平时,其籽粒Cd含量分别为0.421、0.457、0.415和0.367 mg·kg^-1 及1.028、0.887、1.118和1.028 mg·kg^-1,同一水平下,均属于籽粒Cd含量低积累型。对比分析可知,材料12N551（M033）、中梁22（M079）、G219-24（M116）和良麦2号（M139）籽粒Cd含量尽管在不同条件下（不同年份、不同培养方式、不同Cd水平）存在差异,但在相同条件下均属Cd积累较低类型材料,具有稳定的Cd低积累特性,且在年际间具有较好的重现性。由此,着重对Cd低积累型材料12N551（M033）、中梁22（079）、G219-24（M116）、良麦2号（M139）和Cd高积累型材料抗锈3816（M060）、射1136（M073）作进一步对比分析。

图2

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图2Cd低积累型小麦Cd含量（a）与籽粒产量（b）聚类分析

a：Cd低积累型小麦籽粒Cd含量聚类分析;b：Cd低积累型小麦籽粒产量聚类分析
Fig. 2Grain yield and Cd content cluster analysis of the low-Cd accumulation wheats

a: Cluster analysis of Cd content in the grains of the Cd-low accumulation wheats; b: Cluster analysis of grain yield of the Cd-low accumulation wheats

2.3 两类型小麦材料对 Cd 的积累与转移差异

由表4可知,在同一Cd水平下,同一材料各器官Cd含量均表现为根>茎叶>籽粒,同一器官（根、茎叶或籽粒）Cd含量在4 mg·kg^-1 Cd水平下显著高于 1 mg·kg^-1 Cd水平。在1和4 mg·kg^-1 Cd水平下,Cd低积累型材料籽粒Cd含量均显著低于Cd高积累型材料,而其他部位Cd含量均差异不显著,两类型材料Cd从茎叶转移到籽粒的过程受到的阻滞程度不同。

Table 4
表4
表4不同Cd水平下两类材料不同器官 Cd 含量差异
Table 4Different Cd contents of different organs in two kinds of the wheat lines under different Cd levels (mg·kg^-1)

Cd 积累类型 Cd accumulation type	材料 Material	Cd1				Cd4
		根Root	茎-叶Stem-leaf	籽粒Grain		根Root	茎-叶Stem-leaf	籽粒Grain
低积累型 Low accumulation	12N551	4.907±0.305abb	1.626±0.526abb	0.421±0.009cb		21.247±2.233aba	4.120±0.116aba	1.028±0.040ba
	中梁22 Zhongliang22	3.891±0.031bb	1.338±0.061bcb	0.457±0.019cb		18.658±6.030aba	5.437±1.275aba	0.887±0.067ba
	G219-24	6.629±1.608ab	1.872±0.008abb	0.415±0.016cb		16.022±0.267aba	6.335±1.133aa	1.118±0.050ba
	良麦2号 Liangmai No.2	4.327±0.817bb	0.950±0.090cb	0.367±0.003cb		20.567±2.463aba	3.499±0.042ba	1.028±0.046ba
高积累型 High accumulation	抗锈3816 Kangxiu 3816	5.386±0.823abb	1.502±0.095bcb	1.051±0.092bb		12.929±2.529ba	3.949±0.311aba	1.816±0.028aa
	射1136 She 1136	6.598±0.492ab	2.123±0.268aa	1.790±0.020aa		24.114±4.683aba	4.141±1.917aba	1.857±0.249aa

The data in the table is the mean values±SD. Different lower case letters indicate that the difference between different wheat materials reaches 0.05 level. Different upper letters indicate a significant difference at 0.05 level. The same as below
表中数据为平均值±标准差。不同下标小写字母表示不同小麦材料间差异达0.05显著水平,不同上标小写字母表示处理间差异达0.05显著水平。下同

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转移系数（TF）可反映Cd从小麦根部到茎 叶进而转移至籽粒的强弱程度。分析表5可知,在1 mg·kg^-1 Cd水平下,Cd低积累型材料的TF_{籽粒/茎叶}均显著低于Cd高积累型材料,而TF_茎叶/根差异不显著;随着Cd水平升至4 mg·kg^-1 Cd水平,Cd低积累型材料的TF_{籽粒/茎叶}均显著低于Cd高积累型材料抗锈3816（M060）,但与射1136（M073）差异不显著,而两类型材料TF_茎叶/根差异不明显,Cd低积累型材料Cd从茎叶到籽粒的转移能力弱于Cd高积累型材料,可将更多的Cd滞留在根或茎叶部位,以减少籽粒中的Cd积累。

Table 5
表5
表5不同Cd水平下两类型材料对Cd的转运差异
Table 5Differences in the transport of Cd between two kinds of the wheat lines under different Cd levels

Cd 积累类型 Cd accumulation type	材料 Material	Cd1		Cd4
		TF籽粒/茎叶TFgrain/stem-leaf	TF茎叶/根TFstem-leaf/root	TF籽粒/茎叶TFgrain/stem-leaf	TF茎叶/根TFstem-leaf/root
低积累型 Low accumulation	12N551	0.184±0.068ca	0.190±0.078ba	0.265±0.038ba	0.195±0.026aa
	中梁22 Zhongliang22	0.342±0.030bca	0.343±0.013aa	0.190±0.020bca	0.210±0.147aa
	G219-24	0.235±0.012ca	0.291±0.072aba	0.117±0.007cb	0.338±0.005aa
	良麦2号Liangmai No.2	0.421±0.009ba	0.222±0.021aba	0.306±0.000bb	0.225±0.020aa
高积累型 High accumulation	抗锈3816 Kangxiu 3816	0.703±0.106aa	0.274±0.075aba	0.461±0.029aa	0.506±0.357aa
	射1136 She 1136	0.839±0.133aa	0.324±0.064aba	0.196±0.107bcb	0.167±0.047aa

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3 讨论

3.1 不同小麦材料籽粒对Cd的积累差异

植物对Cd的吸收积累除受到遗传因素控制外还易受到外界环境的影响,土壤中Cd含量及有效性、土壤 pH、有机碳、施肥措施等环境因素均在不同程度上影响着植物中Cd含量,且不同植物或同一植物不同品种的Cd含量存在显著差异^[18,19,20]。孙洪欣等^[12]通过田间试验研究10个小麦品种,结果表明,籽粒Cd积累存在明显差异。本研究中,在2期大田试验条件下,139份小麦籽粒Cd含量差异明显,变幅分别为0.002—0.271 mg·kg^-1 和0.095—0.343 mg·kg^-1,且小麦籽粒Cd含量存在年际差异。可见不同小麦除受自身遗传差异影响外,不同年份外界环境对各小麦籽粒Cd含量影响也较大。从这一角度上出发,筛选具有稳定Cd低积累特性的小麦材料推广应用势在必行。

3.2 籽粒Cd低积累型小麦材料的评价及筛选

Cd低积累型作物的筛选和培育作为Cd污染土壤可持续安全生产的一条经济、有效途径^[21],已成为安全利用受重金属污染耕地的一种重要手段^[22],Cd低积累型作物的评价基本采用籽粒Cd含量、转移系数或富集系数等对材料进行初步聚类分析以确定材料的类型划分或优势^[11],为对作物做出合理的评价和筛选,评价指标的选择尤为重要,选择作物吸收Cd的可食部位或关键指标进行评价,可较好地体现材料间Cd吸收积累的差异^[2,19]。张锡洲等对145份水稻亲本材料Cd耐性及Cd积累进行评价,得到15份Cd低积累型水稻材料^[7]。本研究以籽粒Cd含量为评价指标对139份小麦进行不同积累类型材料的划分与筛选,获得了16份Cd低积累型材料。在2期大田试验条件下,Cd低积累型材料籽粒Cd含量均未超出《食品污染物法典》（CCCF）规定的0.2 mg kg^-1水平,按照中国对谷物规定的0.1 mg kg^-1 Cd限量水平,16份Cd低积累型材料籽粒Cd含量在2014—2015年均符合安全标准,2015—2016年存在部分材料籽粒Cd含量超过国家标准的情况,其可能是受到田间土壤Cd含量变化的影响,但与当年其他材料相比,Cd低积累型材料籽粒Cd含量仍可维持在较低水平,具有籽粒对Cd低积累的特性。大田试验为小麦评价筛选提供了实际生产中的外界环境,但也易受到诸如降水、大气沉降、灌溉水、施肥管理措施等不可控因素的影响^[1,6,23-24]。为减少外界环境影响因素,进一步探讨Cd低积累型材料对Cd积累转移能力,以土培方式对比分析了Cd低积累型与Cd高积累型材料对Cd的转移积累差异。

3.3 籽粒Cd低积累型小麦对Cd的转移积累特征

Cd作为植物生长的非必需元素,它不参与植物的结构和代谢活动,但具有很强的生物毒性,植株体内过量积累Cd将受到严重的毒害^[25],如抑制生长、阻碍养分吸收、降低植物光合速率和呼吸作用、使碳水化合物代谢失调、植物代谢紊乱从而降低植株生物量或产量^[26,27]。本研究,与对照相比,随着Cd浓度的增加,Cd低积累型材料籽粒产量均差异明显,材料12N551（M033）、中梁22（079）、G219-24（M116）、良麦2号（M139）较其他低积累材料具有更好的籽粒产量。在同一Cd水平下,各器官Cd含量由高到低依次为根、茎叶和籽粒,植物吸收Cd之后,大部分Cd被积累在根部^[28,29],植物对Cd的积累分配由根部特性决定,且存在品种间差异,小麦茎叶中Cd的重新分配也对籽粒中Cd的积累影响较大^[22]。在2个Cd水平下,Cd低积累型材料籽粒Cd含量显著低于Cd高积累型材料,其根、茎叶Cd含量均差异不显著,说明Cd不易进入到Cd低积累型材料的籽粒部位,向籽粒转移积累较少。有****提出水稻糙米中的Cd主要来源于其他器官的转移^[5],在同一Cd水平下,Cd低积累型材料的TF_{籽粒/茎叶}均显著低于Cd高积累型材料,而TF_茎叶/根差异不明显,Cd低积累型材料茎叶到籽粒对Cd的转移积累过程与Cd高积累型材料存在差异。籽粒Cd积累主要受茎叶向籽粒运输过程的控制^[25,30],Cd低积累型材料Cd的转移能力弱于Cd高积累型材料,不易将Cd转移至籽粒部位,使籽粒部位Cd积累更少。有研究指出,水稻中90%的Cd经由韧皮部到达籽粒部位,韧皮部对水稻籽粒Cd积累具有重要的作用^[31],同时提出,茎节可定向调控运输到籽粒部位的Cd,进而影响穗中Cd积累^[31,32,33],Cd从营养器官向生殖器官的转移决定了籽粒的Cd含量,主要是受到某些基因对于其Cd吸收能力的调控^[5,11,31],如在水稻OsNRAMP5 可调控Cd离子穿过凯氏带进入木质部维管柱,该基因突变体可减少根部对Cd离子的吸收,进而降低茎叶和籽粒中的Cd含量^[34]。由此推测,两类材料间茎叶到籽粒转移的过程导致的籽粒Cd含量差异,一方面可能是由于两类材料韧皮部的运输或茎节的调控差异所致,另一方面也可能是受到作物自身控制Cd的遗传基因的差异所致。

4 结论

大田试验条件下,139份小麦材料籽粒Cd含量差异明显,材料12N551、中梁22、G219-24、良麦2号等16份小麦材料具有Cd低积累特性;在1和4 mg·kg^-1 Cd土培条件下,Cd低积累型材料茎叶到籽粒Cd转移能力较弱,籽粒Cd积累较少。材料12N551、中梁22、G219-24、良麦2号表现出籽粒Cd含量低且籽粒产量高的优势,具备可用于中轻度Cd污染农田种植的潜力,可作为小麦Cd低积累遗传特性的研究材料。

（责任编辑 李莉）

参考文献 View Option 原文顺序
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被引期刊影响因子

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In recent years, heavy metal pollution in agricultural soil in China has received public concern. The concept of low-accumulation cultivars (LACs) was proposed to minimize the influx of pollutants to the human food chain. Variations in Cd and Pb accumulation, distribution, and tolerance among 30 wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars were studied in a hydroponic experiment to preliminary identify LACs of Cd or Pb for further field experiments. Of the 30 wheat cultivars tested, 27 and 26 wheat cultivars showed no effect of the Cd/Pb treatments on the shoot and root biomass, respectively. The results showed that the tested wheat cultivars had considerable tolerance to Cd and Pb toxicity. Significant ( p 65<650.05) differences in shoot Cd concentration were observed among the tested wheat cultivars under treatments Cd 1.0 and Cd 1.0 Pb 15 , ranging from 0.91 to 6.74 and from 0.87 to 5.96, with the mean of 3.83 and 2.94mgkg 611 DW, respectively. Significant ( p 65<650.05) differences in shoot Pb concentration were also observed among the tested wheat cultivars under treatments Pb 15 and Cd 1.0 Pb 15 , ranging from 22.18 to 94.03 and from 18.30 to 76.88, with the mean of 50.38 and 41.20mgkg 611 DW, respectively. Low accumulation and internal distribution may both affect the cultivar differences in Cd and Pb accumulation in wheat shoots. Overall, wheat cultivars LF-13, LF-16, and LF-21 had lower Cd-accumulating abilities in their shoots. Wheat cultivars LF-13, LF-23, LF-26, and LF-27 showed low Pb accumulation characteristics in their shoots. An antagonistic interaction occurred between Cd and Pb in accumulation in wheat roots and shoots, which will be further studied in field experiments.

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2015,14(9):1845-1854.
DOI:10.1016/S2095-3119(14)60926-6URL [本文引用: 3]
It is imperative to derive an appropriate cadmium (Cd) health risk toxicity threshold for paddy soils to ensure the Cd concentration of rice grains meet the food safety standard. In this study, 20 rice cultivars from the main rice producing areas in China were selected, and a pot-experiment was conducted to investigate transformation of Cd in paddy soil-rice system with 0 (CK), 0.3 mg kg611(T1) and 0.6 mg kg611(T2) Cd treatments in greenhouse. The results showed that Cd concentrations of rice grains existed significant difference (P<0.05) in 20 rice cultivars under the same Cd level in soil. The Cd concentrations of rice grains of the CK, T1 and T2 treatments were in the range of 0.143–0.202, 0.128–0.458 and 0.332–0.806 mg kg611, respectively. Marked differences of the ratios of Cd concentration for soil to rice grain (BCFs) and transfer factors (TFs, root to grain and straw to grain) among the tested cultivars were observed in this study. The bioconcentration factors (BCFgrain) and TFs of the 20 rice cultivars were 0.300–1.112 and 0.342–0.817, respectively. The TFs of Cd from straw to grain ranged from 0.366 to 1.71, with significant differences among these 20 rice cultivars. The bioconcentration factors (BCFgrain) and TFs among the 20 rice cultivars ranged from 0.300–1.112 and 0.342–0.817, respectively. The species-sensitivity distribution (SSD) of Cd sensitivity of the rice species could be fitted well with Burr-III (R2=0.987) based on the data of BCFs. The toxicity threshold of Cd derived from SSD for the paddy soil was 0.507 mg kg611in the present study.

[6] 史高玲, 马鸿翔, 娄来清, 蔡庆生 . 小麦株高和茎秆不同部位砷镉磷含量与籽粒砷镉磷含量的关系
农业环境科学学报, 2017,36(1):8-15.
[本文引用: 1]

SHI G L, MA H X, LOU L Q, CAI Q S . Relationship between arsenic, cadmium, and phosphorous concentrations in different parts of wheat straw, wheat plant height and grain arsenic, cadmium, and phosphorous concentrations
Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2017,36(1):8-15. (in Chinese)
[本文引用: 1]

[7] 张锡洲, 张洪江, 李廷轩, 余海英 . 水稻镉耐性差异及镉低积累种质资源的筛选
中国生态农业学报, 2013,21(11):1434-1440.
DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.30478URLMagsci [本文引用: 3]
比较水稻亲本材料的镉耐性差异, 筛选镉低积累水稻种质资源, 为水稻镉安全品种(Cd-safe cultivars, CSCs)的培育提供遗传材料。以收集的具有明显遗传差异的145种水稻亲本材料为研究对象, 通过水培试验, 研究水稻植株生长性状和镉积累特征, 比较不同材料的镉耐性和镉积累差异, 并以耐性指数和镉含量为指标, 筛选镉低积累种质资源。结果表明: (1)在镉胁迫条件下, 水稻生物量和株高受到不同程度的抑制, 根长和根冠比呈不同程度增加。(2)恢复系各材料间镉含量和积累量最大值分别为最小值的2.79倍和6.45倍, 保持系各材料间镉含量和积累量最大值分别为最小值的2.00倍和2.98倍。(3)根据耐性指数差异将恢复系和保持系各分成耐性不同的5类, 并将耐性较强材料进行镉积累差异分类, 得到恢复系镉低积累种质资源13种, 分别是"MR183"、"MR86"、"R047"、"R364"、"泸恢602"、"泸恢615"、"泸恢17"、"GR548/M63//527_2"、"R18"、"成恢838"、"GR548/M63//M63_5"、"GRL17/IRBN95-199_3"和"GRL17/ATTP//L17_3"; 保持系镉低积累种质资源2种, 分别是"玉香B"和"D62B"。(4)镉耐性较强材料中, 高积累材料的镉含量和镉积累量表现为恢复系中分别为低积累材料的1.97倍和2.03倍, 保持系中分别为低积累材料的1.43倍和1.40倍; 镉含量和镉积累量在两系的低积累材料间无明显差异。筛选镉低积累材料培育镉安全品种将成为解决镉安全威胁的关键。
ZHANG X Z, ZHANG H J, LI T X, YU H Y . Differences in Cd-tolerance of rice and screening for Cd low-accumulation rice germplasm resources,
Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2013,21(11):1434-1440. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.30478URLMagsci [本文引用: 3]
比较水稻亲本材料的镉耐性差异, 筛选镉低积累水稻种质资源, 为水稻镉安全品种(Cd-safe cultivars, CSCs)的培育提供遗传材料。以收集的具有明显遗传差异的145种水稻亲本材料为研究对象, 通过水培试验, 研究水稻植株生长性状和镉积累特征, 比较不同材料的镉耐性和镉积累差异, 并以耐性指数和镉含量为指标, 筛选镉低积累种质资源。结果表明: (1)在镉胁迫条件下, 水稻生物量和株高受到不同程度的抑制, 根长和根冠比呈不同程度增加。(2)恢复系各材料间镉含量和积累量最大值分别为最小值的2.79倍和6.45倍, 保持系各材料间镉含量和积累量最大值分别为最小值的2.00倍和2.98倍。(3)根据耐性指数差异将恢复系和保持系各分成耐性不同的5类, 并将耐性较强材料进行镉积累差异分类, 得到恢复系镉低积累种质资源13种, 分别是"MR183"、"MR86"、"R047"、"R364"、"泸恢602"、"泸恢615"、"泸恢17"、"GR548/M63//527_2"、"R18"、"成恢838"、"GR548/M63//M63_5"、"GRL17/IRBN95-199_3"和"GRL17/ATTP//L17_3"; 保持系镉低积累种质资源2种, 分别是"玉香B"和"D62B"。(4)镉耐性较强材料中, 高积累材料的镉含量和镉积累量表现为恢复系中分别为低积累材料的1.97倍和2.03倍, 保持系中分别为低积累材料的1.43倍和1.40倍; 镉含量和镉积累量在两系的低积累材料间无明显差异。筛选镉低积累材料培育镉安全品种将成为解决镉安全威胁的关键。

[8] 陈京都, 何理, 林忠成, 戴其根, 张军, 郭保卫, 许露生, 张洪程 . 不同生育期类型水稻对镉积累的研究
生态与农村环境学报, 2013,29(3):390-393.
Magsci [本文引用: 1]
以江苏省有代表性的早熟中粳、中熟中粳、迟熟中粳、早熟晚粳和中熟晚粳5种生育期类型的56个粳稻品种为材料，在Cd污染农田中研究不同生育期类型粳稻品种的Cd积累特性。结果表明，56个供试水稻品种籽粒Cd含量变化范围为0.014~0.054 mg&bull;kg^-1，水稻籽粒Cd含量在品种间差异显著（<em>P</em>＜0.05），其中籽粒Cd含量最高的品种是ELTO，扬粳687、泗阳1382、广陵香粳和武香粳9号水稻籽粒Cd含量较低。不同生育类型水稻籽粒Cd含量以早熟中粳较高，中熟中粳较低，分别为0.024和0.020 mg&bull;kg^-1。不同生育期类型水稻籽粒Cd富集系数差异不显著，而不同生育期类转运系数存在差异。
CHEN J D, HE L, LIN Z C, DAI Q G, ZHANG J, GUO B W, XU L S, ZHANG H C . Cd accumulation in japonica rice relative to growth type.
Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2013,29(3):390-393. (in Chinese)
Magsci [本文引用: 1]
以江苏省有代表性的早熟中粳、中熟中粳、迟熟中粳、早熟晚粳和中熟晚粳5种生育期类型的56个粳稻品种为材料，在Cd污染农田中研究不同生育期类型粳稻品种的Cd积累特性。结果表明，56个供试水稻品种籽粒Cd含量变化范围为0.014~0.054 mg&bull;kg^-1，水稻籽粒Cd含量在品种间差异显著（<em>P</em>＜0.05），其中籽粒Cd含量最高的品种是ELTO，扬粳687、泗阳1382、广陵香粳和武香粳9号水稻籽粒Cd含量较低。不同生育类型水稻籽粒Cd含量以早熟中粳较高，中熟中粳较低，分别为0.024和0.020 mg&bull;kg^-1。不同生育期类型水稻籽粒Cd富集系数差异不显著，而不同生育期类转运系数存在差异。

[9] 阳小凤, 马淑梅, 黄山, 宁柏成, 邱博, 李小红 . 农田镉污染对大豆镉吸收特性及其产量的影响
作物研究, 2017(6):668-672.
[本文引用: 1]

YANG X F, MA S M, HUANG S, NING B C, QIU B, LI X H . Study on the cadmium absorptive character and yield variation of soybean in cadmium contaminated farmland.
Crop Research, 2017(6):668-672. (in Chinese)
[本文引用: 1]

[10] 刘维涛, 周启星, 孙约兵, 于志国 . 大白菜(Brassica pekinensis L.)对镉富集基因型差异的研究
应用基础与工程科学学报, 2010,18(2):226-235.
[本文引用: 1]

LIU W T, ZHOU Q X, SUN Y B, YU Z G . Research on cadmium enrichment genotype differences of Brassica pekinensis L.
Journal of Basic Science and Engineering, 2010,18(2):226-235. (in Chinese)
[本文引用: 1]

[11] 熊孜, 李菊梅, 赵会薇, 马义兵 . 不同小麦品种对大田中低量镉富集及转运研究
农业环境科学学报, 2018,37(1):36-44.
URL [本文引用: 4]
为解决Cd污染带来的粮食安全问题及为小麦品种推广应用提供品种特征数据资料,采用田间调查的方法,于黄淮海平原9个小麦种植区采集了59个小麦品种,共计91组土壤-植物点对点样品,基于小麦不同部位Cd含量、茎叶Cd转移系数（TF）及籽粒Cd富集系数（BCF）值等指标对不同小麦品种Cd富集能力进行比较研究;采用聚类分析,以不同基因型小麦的BCF为筛选条件,对59个小麦品种进行了分类。结果表明：除济源外（2.292 mg·kg^-1）,研究区表层土壤Cd污染状况整体尚好（0.107~0.212 mg·kg^-1）;济源小麦品种籽粒Cd含量范围为0.119~0.150 mg·kg^-1,其他样点为0.005~0.030 mg·kg^-1;TF变化区间为0.093~0.500,最大与最小值间相差约4.4倍;BCF变化区间为0.047~0.165,最大与最小值间相差约2.5倍。经聚类分析把不同品种小麦Cd的BCF值分为五类,并筛选出冀麦518、衡0628、衡09观29三个低Cd富集小麦品种。通过BCF推算,在保障籽粒Cd含量不超过食品安全限量标准的前提下,59个小麦品种基本上都可以在国家规定的二类Cd污染土壤上种植,其中,有27个小麦品种还可以在三级Cd污染土壤上种植。
XIONG Z, LI J M, ZHAO H W, MA Y B . Accumulation and translocation of cadmium in different wheat cultivars in farmland
Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2018,37(1):36-44. (in Chinese)
URL [本文引用: 4]
为解决Cd污染带来的粮食安全问题及为小麦品种推广应用提供品种特征数据资料,采用田间调查的方法,于黄淮海平原9个小麦种植区采集了59个小麦品种,共计91组土壤-植物点对点样品,基于小麦不同部位Cd含量、茎叶Cd转移系数（TF）及籽粒Cd富集系数（BCF）值等指标对不同小麦品种Cd富集能力进行比较研究;采用聚类分析,以不同基因型小麦的BCF为筛选条件,对59个小麦品种进行了分类。结果表明：除济源外（2.292 mg·kg^-1）,研究区表层土壤Cd污染状况整体尚好（0.107~0.212 mg·kg^-1）;济源小麦品种籽粒Cd含量范围为0.119~0.150 mg·kg^-1,其他样点为0.005~0.030 mg·kg^-1;TF变化区间为0.093~0.500,最大与最小值间相差约4.4倍;BCF变化区间为0.047~0.165,最大与最小值间相差约2.5倍。经聚类分析把不同品种小麦Cd的BCF值分为五类,并筛选出冀麦518、衡0628、衡09观29三个低Cd富集小麦品种。通过BCF推算,在保障籽粒Cd含量不超过食品安全限量标准的前提下,59个小麦品种基本上都可以在国家规定的二类Cd污染土壤上种植,其中,有27个小麦品种还可以在三级Cd污染土壤上种植。

[12] 孙洪欣, 薛培英, 赵全利, 杨铮铮, 杨阳, 冯宇佳, 刘峰, 唐铁朝, 刘文菊 . 镉、铅积累与转运在冬小麦品种间的差异
麦类作物学报, 2015,35(8):1161-1167.
[本文引用: 3]

SUN H X, XUE P Y, ZHAO Q L, YANG Z Z, YANG Y, FENG Y J, LIU F, TANG T C, LIU W J . Differences of Cadmium and lead accumulation and transportation among winter wheat varieties
Journal of Triticeae Crops, 2015,35(8):1161-1167. (in Chinese)
[本文引用: 3]

[13] 王永平, 杨万荣, 廖芳芳, 邢丹, 张爱民 . 镉低积累作物筛选及其与超富集植物间套作应用进展
广东农业科学, 2015,42(24):92-98.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-874X.2015.24.018URL [本文引用: 1]
我国农业用地镉污染严重,对农作物安全生产带来巨大隐患,被政府部门和诸多科研人员所重视。在确保农作物安全生产和改善农业生态环境的前提下,筛选并推广具有低积累镉功能的农作物品种,以及开展镉超标农田植物修复技术等研究,是我国农业高效、安全和可持续发展的迫切需要。介绍了目前我国耕地镉污染情况,探讨了镉低积累农作物的研究意义及筛选进展,报道了镉超富集植物筛选工作,阐述了利用镉低积累作物与超富集植物间套作应用于镉污染耕地研究状况。针对存在问题提出了建立基于有效性的土壤镉浸提态评价指标、加强镉低积累农作物筛选力度及完善镉低积累农作物与超富集植物间套作相关技术研究等对策建议。
WANG Y P, YANG W R, LIAO F F, XING D, ZHANG A M . Advances on screening of Cd low-accumulation crops and its intercropping with hyperaccumulator
Guangdong Agricultural Science, 2015,42(24):92-98. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-874X.2015.24.018URL [本文引用: 1]
我国农业用地镉污染严重,对农作物安全生产带来巨大隐患,被政府部门和诸多科研人员所重视。在确保农作物安全生产和改善农业生态环境的前提下,筛选并推广具有低积累镉功能的农作物品种,以及开展镉超标农田植物修复技术等研究,是我国农业高效、安全和可持续发展的迫切需要。介绍了目前我国耕地镉污染情况,探讨了镉低积累农作物的研究意义及筛选进展,报道了镉超富集植物筛选工作,阐述了利用镉低积累作物与超富集植物间套作应用于镉污染耕地研究状况。针对存在问题提出了建立基于有效性的土壤镉浸提态评价指标、加强镉低积累农作物筛选力度及完善镉低积累农作物与超富集植物间套作相关技术研究等对策建议。

[14] 刘凤枝, 师荣光, 徐亚平, 蔡彦明, 刘铭, 战新华, 王跃华, 刘保锋, 赵玉杰, 郑向群 . 耕地土壤重金属污染评价技术研究——以土壤中铅和镉污染为例
农业环境科学学报, 2006,25(2):422-426.
DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1672-2043.2006.02.032URL [本文引用: 1]
在提出将耕地土壤重金属污染评价分为累积性污染评价和农产品产地土壤环境质量适宜性评价两类的基础上,以土壤重金属全量测定值与土壤重金属背景的比值反映土壤累积性污染状况,而以土壤中重金属有效态测定值与土壤中重金属有效态临界值的比值作为评价农产品产地土壤环境质量适宜性的方法,制定了耕地土壤重金属污染监测与评价技术规程,给出了以盆栽试验为基础,小区试验进行验证,以国家食品卫生标准限量值为依据,确定土壤重金属有效态临界值的方法,并将其制定成为耕地土壤重金属临界值技术规范。与目前采用国家《土壤环境质量标准》的评价方法相比,该方法可以更好地反映土壤重金属污染与作物可食部分重金属含量的关系和农产品产地土壤环境质量对种植作物的适宜性。该方法的建立,将为《农产品质量安全法》的实施和我国目前推行的农业标准化生产奠定基础。
LIU F Z, SHI R G, XU Y P, CAI Y M, LIU M, ZHAN X H, WANG Y H, LIU B F, ZHAO Y J, ZHEN X Q . The study of assessment technology for farmland soil heavy metal pollutions
Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2006,25(2):422-426. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1672-2043.2006.02.032URL [本文引用: 1]
在提出将耕地土壤重金属污染评价分为累积性污染评价和农产品产地土壤环境质量适宜性评价两类的基础上,以土壤重金属全量测定值与土壤重金属背景的比值反映土壤累积性污染状况,而以土壤中重金属有效态测定值与土壤中重金属有效态临界值的比值作为评价农产品产地土壤环境质量适宜性的方法,制定了耕地土壤重金属污染监测与评价技术规程,给出了以盆栽试验为基础,小区试验进行验证,以国家食品卫生标准限量值为依据,确定土壤重金属有效态临界值的方法,并将其制定成为耕地土壤重金属临界值技术规范。与目前采用国家《土壤环境质量标准》的评价方法相比,该方法可以更好地反映土壤重金属污染与作物可食部分重金属含量的关系和农产品产地土壤环境质量对种植作物的适宜性。该方法的建立,将为《农产品质量安全法》的实施和我国目前推行的农业标准化生产奠定基础。

[15] 中华人民共和国国家标准, 土壤环境质量 农用地土壤污染管控标准（试行）（GB15618-2018 代替GB15618-1995）》. 2018: 1-4. .
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National standard of the People's Republic of China. soil environmental quality control standard for agricultural land (trial) (GB15618-2018 replace GB15618-1995). 2018: 1-4. (in Chinese)
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[16] 李传飞, 李廷轩, 张锡洲, 余海英, 张路 . 外源镉在几种典型农耕土壤中的稳定化特征
农业环境科学学报, 2017,36(1):85-92.
DOI:10.11654/jaes.2016-1025URL [本文引用: 1]
采用室内培养的方法,研究了重金属镉(Cd)在水稻土(渗育型)、黄壤、酸性紫色土、中性紫色土和石灰性紫色土5种典型农耕土壤中的稳定化过程,探讨Cd进入土壤后其有效态含量在180 d内随时间的变化特征,并利用动力学模型进行模拟,通过相关性分析,定量化描述土壤理化性质对Cd稳定化过程的影响。结果表明:有效态Cd在培养15 d内迅速下降,随后缓慢降低,外源Cd添加量≤2 mg·kg-1时,30 d后基本达到平衡,外源Cd添加量≥5 mg·kg-1时,60 d后才趋于稳定;平衡后,水稻土、黄壤及酸性紫色土中有效态Cd含量占加入总量的52.6%~66.7%,中性紫色土和石灰性紫色土中占33.6%~46.5%。5种动力学方程中,以二级动力学方程模拟外源Cd的稳定化效果最好,以该方程拟合所得的稳定化平衡含量和表观速率常数可用来表征Cd进入土壤后的稳定化过程。相关性分析表明,Cd在土壤中的稳定化过程与土壤性质密切相关,表现为p H值、CEC和有机质含量较高的土壤中有效态Cd含量较低,高p H值、高CEC和高有机质含量对平衡时的Cd含量有显著抑制作用,且以p H对Cd稳定化速率和平衡含量的影响最大。
LI C F, LI T X, ZHANG X Z, YU H Y, ZHANG L . Stability of exogenous cadmium in several typical agricultural soils
Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2017,36(1):85-92. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.11654/jaes.2016-1025URL [本文引用: 1]
采用室内培养的方法,研究了重金属镉(Cd)在水稻土(渗育型)、黄壤、酸性紫色土、中性紫色土和石灰性紫色土5种典型农耕土壤中的稳定化过程,探讨Cd进入土壤后其有效态含量在180 d内随时间的变化特征,并利用动力学模型进行模拟,通过相关性分析,定量化描述土壤理化性质对Cd稳定化过程的影响。结果表明:有效态Cd在培养15 d内迅速下降,随后缓慢降低,外源Cd添加量≤2 mg·kg-1时,30 d后基本达到平衡,外源Cd添加量≥5 mg·kg-1时,60 d后才趋于稳定;平衡后,水稻土、黄壤及酸性紫色土中有效态Cd含量占加入总量的52.6%~66.7%,中性紫色土和石灰性紫色土中占33.6%~46.5%。5种动力学方程中,以二级动力学方程模拟外源Cd的稳定化效果最好,以该方程拟合所得的稳定化平衡含量和表观速率常数可用来表征Cd进入土壤后的稳定化过程。相关性分析表明,Cd在土壤中的稳定化过程与土壤性质密切相关,表现为p H值、CEC和有机质含量较高的土壤中有效态Cd含量较低,高p H值、高CEC和高有机质含量对平衡时的Cd含量有显著抑制作用,且以p H对Cd稳定化速率和平衡含量的影响最大。

[17] 鲁如坤 . 土壤农业化学分析方法. 北京: 中国农业科技出版社, 2000.
[本文引用: 1]

LU R K. Chemical Analysis Method of Soil Agriculture. Beijing: China Agricultural Science and Technology Press, 2000. ( in Chinese)
[本文引用: 1]

[18] 刘登璐, 黄有胜, 李廷轩, 张锡洲, 余海英, 王勇 . 镉胁迫下烟草镉低积累材料的镉积累分配特征
中国烟草科学, 2017,38(5):69-76.
DOI:10.13496/j.issn.1007-5119.2017.05.012URL [本文引用: 2]
为降低烟叶镉含量,保障烟叶安全生产,以烟草镉低积累材料RG11和CF986为研究对象,烟草镉高积累材料Yuyan5为对照,采用土培盆栽试验,分析其在不同镉胁迫下各生育期生物量、镉含量、镉积累量及分配比例,探讨镉胁迫下烟草镉低积累材料镉积累分配特征.结果表明,RG11和CF986不同生育期各器官生物量均随镉处理浓度的增加呈下降趋势,以叶部下降幅度最小(22.64%~27.95%),且其根部和茎部生物量高于Yuyan5,而叶部则差异不显著.RG11和CF986不同生育期各器官镉含量、镉积累量和叶部镉积累速率均随镉处理浓度增加呈增加趋势,且在旺长期其叶部镉积累速率最大;不同镉胁迫下,RG11和CF986各生育期根部和茎部镉含量及镉积累量均显著高于Yuyan5,而叶部则显著低于Yuyan5,为Yuyan5的57.29%~78.02%.不同镉胁迫下,RG11和CF986各生育期不同器官镉的分配表现为:叶>茎>根,且其叶部分配率低于Yuyan5,而根部和茎部则高于Yuyan5.烟草镉低积累材料各生育期叶部镉积累能力明显低于高积累材料,且将更少的镉分配于经济器官,这为烟草镉低积累材料的推广应用提供了理论依据.
LIU D L, HUANG Y S, LI T X, ZHANG X Z, YU H Y, WANG Y . The characteristics of Cd accumulation in low-Cd accumulating tobacco cultivars exposed to Cd
Chinese Tobacco Science, 2017,38(5):69-76. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.13496/j.issn.1007-5119.2017.05.012URL [本文引用: 2]
为降低烟叶镉含量,保障烟叶安全生产,以烟草镉低积累材料RG11和CF986为研究对象,烟草镉高积累材料Yuyan5为对照,采用土培盆栽试验,分析其在不同镉胁迫下各生育期生物量、镉含量、镉积累量及分配比例,探讨镉胁迫下烟草镉低积累材料镉积累分配特征.结果表明,RG11和CF986不同生育期各器官生物量均随镉处理浓度的增加呈下降趋势,以叶部下降幅度最小(22.64%~27.95%),且其根部和茎部生物量高于Yuyan5,而叶部则差异不显著.RG11和CF986不同生育期各器官镉含量、镉积累量和叶部镉积累速率均随镉处理浓度增加呈增加趋势,且在旺长期其叶部镉积累速率最大;不同镉胁迫下,RG11和CF986各生育期根部和茎部镉含量及镉积累量均显著高于Yuyan5,而叶部则显著低于Yuyan5,为Yuyan5的57.29%~78.02%.不同镉胁迫下,RG11和CF986各生育期不同器官镉的分配表现为:叶>茎>根,且其叶部分配率低于Yuyan5,而根部和茎部则高于Yuyan5.烟草镉低积累材料各生育期叶部镉积累能力明显低于高积累材料,且将更少的镉分配于经济器官,这为烟草镉低积累材料的推广应用提供了理论依据.

[19] 刘登璐, 李廷轩, 余海英, 张路, 王勇 . 不同烟草材料镉积累差异评价
农业环境科学学报, 2016,35(11):2067-2076.
DOI:10.11654/jaes.2016-0646URL [本文引用: 2]
为进一步研究烟草镉积累遗传特性和培育烟草镉低积累品种提供材料，以93份烟草材料为研究对象，采用水培试验，以耐性指数和镉含量为指标对不同烟草材料镉积累进行评价，获取镉低积累种质资源，并分析其镉积累特征。结果表明：（1）两个镉浓度处理下，供试烟草材料地上部均受到不同程度的抑制，且材料间表现出显著差异，并以耐性指数为聚类分析指标，将材料分为高耐性、中耐性和低耐性3类，中高耐性材料生物量及耐性指数显著高于低耐性材料。（2）两个镉浓度处理下，中高耐性烟草材料镉积累能力存在较大差异；以镉含量为聚类分析指标，将中高耐性材料分为低积累、中积累和高积累3类；在2 mg·L-1镉处理下获得低积累材料12份，在10 mg·L-1镉处理下获得10份。（3）低积累、中积累和高积累材料地上部生物量和镉积累量均随着镉处理浓度的增加而下降，而其镉含量则表现出相反的变化趋势；烟草镉低积累材料地上部生物量与中高积累材料相比差异不显著，但其镉含量和镉积累量显著低于中高积累材料。该研究中，通过镉积累差异评价获得镉低积累种质资源7份，分别为“云烟85”、“中烟90”、“翠碧一号”、“CF986”、“RG11”、“91-58#”和“960116#”，这7份材料在两个镉处理下均表现出低积累特性，可为培育镉低积累烟草品种提供优良的遗传材料。
LIU D L, LI T X, YU H Y, ZHANG L, WANG Y . Evaluation of differential cadmium accumulation ability in different tobacco species
Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2016,35(11):2067-2076. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.11654/jaes.2016-0646URL [本文引用: 2]
为进一步研究烟草镉积累遗传特性和培育烟草镉低积累品种提供材料，以93份烟草材料为研究对象，采用水培试验，以耐性指数和镉含量为指标对不同烟草材料镉积累进行评价，获取镉低积累种质资源，并分析其镉积累特征。结果表明：（1）两个镉浓度处理下，供试烟草材料地上部均受到不同程度的抑制，且材料间表现出显著差异，并以耐性指数为聚类分析指标，将材料分为高耐性、中耐性和低耐性3类，中高耐性材料生物量及耐性指数显著高于低耐性材料。（2）两个镉浓度处理下，中高耐性烟草材料镉积累能力存在较大差异；以镉含量为聚类分析指标，将中高耐性材料分为低积累、中积累和高积累3类；在2 mg·L-1镉处理下获得低积累材料12份，在10 mg·L-1镉处理下获得10份。（3）低积累、中积累和高积累材料地上部生物量和镉积累量均随着镉处理浓度的增加而下降，而其镉含量则表现出相反的变化趋势；烟草镉低积累材料地上部生物量与中高积累材料相比差异不显著，但其镉含量和镉积累量显著低于中高积累材料。该研究中，通过镉积累差异评价获得镉低积累种质资源7份，分别为“云烟85”、“中烟90”、“翠碧一号”、“CF986”、“RG11”、“91-58#”和“960116#”，这7份材料在两个镉处理下均表现出低积累特性，可为培育镉低积累烟草品种提供优良的遗传材料。

[20] YANG X, LU K Q, MCGROUTHER K, CHE L, HU G T, WANG Q Y, LIU X Y, SHEN L L, HUANG H G, YE Z Q, WANG H L . Bioavailability of Cd and Zn in soils treated with biochars derived from tobacco stalk and dead pigs
Journal of Soils Sediments, 2017,17(3):751-762.
DOI:10.1007/s11368-015-1326-9URL [本文引用: 1]
Purpose Previous studies show that application of biochar can reduce the bioavailability of heavy metals in soil. A plant growth experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of tobacco stalk- and dead pig- derived biochars on the extractability and redistribution of cadmium(Cd) and zinc(Zn) in contaminated soil, and the impact on tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum L.) plant growth. Materials and methods The top 20 cm of a soil contaminated with Cd and Zn was used in this study. Biochars derived from tobacco stalk and dead pig were applied to the soil at four application rates(0, 1%, 2.5% and 5%) and tobacco plants were grown. After 80-days growth, the p H, electrical conductivity, CaCl_2-extractable heavy metals and fractions of heavy metals in soil samples, as well as the plant biomass and the concentrations of heavy metals in the plant were determined. Results and discussion The plant growth experiment demonstrated that tobacco stalk biochar and dead pig biochar significantly(P< 0.05) increased the p H, but had no significant effect on the electrical conductivity of the soil. The CaCl_2-extractable Cd and Zn content decreased as the application rates increased. The concentration of extractable Cd and Zn decreased by 64.2% and 94.9%, respectively, for the tobacco stalk biochar treatment, and 45.8% and 61.8%, respectively, for the dead pig biochar treatment at 5% application rate. After biochar addition, the exchangeable Cd was mainly transformed to fractions bound to carbonates and Fe-Mn oxides, while the Zn was immobilized mainly in the fraction bound to Fe-Mn oxides. Tobacco stalk biochar increased the tobacco plant biomass by 30.3% and 36.2% for shoot and root, respectively at the 5% application rate. Dead pig biochar increased the tobacco plant biomass by 43.5% and 40.9% for shoot and root, respectively at the 2.5% application rate. Both biochars significantly(P< 0.05) decreased the Cd and Zn accumulation by tobacco plant. Conclusions As a soil amendment, tobacco stalk biochar was more effective at removing Cd, whereas dead pig biochar was more effective at removing Zn, and a higher application rate was more effective than a lower application rate. Overall, biochar derived from tobacco stalk was more effective, than dead pig biochar, at remediating soil contaminated with Cd and Zn, as well as promoting tobacco growth.

[21] 张路, 张锡洲, 李廷轩, 戢林, 郑陶 . 水稻镉安全亲本材料对镉的吸收分配特性
中国农业科学, 2015,48(1):174-184.
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.01.17URL [本文引用: 1]
【目的】筛选获得水稻镉(Cd)安全亲本材料,研究水稻Cd安全亲本材料对Cd的吸收分配特性,为稻米安全生产提供优良的种质资源。【方法】以56份水稻亲本材料为研究对象,在Cd污染农田土壤上进行大田试验,以糙米Cd含量为筛选指标,通过聚类分析筛选出水稻Cd安全亲本材料,并分析其在不同生育时期对Cd的吸收及分配特性。【结果】(1)当大田土壤Cd含量为13.89 mg·kg-1时,56份水稻亲本材料地上部Cd含量和积累量在分蘖期(CV=44.05%和CV=50.21%)、孕穗期(CV=23.57%和CV=28.62%)和成熟期(CV=44.98%和CV=44.69%)材料间均存在极显著差异。糙米Cd含量的变幅为0.15―1.77 mg·kg-1,最大值与最小值相差达11.80倍,其中Cd含量最低为0.15 mg·kg-1,低于食品安全国家标准0.2 mg·kg-1。(2)以糙米Cd含量为筛选指标将供试材料划分为安全材料、普通材料和高积累材料3类,其中安全材料的糙米Cd含量平均为0.20 mg·kg-1,显著低于普通材料(0.65mg·kg-1)和高积累材料(1.57 mg·kg-1),且谷壳中的Cd含量以及籽粒分配系数也以安全材料为最低。(3)3类材料地上部Cd含量均随着生育时期的推进显著降低,且安全材料地上部Cd含量在分蘖期、孕穗期和成熟期均显著低于普通材料和高积累材料,特别是成熟期普通材料和高积累材料较安全材料高1.35和3.39倍。(4)安全材料地上部Cd积累量在3个生育时期均显著低于普通材料和高积累材料。其中安全材料在成熟期地上部的平均Cd积累量与普通材料相差2.23倍,与高积累材料相差3.86倍,成熟期材料间差异在3个生育时期为最大。且其地上部的Cd阶段性积累量在分蘖期―孕穗期积累能力最强,孕穗期―成熟期最弱。但普通材料和高积累材料则在3个生育时期阶段性积累量差异不显著。(5)安全材料糙米中Cd含量较低,与其向籽粒中较低的Cd分配转移能力有关。安全材料糙米中Cd的分配量仅占地上部Cd积累总量的8.11%,而普通材料和高积累材料糙米Cd积累量占地上部Cd积累总量的11.60%和17.59%。【结论】通过筛选获得的安全材料D62B、IRBN95-90和GRlu 17/ai TTP//lu17_2在大田试验中其糙米Cd含量均低于食品安全国家标准(0.20 mg·kg-1),这3份材料可作为Cd安全亲本材料,为中轻度Cd污染农田水稻生产提供Cd安全种质资源。
ZHANG L, ZHANG X Z, LI T X, JI L, ZHENG T . Cd uptake and distribution characteristics of Cd pollution-safe rice materials
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015,48(1):174-184. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.01.17URL [本文引用: 1]
【目的】筛选获得水稻镉(Cd)安全亲本材料,研究水稻Cd安全亲本材料对Cd的吸收分配特性,为稻米安全生产提供优良的种质资源。【方法】以56份水稻亲本材料为研究对象,在Cd污染农田土壤上进行大田试验,以糙米Cd含量为筛选指标,通过聚类分析筛选出水稻Cd安全亲本材料,并分析其在不同生育时期对Cd的吸收及分配特性。【结果】(1)当大田土壤Cd含量为13.89 mg·kg-1时,56份水稻亲本材料地上部Cd含量和积累量在分蘖期(CV=44.05%和CV=50.21%)、孕穗期(CV=23.57%和CV=28.62%)和成熟期(CV=44.98%和CV=44.69%)材料间均存在极显著差异。糙米Cd含量的变幅为0.15―1.77 mg·kg-1,最大值与最小值相差达11.80倍,其中Cd含量最低为0.15 mg·kg-1,低于食品安全国家标准0.2 mg·kg-1。(2)以糙米Cd含量为筛选指标将供试材料划分为安全材料、普通材料和高积累材料3类,其中安全材料的糙米Cd含量平均为0.20 mg·kg-1,显著低于普通材料(0.65mg·kg-1)和高积累材料(1.57 mg·kg-1),且谷壳中的Cd含量以及籽粒分配系数也以安全材料为最低。(3)3类材料地上部Cd含量均随着生育时期的推进显著降低,且安全材料地上部Cd含量在分蘖期、孕穗期和成熟期均显著低于普通材料和高积累材料,特别是成熟期普通材料和高积累材料较安全材料高1.35和3.39倍。(4)安全材料地上部Cd积累量在3个生育时期均显著低于普通材料和高积累材料。其中安全材料在成熟期地上部的平均Cd积累量与普通材料相差2.23倍,与高积累材料相差3.86倍,成熟期材料间差异在3个生育时期为最大。且其地上部的Cd阶段性积累量在分蘖期―孕穗期积累能力最强,孕穗期―成熟期最弱。但普通材料和高积累材料则在3个生育时期阶段性积累量差异不显著。(5)安全材料糙米中Cd含量较低,与其向籽粒中较低的Cd分配转移能力有关。安全材料糙米中Cd的分配量仅占地上部Cd积累总量的8.11%,而普通材料和高积累材料糙米Cd积累量占地上部Cd积累总量的11.60%和17.59%。【结论】通过筛选获得的安全材料D62B、IRBN95-90和GRlu 17/ai TTP//lu17_2在大田试验中其糙米Cd含量均低于食品安全国家标准(0.20 mg·kg-1),这3份材料可作为Cd安全亲本材料,为中轻度Cd污染农田水稻生产提供Cd安全种质资源。

[22] 杨素勤, 程海宽, 张彪, 景鑫鑫, 孙晓雪, 赵鹏 . 不同品种小麦Pb积累差异性研究
生态与农村环境学报, 2014,30(5):646-651.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-4831.2014.05.016URL [本文引用: 2]
通过在轻度污染耕地的田间试验,研究了20 个小麦品种对重金属Pb 的吸收差异,并探讨小麦对Pb 的转运与富集规律,以期筛选出对Pb 低积累小麦品种.对小麦籽粒重金属Pb 含量的聚类分析表明花培8 号、平安8号、周麦20、豫农201 和同舟麦916 具有低积累特性.上述5 个品种籽粒中Pb 含量均符合GB 2715-2005《粮食卫生标准》,Pb 从根部向籽粒的平均转运系数（0. 001 1）和富集系数（0. 037 4）均小于1,且各品种产量均较高.研究初步认为花培8 号和周麦20 具有成为低积累特性品种的潜力,经进一步验证后可用于轻度污染耕地的种植生产.
YANG S Q, CHENG H K, ZHANG B, JING X X, SUN X X, ZHAO P . Differences in Pb accumulation between wheat varieties
Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2014,30(5):646-651. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-4831.2014.05.016URL [本文引用: 2]
通过在轻度污染耕地的田间试验,研究了20 个小麦品种对重金属Pb 的吸收差异,并探讨小麦对Pb 的转运与富集规律,以期筛选出对Pb 低积累小麦品种.对小麦籽粒重金属Pb 含量的聚类分析表明花培8 号、平安8号、周麦20、豫农201 和同舟麦916 具有低积累特性.上述5 个品种籽粒中Pb 含量均符合GB 2715-2005《粮食卫生标准》,Pb 从根部向籽粒的平均转运系数（0. 001 1）和富集系数（0. 037 4）均小于1,且各品种产量均较高.研究初步认为花培8 号和周麦20 具有成为低积累特性品种的潜力,经进一步验证后可用于轻度污染耕地的种植生产.

[23] 刘克, 和文祥, 张红, 曹莹菲, 代允超, 吕家珑 . 镉在小麦各部位的富集和转运及籽粒镉含量的预测模型
农业环境科学学报, 2015,34(8):1441-1448.
DOI:10.11654/jaes.2015.08.002URL [本文引用: 1]
Fourteen soil samples, collected from wheat-producing areas across 14 provinces in China, were used in pot experiment to investigate accumulation and translocation of Cd from soil to different parts of wheat with and without Cd addition. Results showed that the Cd content in wheat was in order of rootsb> stems> grains for all tested soils, with Cd content ranges of 0.11~2.18, 0.04~0.75, and 0.004~0.08 mg kg in no Cd added soils and 3.14~12.04, 0.18~0.94, and 0.09~0.43 mg kg in Cd added soils, respectively. The Cd content in roots, stems, and grains were all significantly correlated with each other(except between grain and root under Cd addition). The bioaccumulation factor of Cd in roots ranged from 0.59 to 13.69 in the control and from 2.98 to 14.86 in Cd addition. The translocation factors of Cd from roots to stems and grains ranged correspondingly from 0.22~1.60 and 0.02~0.14(the control) and 0.04~0.13 and 0.01~0.06(Cd addition). Soil pH was the most important factor influencing wheat grain Cd uptake, with correlation coefficient of r=-0.828 in control and r=-0.841 in Cd addition. A good prediction model of Cd concentrations in wheat grain was established with =0.84(in no Cd addition) and =0.93(in Cd addition).
LIU K, HE W X, ZHANG H, CAO Y F, DAI Y C, Lü J L . Cadmium accumulation and translocation in wheat and grain Cd prediction
Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2015,34(8):1441-1448. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.11654/jaes.2015.08.002URL [本文引用: 1]
Fourteen soil samples, collected from wheat-producing areas across 14 provinces in China, were used in pot experiment to investigate accumulation and translocation of Cd from soil to different parts of wheat with and without Cd addition. Results showed that the Cd content in wheat was in order of rootsb> stems> grains for all tested soils, with Cd content ranges of 0.11~2.18, 0.04~0.75, and 0.004~0.08 mg kg in no Cd added soils and 3.14~12.04, 0.18~0.94, and 0.09~0.43 mg kg in Cd added soils, respectively. The Cd content in roots, stems, and grains were all significantly correlated with each other(except between grain and root under Cd addition). The bioaccumulation factor of Cd in roots ranged from 0.59 to 13.69 in the control and from 2.98 to 14.86 in Cd addition. The translocation factors of Cd from roots to stems and grains ranged correspondingly from 0.22~1.60 and 0.02~0.14(the control) and 0.04~0.13 and 0.01~0.06(Cd addition). Soil pH was the most important factor influencing wheat grain Cd uptake, with correlation coefficient of r=-0.828 in control and r=-0.841 in Cd addition. A good prediction model of Cd concentrations in wheat grain was established with =0.84(in no Cd addition) and =0.93(in Cd addition).

[24] 朱智伟, 陈铭学, 牟仁祥, 曹赵云, 张卫星, 林晓燕 . 水稻镉代谢与控制研究进展
中国农业科学, 2014,47(18):3633-3640.
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.18.011URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]
水稻具有吸附镉的特性，使得镉成为稻米产品的主要污染物，影响粮食供给安全和食品安全。本文从水稻吸收积累镉的3个环节，即根系对镉的活化和吸收、木质部的装载和运输、经节间韧皮部富集到水稻籽粒中，综合评述了镉在水稻生长过程中的代谢规律，运转蛋白和关键基因的控制机制，环境和投入品对水稻吸收镉的影响，以及水稻镉控制的研究进展。并结合中国实际情况，从农业可持续生产、控制稻米安全角度，辨证地探讨水稻镉控制的研究方向。
ZHU Z W, CHEN M X, MU R X, CAO Z Y, ZHANG W X, LIN X Y . Advances in research of cadmium metabolism and control in rice plants
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2014,47(18):3633-3640. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.18.011URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]
水稻具有吸附镉的特性，使得镉成为稻米产品的主要污染物，影响粮食供给安全和食品安全。本文从水稻吸收积累镉的3个环节，即根系对镉的活化和吸收、木质部的装载和运输、经节间韧皮部富集到水稻籽粒中，综合评述了镉在水稻生长过程中的代谢规律，运转蛋白和关键基因的控制机制，环境和投入品对水稻吸收镉的影响，以及水稻镉控制的研究进展。并结合中国实际情况，从农业可持续生产、控制稻米安全角度，辨证地探讨水稻镉控制的研究方向。

[25] ZHU Y, YU H, WANG J, FANG W, YUAN J, YANG Z . Heavy metal accumulations of 24 asparagus bean cultivars grown in soil contaminated with Cd alone and with multiple metals (Cd, Pb, and Zn)
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2007,55(10):1045-1052.
DOI:10.1021/jf062971pURLPMID:17263511 [本文引用: 2]
Abstract Crops grown in heavy metal contaminated soils are an important avenue for these toxic pollutants entering the human food chain. Information on how crops respond to soil contaminations of single versus multiple metals is scarce and much needed. This study investigated the accumulation of Cd by 24 cultivars of asparagus bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. Sesquipedalis L., family Fabaceae) under a low level (0.8 mg kg-1) and a high level (11.8 mg kg-1) of Cd exposure in a garden experiment, and that in a field experiment with Cd, Pb, and Zn (1.2, 486, and 1114 mg kg-1, respectively) contaminated soil. Both experiments showed that there were highly significant variations among the tested cultivars in Cd accumulation by roots, stems, leaves, and fruits of asparagus bean. In the garden experiment, all cultivars under the low Cd exposure and 41.7% of the tested cultivars under the high Cd exposure bore fruits (pods) whose Cd concentrations were lower than 0.05 mg kg-1 fw and therefore were safe for consumption. In addition, the fruit Cd concentrations of cultivars with black seed coats were significantly lower than those with red or spotted seed coats. These results suggest that asparagus bean is a hypo-accumulator to Cd pollutant and the trait of Cd accumulation is genetic-dependent among cultivars. In the field experiment, correlation between fruit Cd and Pb concentrations was significantly positive (p < 0.05). Additional correlation analyses between two experiments showed that fruit Cd concentrations in the field experiment were significantly correlated with those exposed to the high level of Cd stress, instead of to the low level of Cd stress in the garden experiment. This suggests that the presence of other toxic heavy metals in the soil might have facilitated the accumulation of Cd in fruits, and the selection of pollution-safe-cultivars (PSC) in multi-metal polluted condition could refer to the PSCs selected under a high level exposure of a single heavy metal.

[26] LIN R Z, WANG X R, LUO Y, DU W C, GUO H Y, YIN D Q . Effects of soil cadmium on growth, oxidative stress and antioxidant system in wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L.).
Chemosphere, 2007,69(1):89-98.
DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.04.041URLPMID:17568654 [本文引用: 1]
Effects of different concentrations of soil cadmium (0–33 mg kg 611) on growth, oxidative stress, and antioxidant response of wheat seedlings ( Triticum aestivum L.) were investigated using pot experiments. A slight stimulatory effect on seedling growth was observed, especially at low Cd concentrations (less than 3.3 mg kg 611). Results of the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) determination showed a decrease in unstable free radical level in the leaves, followed by a significant increase with increasing Cd concentrations. Malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were significantly enhanced by a high Cd concentration. Activity levels of some antioxidant enzymes in the leaves, including superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC1.12.1.1), catalase (CAT, EC1.11.1.6), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX, EC1.11.1.7), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC1.11.1.11) and glutathione reductase (GR, EC1.6.4.2), did not change much at low Cd concentrations (less than 3.3 mg kg 611), but fluctuated drastically at high Cd concentrations. GSH contents and GSH/GSSG ratios decreased at low Cd concentrations, then increased at high Cd concentrations. Wheat seedlings might overcompensate at low Cd concentrations, resulting in a low oxidative stress and a positive effect on growth. Changes in biochemical parameters would occur before any visible symptom of toxicity appeared, and the endpoint based on these parameters might be more sensitive or indicative than morphological observations in revealing the eco-toxicity of Cd. Based on the results of this study, we propose that the toxic critical value of soil Cd in inducing oxidative stress to wheat seedlings is between 3.3 mg kg 611 and 10 mg kg 611.

[27] AKHTER F M. MACFIE S M . Species-specific relationship between transpiration and cadmium translocation in lettuce, barley and radish
Journal of Plant Studies, 2012,1(1):1731-1739.
[本文引用: 1]

[28] 杨惟薇, 刘敏, 曹美珠, 张超兰 . 不同玉米品种对重金属铅镉的富集和转运能力
生态与农村环境学报, 2014,30(6):774-779.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-4831.2014.06.016URL [本文引用: 1]
通过土培试验研究了10个来自不同产地的玉米(Zea mays)品种对重金属铅和镉的累积特性。结果表明,重金属铅(400 mg·kg-1)和镉(10 mg·kg-1)复合胁迫条件下,玉米不同生育期累积铅的能力从大到小依次为成熟期、拔节期和苗期,累积镉的能力从大到小依次为苗期、拔节期和成熟期。玉米各部位铅镉吸收量从大到小依次为根、茎、叶和籽粒。供试的10个玉米品种中籽粒铅含量均超过GB 2715—2005《粮食卫生标准》中的规定(≤0.2 mg·kg-1),广甜3号、国审浚79-5、兴黄单892、晋单51和北科4号籽粒镉含量符合GB 2715—2005中的卫生标准(≤0.1 mg·kg-1)。其中,广甜3号对镉的累积量最小,可以在中、轻度污染土壤上推广种植。
YANG W W, LIU M, CAO M Z, ZHANG C L . Accumulation and transfer of lead (Pb) and cadmium ( Cd) on different species of maize
Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2014,30(6):774-779. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-4831.2014.06.016URL [本文引用: 1]
通过土培试验研究了10个来自不同产地的玉米(Zea mays)品种对重金属铅和镉的累积特性。结果表明,重金属铅(400 mg·kg-1)和镉(10 mg·kg-1)复合胁迫条件下,玉米不同生育期累积铅的能力从大到小依次为成熟期、拔节期和苗期,累积镉的能力从大到小依次为苗期、拔节期和成熟期。玉米各部位铅镉吸收量从大到小依次为根、茎、叶和籽粒。供试的10个玉米品种中籽粒铅含量均超过GB 2715—2005《粮食卫生标准》中的规定(≤0.2 mg·kg-1),广甜3号、国审浚79-5、兴黄单892、晋单51和北科4号籽粒镉含量符合GB 2715—2005中的卫生标准(≤0.1 mg·kg-1)。其中,广甜3号对镉的累积量最小,可以在中、轻度污染土壤上推广种植。

[29] MACFIE S M, BAHRAMI S, MCGARVEY B D . Differential accumulation of cadmium in near-isogenic lines of durum wheat: No role for phytochelatins
Physiology and Molecular Biology Plants, 2016,187(15):461-472.
DOI:10.1007/s12298-016-0383-xURLPMID:27924119 [本文引用: 1]
Abstract Certain cultivars of some crops, including durum wheat ( Triticum durum Desf.), have a propensity to accumulate cadmium in the grain. In the 1980s, a Canadian wheat breeding program generated five pairs of near-isogenic lines of durum wheat that vary in cadmium-accumulation. Within each pair, one member accumulates twofold to threefold higher concentrations of cadmium in the shoot and grain. However, the physiological explanation for the high-low phenotype is unknown. We studied correlations between concentrations of cadmium and non-protein thiols, including phytochelatins, in these five pairs of near-isogenic lines to test the hypothesis that differential retention of cadmium-binding complexes in the root would explain the phenotype. The expected high-low pattern of cadmium accumulation was found in three of the pairs. In one pair, cadmium was positively correlated with cysteine and glutathione in the roots and with phytochelatins 2 and 4 in the shoots but in another pair cadmium was strongly negatively correlated with phytochelatins 2 and 4 in the shoots and unrelated to cysteine or glutathione. No correlations between concentrations of cadmium and the non-protein thiols were found in the third pair or in the remaining two pairs. The production of phytochelatins is a well-described response to cadmium but the lack of consistent correlation between cadmium and non-protein thiols in these five near-isogenic lines indicates that complexation with non-protein thiols does not explain differential translocation of cadmium in durum wheat.

[30] URAGUCHI S, MORI S, KURAMATA M, KAWASAKI A, ARAO T, ISHIKAWA S . Root-to-shoot Cd translocation via the xylem is the major process determining shoot and grain cadmium accumulation in rice
Journal of Experimental Botany, 2009,60(9):2677-2688.
DOI:10.1093/jxb/erp119URLPMID:19401409 [本文引用: 1]
Physiological properties involved in divergent cadmium (Cd) accumulation among rice genotypes were characterized using the indica cultivar 'Habataki' (high Cd in grains) and the japonica cultivar 'Sasanishiki' (low Cd in grains). Time-dependence and concentration-dependence of symplastic Cd absorption in roots were revealed not to be responsible for the different Cd accumulation between the two cultivars because root Cd uptake was not greater in the Cd-accumulating cultivar 'Habataki' compared with 'Sasanishiki'. On the other hand, rapid and greater root-to-shoot Cd translocation was observed in 'Habataki', which could be mediated by higher abilities in xylem loading of Cd and transpiration rate as a driving force. To verify whether different abilities in xylem-mediated shoot-to-root translocation generally account for the genotypic variation in shoot Cd accumulation in rice, the world rice core collection, consisting of 69 accessions which covers the genetic diversity of almost 32,000 accessions of cultivated rice, was used. The results showed strong correlation between Cd levels in xylem sap and shoots and grains among the 69 rice accessions. Overall, the results presented in this study revealed that the root-to-shoot Cd translocation via the xylem is the major and common physiological process determining the Cd accumulation level in shoots and grains of rice plants.

[31] URAGUCHI S, FUJIWARA T . Cadmium transport and tolerance in rice: perspectives for reducing grain cadmium accumulation
Rice, 2012,5(1):1-8.
DOI:10.1186/1939-8433-5-1URLPMID:24764501 [本文引用: 3]
AbstractEver since its discovery, abscisic acid (ABA) has been intensively studied due to its versatile functions in plant developmental and physiological processes. Many signaling details of ABA have been well elucidated and reviewed. The identification of ABA receptors is a great breakthrough in the field of ABA study, whereas the discovery of ABA transporter has changed our concept that ABA is delivered solely by passive transport. The intensity of ABA signaling pathway is well known to be controlled by multi-regulators. Nonetheless, the interaction and coordination among ABA biosynthesis, catabolism, conjugation and transportation are seldom discussed. Here, we summarize the biological functions of ABA in response to different stresses, especially the roles of ABA in plant defense to pathogen attack, and discuss the possible relationships of these determinants in controlling the specificity and intensity of ABA signaling pathway in the rice.

[32] WU Z C, ZHAO X H, SUN X C, TAN Q L, TANG Y F, NIE Z J, HU C X . Xylem transport and gene expression play decisive roles in cadmium accumulation in shoots of two oilseed rape cultivars (Brassica napus).
Chemosphere, 2015,119(119C):1217-1223.
DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.099URLPMID:25460764 [本文引用: 1]
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal which harms human health through food chains. The mechanisms underlying Cd accumulation in oilseed rape are still poorly understood. Here, we investigated the physiological and genetic processes involved in Cd uptake and transport of two oilseed rape cultivars (Brassica napus). L351 accumulates more Cd in shoots but less in roots than L338. A scanning ion-selective electrode technique (SIET) and uptake kinetics of Cd showed that roots were not responsible for the different Cd accumulation in shoots since L351 showed a lower Cd uptake ability. However, concentration-dependent and time-dependent dynamics of Cd transport by xylem showed L351 exhibited a superordinate capacity of Cd translocation to shoots. Additionally, the Cd concentrations of shoots and xylem sap showed a great correlation in both cultivars. Furthermore, gene expression levels related to Cd uptake by roots (IRT1) and Cd transport by xylem (HMA2 and HMA4) were consistent with the tendencies of Cd absorption and transport at the physiological level respectively. In other words, L351 had stronger gene expression for Cd transport but lower for Cd uptake. Overall, results revealed that the process of Cd translocation to shoots is a determinative factor for Cd accumulation in shoots, both at physiological and genetic levels.

[33] SONG Y, JIN L, WANG X J . Cadmium absorption and transportation pathways in plants
International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2017,19(2):133-141.
DOI:10.1080/15226514.2016.1207598URLPMID:27409403 [本文引用: 1]
Controlling the uptake, transport, translocation, and accumulation of excessive amounts of cadmium from polluted environments is critical for plants and, consequently, humans with regard to food safety. Plants adopt various cellular and molecular mechanisms to minimize Cd toxicity. Upon exposure to Cd, plants initially implement avoidance strategies, such as production of organic acids, chelation, and sequestration, to prevent metal access to root cells. Nevertheless, Cd can be transported through the roots, stems, and leaves via apoplastic and symplastic pathways. These processes have been controlled by specific sites at the root surface and root cortex, in cells responsible for loading the root xylem, at the transition between the vascular systems of the root and the shoot, and in connecting tissues and cells at the stem. Although resistance to heavy metal cadmium can be achieved by either avoidance or tolerance, genetic basis to tolerance is therefore implied, in that these mechanisms are heritable attributes of tolerant mutants or genotypes.

[34] ISHIMARU Y, TAKAHASHI R, BASHIR K, SHIMO H, SENOURA T, SUGIMOTO K, ONO K, YANO M, ISHIKAWA S, NAKANISHI H, NISHIZAWA N K . Characterizing the role of rice NRAMP5 in manganese, iron and cadmium transport.
Scientific Reports, 2012,2:286-293.
DOI:10.1038/srep00286URLPMID:22368778 [本文引用: 1]
Metals like manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) are essential for metabolism, while cadmium (Cd) is toxic for virtually all living organisms. Understanding the transport of these metals is important for breeding better crops. We have identified that OsNRAMP5 contributes to Mn, Fe and Cd transport in rice. OsNRAMP5 expression was restricted to roots epidermis, exodermis, and outer layers of the cortex as well as in tissues around the xylem. OsNRAMP5 localized to the plasma membrane, and complemented the growth of yeast strains defective in Mn, Fe, and Cd transport. OsNRAMP5 RNAi (OsNRAMP5i) plants accumulated less Mn in the roots, and less Mn and Fe in shoots, and xylem sap. The suppression of OsNRAMP5 promoted Cd translocation to shoots, highlighting the importance of this gene for Cd phytoremediation. These data reveal that OsNRAMP5 contributes to Mn, Cd, and Fe transport in rice and is important for plant growth and development.