Molecular-assisted precision oncology gained tremendous ground with high-throughput next-generation sequencing (NGS), supported by robust bioinformatics. The quest for genomics-based cancer medicine set the foundations for improved patient stratification, while unveiling a wide array of neoantigens for immunotherapy. Upfront pre-clinical and clinical studies have successfully used tumor-specific peptides in vaccines with minimal off-target effects. However, the low mutational burden presented by many lesions challenges the generalization of these solutions, requiring the diversification of neoantigen sources. Oncoproteogenomics utilizing customized databases for protein annotation by mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful tool toward this end. Expanding the concept toward exploring proteoforms originated from post-translational modifications (PTMs) will be decisive to improve molecular subtyping and provide potentially targetable functional nodes with increased cancer specificity. Walking through the path of systems biology, we highlight that alterations in protein glycosylation at the cell surface not only have functional impact on cancer progression and dissemination but also originate unique molecular fingerprints for targeted therapeutics. Moreover, we discuss the outstanding challenges required to accommodate glycoproteomics in oncoproteogenomics platforms. We envisage that such rationale may flag a rather neglected research field, generating novel paradigms for precision oncology and immunotherapy.
A oncologia de precis?o guiada por informa??o molecular tem vindo a ganhar relevancia, maioritariamente suportada por tecnologias de sequencia??o de nova gera??o (NGS) e métodos robustos de bioinformática. O acesso a informa??o genética tem permitido melhorar a estratifica??o de doentes, enquanto desvenda novos neoantigénios com potencial imunoterapêutico. Além disso, ensaios pré-clínicos e clínicos levaram já ao desenvolvimento de vacinas anti-tumorais baseadas em péptidos específicos do cancro (neoantigénios) identificados por sequencia??o genética. Contudo, a baixa carga mutacional de alguns tumores tem dificultado a generaliza??o destas abordagens terapêuticas, enfatizando a necessidade de diversifica??o de fontes de neoantigénios. A oncoproteogenómica com recurso a bases de dados customizadas para a identifica??o de proteínas por espectrometria de massa é uma ferramenta valiosa para alcan?ar este objetivo. A expans?o deste conceito para a identifica??o de proteoformas derivadas de modifica??es pós-traducionais será decisiva para o melhoramento da subtipagem molecular dos tumores, bem como na identifica??o de novos alvos com especificidade tumoral acrescida. Percorrendo o caminho da biologia de sistemas, salientamos que as altera??es na glicosila??o de proteínas de superfície celular têm n?o só um impacto funcional na progress?o e dissemina??o tumoral, como também originam assinaturas moleculares únicas com potencial para terapia guiada. Ainda, discutimos os desafios inerentes à implementa??o de plataformas de glicoproteomica e oncoproteogenómica. Por fim, antecipamos que o racional apresentado possa evidenciar uma área de investiga??o pouco explorada enquanto cria um novo paradigma de oncologia de precis?o e imunoterapia.
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Glycoproteogenomics: Setting the Course for Next-generation Cancer Neoantigen Discovery for Cancer V
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