Trillions of microbes reside in the human body and participate in multiple physiological and pathophysiological processes that affect host health throughout the life cycle. The microbiome is hallmarked by distinctive compositional and functional features across different life periods. Accumulating evidence has shown that microbes residing in the human body may play fundamental roles in infant development and the maturation of the immune system. Gut microbes are thought to be essential for the facilitation of infantile and childhood development and immunity by assisting in breaking down food substances to liberate nutrients, protecting against pathogens, stimulating or modulating the immune system, and exerting control over the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of the colonization and development of the gut microbiota in early life, highlighting the recent findings regarding the role of intestinal microbes in pediatric diseases. Furthermore, we also discuss the microbiota-mediated therapeutics that can reconfigure bacterial communities to treat dysbiosis.
数以万亿计的微生物栖居于人体，参与人体的生理与病理过程，在人的整个生命进程中都发挥着重要作用。微生物组在不同的生命阶段具有独特的组成和功能特征。越来越多的证据表明，人体的微生物可能在婴儿发育和免疫系统成熟过程中发挥着重要作用。肠道菌群能够协助分解食物、防御病原体、刺激和调节免疫系统，并能够对下丘脑 - 垂体 - 肾上腺轴施加控制，被认为是促进婴儿和儿童发育的必要条件。本文旨在介绍目前人们对肠道菌群在人类生命早期定植和发育的认识，以及肠道菌群在儿童相关疾病进程中扮演的角色。此外，还探讨了通过对肠道菌群的操纵实现对疾病治疗的方法和最新进展。





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