Altogether, tomorrow may see more and more information coming to light on the diseases which can be treated medically.
41.Up until the 1960s the instruments used to perform surgical operations
were ___ .
A. fashionable B. extraordinary C. special D. basic
42.After the development of the laser in the 1960s, we find that ___ .
A. medical help became available for industrial workers.
B. the study of art went through a complete revolution.
C. more and more surgeons began using surgical instruments.
D. man‘s whole approach to surgery changed completely
43.The laser beam is so strong because ___ .
A. it is composed of a concentrated beam of light
B. its heat is increased by the heat of the sun
C. it can be plugged into an ordinary light fitting
D. it sends out heat in many different directions
44.Surgeons can now carry out operations which ___ .
A. can be performed successfully only on the human eye
B. result in long periods of recovery time for patients
C. are made much more complicated by using the laser beam
D. result in very little damage to the patients themselves
45.The rapid development of laser techniques has meant that ___ .
A. in another ten years we shall be able to cure cancer
B. surgery is likely to improve considerably
C. we shall be able to treat all the diseases we suffer from
D. we are now able to treat most forms of cancer
2
In 1885 Owen Wister (1850-1938) recorded that "it won‘t be a century before the West is simply the true America, with thought, type, and life of its own" and he wanted "to be the hand that once, for all, chronicled and laid bare the virtues and the vices of this extraordinary phase of American social progress." He never became that self-envisioned Tolstoi of the old West, but in 1902 The Virginian was published. It won instant success and skyrocketed its author to fame. It is still the most popular "Western" novel ever published and the master design for the fiction of the Wild West.
The Virginian established a literary form, a formula popularly known as "horse opera", whose conventions, cliches, and values have reappeared in novels and short stories, in movies and television serials, ever since. The romantic cowboy is the hero and gentleman, one of those "good men in the humbler walks of life", who seems through shams, defends justice and a lady‘s honor, shoots it out with the villain and conquers evil. Because of the Virginian, Wister created a character who is the original type for the Western folk hero. He represents the embodiment of certain American ideals --- a man who is equal to all occasions, who shows independence of action, a man who keeps his word who is "a broad-guage fellow living among narrow-guage folk". But the literary device and cowboy code which Wister established dictated that the hero must kill the bad man. This necessity for sanctioning murder and romanticizing of the cowboy as a gentleman prohibited. The Virginian and the genre it created from becoming serious fiction, or even an authentic product of the western experience. Instead of achieving his ambition, therefore, Wister gave us a sort of American folk epic, the cowboy story.
46.Owen Wister believed ___ .
A. the way of life in the West in 1885 was a passing phase
b. the cowboy in 1885 symbolized the typical American male.
C. the West would be always isolated from the rest of the country by
its moral code.
D. none of these.
47.The reference to Wister as a self-envisioned Tolstoi implies that ___ .
A. The Virginian is as great a novel as War and Peace
B. Wister underestimated himself as an author
C. Wister wanted to be a writer of light novels
D. as Tolstoi had laid bare the virtues and vices of Russian society, so
Wister would do for the society of the American West.
48.Stylistically, The Virginian is noted for the fact that it ___ .
A. was written according to a pre-established formula.
B. established the formula known as "horse opera".
C. followed the literary conventions of the day.
D. abandoned American conventions in favor of foreign ones.
49. The popularity which was accorded The Virginian indicates that
Wister ___ .
A. realized his stated ambition
B. gave us an authentic account of the western experience
C. became the American Tolstoi
D. had written an account of the cowboy which appealed to American
aspirations
50.The author of the article believes that ___ .
A. The Virginian did not deserve the success it won
B. Wister made a definite contribution to American literature
C. Wister was a hack
B. cowboy stories should be considered serious fiction
3
Death comes quickly in the mountains. Each winter holiday makers are caught unawares as they happily ski away from the fixed runs, little realizing that a small avalanche can send them crashing in a bone-breaking fall down the slope and leave them buried under tons of crisp white snow. There are lots of theories about how to avoid disaster when hit by an avalanche. Practice is normally less cheerful.
The snow in the Salzburg of Austria where a recent disaster took place was typical avalanche material. For several days before the incident I had skied locally. Early winter snow was wearing thin and covered with ice.
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