Professor CHEUNG Chi Keung Peter
Address
(Office): EG09, Science Centre East Block
(Lab): Rm 381, Science Centre South Block

Phone
(Office): (852) 3943 6144
(Lab): (852) 3943 6272

Fax (852) 2603 5646

Email This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Web http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/lifesciences/aboutus/people/CCK.html

EducationPh.D. University of New South Wales
M.Chem. University of New South Wales
B.Sc. The University of Hong Kong
PositionProfessor, School of Life Sciences
Associate Director of Food and Nutritional Sciences Program
Director of Food Research Centre
Graduate Division Head of Food and Nutritional Sciences Program
Research InterestsStructure-function of cell wall polysaccharides
Bioactive substances from mushroom and edible fungi
Chemical properties and biological functions of dietary fiber
Prebiotics, probiotics and gut microbiome
Functional food development
Representative Publications (Past five years)
Lin, S., Lai, T.C., Lam, K.L. and Cheung, P.C.K. (2017). Anti-angiogenic effect of water extract from the fruiting body of Agrocybe aegerita. LWT – Food Science and Technology, 75, 155-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2016.08.044
Keung, H.Y., Li, T.K., Sham, L.T., Cheung, M.K., Cheung, P.C.K. and Kwan, H.S. (2017). Mechanistic study of water insoluble yeast glucans utilization in genetically intractable Bifidobacterium breve strain JCM1192. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 83, e03442-16. doi: 1128/AEM.03442-16
Lin, S., Hu, J., Zhou, X. and Cheung, P.C.K. (2017). Inhibition of VEGF-induced angiogenesis by Chlorogenic acid via targeting the VEGFR2-mediated signaling pathway. Journal of Functional Foods, 32, 285-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2017.03.009
Huang, J.J., Lin, S., Xu, W. and Cheung, P.C.K. (2017). Occurrence and biosynthesis of carotenoids in phytoplankton. Biotechnology Advances, 35, 597-618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.05.001
Lv, J. Zhang, B.-B. Liu, X.-D., Zhang, C., Chen, L., Xu, G.-R. and Cheung, P.C.K. (2017). Enhanced production of natural yellow pigments from Monascus purpureus by liquid culture: The relationship between fermentation conditions and mycelial Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 124, 452-458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.05.010
Hu, S.H., Chen, K.S., Liu, M.Y., Cheung, P.C.K., Wang, J.C. and Chang, S.J. (2017). Optimization of submerged cultivation conditions for production of big cup culinary-medicinal mushroom Clitocybe maxima (Agaricomycetes) biomass with significant antioxidative and antihyperlipidemic activities. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 19, 641-651. DOI: 1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2017021151
Li, X., Zhou, J., Liu, C., Xiong, Q., Duan, H. and Cheung, P.C.K. (2017). Stable and biocompatible mushroom β-glucan modified gold nanorods for cancer photothermal therapy. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 65, 9529-9536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03895
Barad,A., Mackedenski, S., Li, W.M., Li, X.J., Lim, B.C.C., Rashid, F., Tackaberry, L.E., Massicotte, H.B., Egger, K.N., Reimer, K., Cheung, P.C.K. and Lee, C.H. (2018). Anti-proliferative activity of a polysaccharide isolated from the basidiomycete fungus Paxillus involutus. Carbohydrate Polymers, 181, 923-930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.11.058
Hu, J., Lin, S., Zeng, S., Zheng, B., Cheung, P.C.K. (2018). Short-chain fatty acids in control of energy metabolism. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 58, 8, 1243-1249 (https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2016.1245650).
Xu, R., Wei, S., Zhou, G., Ren, J., Liu, Z., Tang, S., Cheung, P.C.K. and Wu, X. (2018). Multiplex TaqMan locked nucleic acid real-time PCR for the differential identification of various meat and meat products. Meat Science, 137, 41-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.11.003
Lam, K.L., Keung, H.Y., Ko, K.C., Kwan, H.S. and Cheung, P.C.K. (2018). In vitro fermentation of beta-glucans and other selected carbohydrates by infant fecal inoculum: An evaluation of their potential as prebiotics in infant formula. Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fiber, 14, 20-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcdf.2017.07.009
Yan, J.K., Qiu, W.Y., Wang, Y.Y., Wu, L.X. and Cheung, P.C.K. (2018). Formation and characterization of polyelectrolyte complex synthesized by chitosan and carboxylic curdlan for 5-fluorouracil delivery. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 107 Part A, 397-405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.004
Liu, C., Choi, M.W. Li, X. and Cheung, P.C.K. (2018). Immunomodulatory effect of structurally-characterized mushroom sclerotial polysaccharides isolated from Polyporus rhinocerus on human monoctyes THP-1. Journal of Functional Foods, 41, 90-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2017.12.039
Li, X., Zhou, J., Dong, X., Cheng, W.Y., Duan, H. and Cheung, P.C.K. (2018). In vitro and in vivo photothermal cancer therapeutic effects of gold nanorods modified with mushroom β–glucan. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 66, 4091-4098. DOI: 1021/acs.jafc.8b00292
Hu, J., Zhou, A., Cheung, P.C.K., Zheng, B., Zeng, S., Lin, S. (2018). Expression of GPR43 in brown adipogenesis is enhanced by Rosiglitazone and controlled by PPAR?/RXR hetero-dimerization. PPAR Research, Article ID 1051074, 8 pages. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1051074
Lee, M.K., Li, X., Yap, C.S.A., Cheung, P.C.K., Tan, C.S., Ng, S.T., Roberts, R., Ting, K.N. and Fung, S.Y. (2018). Airway relaxation effects of water-soluble sclerotial extract from Lignosus rhinocerotis. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9, 461 http://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00461
Hu, J., Lin, S., Huang, J. Cheung, P.C.K. (2018). Mechanistic study of the in vitro and in vivo inhibitory effects of hydroxybenzoic acids (protocatechuic acid and syringic acid) on VEGF-induced angiogenesis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 66, 6742-6751. DOI:1021/acs.jafc.8b01534
Lam, K.L., Si, K., Wu, X., Tang, S., Sun, X., Kwan, H.S. and Cheung, P.C.K. (2018). The diploid genome of the only sclerotia-forming wide type species in the genus Pleurotus - Pleurotus tuber-regium - provides insights into the mechanism of its biomass conversion from lignocellulose substrates. Journal of Biotechnology, 283, 22-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.07.009
Huang, J.J., Lin, S., Xu, W. and Cheung, P.C.K. (2018). Enhancement of the production of bioactive microalgal metabolites by ultraviolet radiation (UVA 365 nm). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 66, 10215-10224. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03789
Lam, K.L., Lin, S., Liu, C., Wu, X., Tang, S., Kwan, H.S. and Cheung, P.C.K. (2018). A low-cost method generating in situ anaerobic conditions on a 96-well plate for microbial fermentation in food research. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 66, 11839-11845. DOI: 1021/acs.jafc.8b04888
Hu, J., Ge, S., Huang, C., Cheung, P.C.K., Lin, L., Zhang, Y., Zheng, B. and Lin, S. (2018). Tenderization effect of whelk meat using ultrasonic treatment. Food Science and Nutrition, 6, 1848-1857. DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.686
Zhang, B., Guan, Y., Hu, P., Chen, L., Xu, G., Liu, L. and Cheung, P.C.K. (2019). Production of bioactive metabolites by submerged fermentation of the medicinal mushroom Antrodia cinnamomea: recent advances and future development. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 39, 541-554. https://doi.org/10.1080/07388551.2019.1577798
Ke, X., Walker, A., Haange, S.-B., Lagkouvardos, I., Liu, Y., Schmitt-Kopplin, P., von Bergen, M., Jehmlich, N., He, X., Clavel, T., and Cheung, P.C.K. (2019). Synbiotic-driven improvement of metabolic disturbances is associated with changes in the gut microbiome in diet-induced obese mice. Molecular Metabolism, 22, 96-109.1016/j.molmet.2019.01.012
Lam, K.L., Ko, K.C., Li, X., Ke, X., Cheng, W.Y., Chen, T.F., You, L., Kwan, H.S. and Cheung, P.C.K. (2019). In vitro infant fecal fermentation of low viscosity barley beta-glucan and its acid hydrolyzed derivatives: Evaluation of their potential as novel prebiotics. Molecules, 24, 828. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24050828
Huang, S., Pang, D., Li, X., You, L., Zhao, Z., Cheung, P.C.K., Zhang, M. and Liu, D. (2019). A sulfated polysaccharide from Gracilaria lemaneiformis regulate cholesterol and bile acid metabolism in high-fat diet mice. Food and Function, 10, 3224-3236. 1039/C9FO00263D
Chen, X., Li, X., Zhang, X., You, L., Cheung, P.C.K., Huang, R. and Xiao, J. (2019). Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities of a polysaccharide from Physalis pubescens in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. Food and Function, 10, 4868-4876. 10.1039/C9FO00687G
Chen, L., Ge, M., Zhu, Y., Song, Y., Cheung, P.C.K., Zhang, B., Liu, L. (2019). Structure, bioactivity and applications of natural hyperbranched polysaccharides. Carbohydrate Polymers, 223, 115076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115076
Liu, C. and Cheung, P.C.K. (2019). Structure and immunomodulatory activity of microparticulate mushroom sclerotial β-glucan prepared from Polyporus rhinocerus. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 67, 9070-9078. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03206
Tang, H.M. and Cheung, P.C.K. (2019). Gallic acid triggers iron-dependent cell death with apoptotic, ferroptotic, and necroptotic features. Toxins, 11, 492. doi:10.3390/toxins11090492
Javed, S., Li, W.M., Yaqoob, A., Zeb, M., Tackaberry, L., Massicotte, H., Egger, K., Cheung, P.C.K., Payne, G. and Lee, C.H. (2019). Anti-inflammatory activity of the wild mushroom, Echinodontium tinctorium, in RAW264.7 macrophage cells and mouse microcirculation. Molecules, 24, 3509 doi: 10.3390/molecules24193509
Liu, C., Choi, M.W. and Cheung, P.C.K. (2019). Immunomodulatory effect of structurally characterized mushroom sclerotial polysaccharides isolated from Polyporus rhinocerus on bone marrow dendritic cells. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 67, 12137-12143. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03294
Lam, K.L. and Cheung, P.C.K. (2019). Carbohydrate-based prebiotics in targeted modulation of gut microbiome. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 67, 12335-12340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04811.
Li, X. and Cheung, P.C.K. (2019). Application of natural beta–glucans as biocompatible functional nanomaterials. Food Science and Human Wellness, 8, 315-319. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2019.11.005
Lam, K.L., Cheng, W.Y., Yang, F., Lin, S., You, L., Chiou, J., Kwan, H.S. and Cheung, P.C.K. (2020). Framework as a service, FaaS: personalized prebiotic development for infants with the elements of time and parametric modelling of in vitro Microorganisms, 8(5), 623. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8050623
Lam, K.L., Cheng, W.Y., Su, Y., Li, X., Wu, X., Wong, K.H., Kwan, H.S. and Cheung, P.C.K. (2020). Use of random forest analysis to quantify the importance of the structural characteristics of beta-glucans for prebiotic development. Food Hydrocolloids, 108, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106001
Su, Y., Li, X., Lam, K.L. and Cheung, P.C.K. (2020). pH-sensitive PEG-coated hyper-branched β-glucan derivative as carrier for CpG oligodeoxynucleotide delivery. Carbohydrate Polymers, 246, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116621
Cheng, W.Y., Lam, K.L., Kong, A.P.S., and Cheung, P.C.K. (2020). Prebiotic supplementation (beta-glucan and inulin) attenuates circadian misalignment induced by shifted light-dark cycle in mice by modulating circadian gene expression. Food Research International, 137, 109437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109437
Lau, A.Y.T., Xie, Y., Cheung, M.K., Cheung, P.C.K. and Kwan, H.S. (2020) Genome-wide mRNA and miRNA analysis in the early stages of germ tube outgrowth in Coprinopsis cinerea. Fungal Genetics and Biology, 142, 103416. 1016/j.fgb.2020.103416
Lam, K.L., Wu, J., Di, W., Chen, G. and Cheung, P.C.K. (2020). 2020s: the homecoming decade of high-throughput investigation of polysaccharides. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 68, 8511-8513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04286
Sum, A.Y.C., Li, X., Yeng, Y.Y.H., Razif, M.F.M., Jamil, A.H.A., Ng S.T., Tan, C.S., Cheung, P.C.K. and Fung, S.Y. (2020). The immunomodulating properties of Tiger Milk medicinal mushroom Lignosus rhinocerus TM02? cultivar (Agaricomycetes) and its associated carbohydrate composition. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 22, 803-814. DOI: 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2020035658
Huang, J.J. Huang, W., Li, J., Li, P. and Cheung, P.C.K. (2020). Potential advancement of ultraviolet-free solar radiation technology in enriching the nutrient composition and biodiesel feedstock production in marine green microalga Platymonas subcordiformis. Bioresource Technology Reports, 11, 100534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2020.100534

Lin, S., Wang, P., Li, S., Lam, K.L., Hu, J., Cheung, P.C.K. (2020). Recent research on specialty mushroom (Pleurotus tuber-regium) as functional food: Chemical composition and biological activities. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 68, 9277-9286. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03502.
Sum, A.Y.C., Li, X., Yeng, Y.Y.H., Razif, M.F.M., Jamil, A.H.A., Ng, S.T., Tan, C.S., Cheung, P.C.K. and Fung, S.Y. (2020). Immunomodulatory properties of water-soluble polysaccharides extracted from the fruiting body of Ophiocordyceps sinensis cultivar OCS02?(Ascomycetes). International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 22, 967-977. DOI:1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2020036351
Su, Y., Chen, L., Yang, F. and Cheung, P.C.K. (2021). β-D-glucan based drug delivery system and its potential application in targeting tumor associated macrophages. Carbohydrate Polymers, 253, 117258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117258
Zhang, Y., You, L., Cheung, P.C.K., Liao, L. and Zhao, Z. (2021). Behavior of non-digestible polysaccharides in gastrointestinal tract: a mechanistic review of its anti-obesity effect. eFood, 2, 59-72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/efood.k.210310.001
Huang, J.J. and Cheung, P.C.K. (2021). Cold stress treatment enhances production of metabolites and biodiesel feedstock in Porphyridium cruentum via adjustment of cell membrane fluidity. Science of the Total Environment, 780, 146612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146612
Gong, Y., Ma, Y., Cheung, P.C.K., You, L., Liao, L., Pedisic, S. and Kulikouskaya, V. (2021). Structural characteristics and anti-inflammatory activity of UV/H2O2-treated algal sulfated polysaccharide from Gracilaria lemaneiformis. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 152, 112157. DOI:1016/j.fct.2021.112157
Cheng, W.Y., Lam, K.L., Li, X., Kong, A.P.S and Cheung, P.C.K. (2021). Circadian disruption-induced metabolic syndrome in mice is ameliorated by oat β-glucan mediated by gut microbiota. Carbohydrate Polymers, 267, 118216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118216
Leung, M.F. and Cheung, P.C.K. (2021). Vitamin D and D₂ in cultivated mushrooms under UV-irradiation and its bioavailability in humans: A mini-review. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms (in press)
Tang, H.M. and Cheung, P.C.K. (2021). Gene Expression Profile Analysis of Gallic Acid-induced Cell Death Process. Scientific Reports (in press)
Research Grants2021-2023, General Research Fund (GRF), Does dietary oxidized cholesterol alter gut microbiota and is it more atherosclerotic than dietary cholesterol itself? $1,125,732
2020-2024, Theme-based Research (TBR), A paradigm-shifting, fully-integrated, compact wastewater-to-resource facility – Chemical and biological properties of sulfated polysaccharides recovered from sludge. $1,646,000
2019-2024, Research Impact Fund (GIF), Tackling grand challenges in food safety: A bug data and IoT enabled approach $ 790160
2018-2020, General Research Fund (GRF), Post-transcriptional modification of early stages of fruiting body development and alternate destinies of the model mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea.$ 817,190
2015-2016, General Research Fund (GRF), In vitro bifidogenicity of prebiotic mushroom beta-glucan and its effect on human gut microbiota: A mechanistic study using transcriptomics, fractional proteomics and 16S rDNA sequences. $844,130
2013-2014, General Research Fund (GRF), A comparative study of the in vitro immunomodulating effects of structurally well-defined purified mushroom and fungal beta-glucans in human immune cells. $542,136
2011-2012, General Research Fund (GRF), Ultrasonication-induced changes in the higher order structures of high molecular weight polysaccharides from medicinal fungi and their relationship to immunoactivity, $710,000
2009-2011, General Research Fund (GRF), Controlled degradation of high molecular weight polysaccharides from a medicinal fungus by ultrasonication for improvement of medicinal properties, $620,000
2006-2009, National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), The effect of molecular dimension and solution conformation of mushroom polysaccharides with their biological activities and mechanisms, $1,300,000
2005-2007, Research Grants Council (RGC) Earmarked Grants, Mushroom non-digestible carbohydrates as novel β-glucan type prebiotics: Their preparation and in vitromicrobial fermentation, $ 718,957
2002-2004, Research Grants Council (RGC) Earmarked Grants, A mechanistic study of the immunopotentiating and antitumor effects of native and chemically modified nonstarch polysaccharides [(1?3)-b-D-glucans] from mushroom sclerotia, $1,036,000
2002-2004, Research Grants Council (RGC) Earmarked Grants, In vitro and in vivoanticancer studies of novel polyunsaturated fatty acids (DHA, EPA) purified and characterized from several enriched microalgae, $876,000
2002-2004, University Grants Council Area of Excellence (AoE) in Plant and Fungal Biotechnology, Immunopharmacological activities of native and chemically modified mushroom non-starch polysaccharides $500,000
2000-2002, University Grants Council Area of Excellence (AoE) in Plant and Fungal Biotechnology, Isolation, characterization, bioassay and functional tests of mushroom polysaccharides with anti-tumor and immuno-potentiating activities, $700,000
1999-2001, Research Grants Council (RGC) Earmarked Grants, Correlation between antitumor activities and structural characteristics of mushroom polysaccharides $580,000
1999-2004, Strategic Grant of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Pharmaceutical, nutritional and biotechnological application of seaweed resources in Hong Kong $600,000
1996-1998, Research Grants Council (RGC) Earmarked Grants, Characterization of pharmacologically active substances and nutritional evaluation of selected seaweeds in Hong Kong, $500,000
PatentsThe preparation and application of a water-soluble heteropolysaccharide [一种水溶性杂多糖及其制备方法和用途]. Chinese Patent CN 1425693A (published on 25 June 2003)
The preparation and application of an antitumor water-soluble heteropolysaccharide [一种具有抗肿瘤活性的水溶性杂多糖及其制备方法和用途]. Chinese Patent CN 1425694A (published on 25 June 2003)
Extract of a medicinal mushroom, Polyporus rhinocerusCooke and composition of the same having antiproliferation of cancer cells and immune enhancing activity[具有抗癌与免疫增强活性的虎乳灵芝提取物及其制备方法]. Chinese Patent CN 2.4 (published on 5 February 2010)
Extraction of Polyporus rhinocerus Cooke with antitumor and immune-enhancing activities and preparation thereof [具有抗癌与免疫增强活性的虎乳灵芝提取物及其制备方法]. Hong Kong SAR Patent HK1101770 (published on 21 January 2011)
Professional ActivitiesEditorial membership
Associate Editor of the Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre
Member of the Advisory Board of Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
Member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms
Member of the Editorial Board of Food Hydrocolloids for Health
Member of the Editorial Board of Food Science and Human Wellness
Member of the Editorial Board of Food Science (Shipin Kexue)
Professional membership
Member of the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT)
Member of the American Chemical Society (ACS)
Professional Member of the Australian Institute of Food Science and Technology (MAIFST)
Professional services
Served as Vice-chairman of the International Food Safety Association (since 2011)
Served as the Expert Panel member (Food Science and Nutrition) of the Hong Kong Food Science and Technology Association (since 2011)
Served as the Advisor of the Hong Kong Nutrition Association (since 2010)
Served as the Advisor of the Hong Kong Public Health Inspector Association (since 2009)
Served as the Chairman of the Hong Kong Food Science and Technology Association (2004-2005).
Served as the Vice-chairman of the Hong Kong Food Science and Technology Association (1997-2003).
OthersCommunity and Educational Services
Appointed as Specialist of the Hong Kong Council for Accreditation of Academic and Vocational Qualifications (HKCAAVQ) (Since 2016)
External Reviewer of School of Humanities and Social Science of The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen) (Since 2019)
Chairperson of the Internal Validation Panel for the Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Food Science and Safety of the Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong (THEi) (2014 - 2019)
External Academic Adviser and Examination Paper Moderator of the HKBU College of International Education on Associate Degree of Food Safety and Environmental Health (2014 - 2019)
External Member of the Internal Validation Panel for BA (Hons) in Chinese Culinary Management with Design of the Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong (THEi) (2012 - 2015)
External Examiner of the Professional Diploma in Waste Management and Meat and Foods Inspection for Food and Environmental Hygiene Department of the Li Ka Shing Institute of Professional and Continuing Education (2008 - 2015)
External Examiner of the Hospitality Industry Training and Development Centre (HITDC) and Chinese Cuisine Training Institute (CCTI) of the Vocational Training Council (VTC) (2008 - 2015)
Member of the Curriculum Development Council (CDC) and Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority (HKEAA) Committee on Technology and Living (senior Secondary), Education Bureau of the HKSAR Government (2008 - 2017)
Appointed as Moderator of the Technology and Living (Food Science and Technology) Papers 1 & 2 (E & C) (Practice Paper) of the Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority (2010 - 2015)
Appointed as member of the Expert Committee on Food Safety, Food and Health Bureau, Government Secretariat of the HKSAR Government (2008 - 2010)