摘要:探讨不同轮作模式下作物秸秆还田和施肥对大豆产量形成的影响, 可为多元化轮作模式下大豆增产增效提供理论基础和实践依据。于2018—2020年在江苏省农业科学院大豆试验基地, 以前茬作物秸秆还田下轮作模式为主区, 设置小麦、大蒜、芥菜型油菜和空白(冬闲) 4个轮作模式; 肥料施用水平为副区, 设置不施肥和施三元复合肥(15∶15∶15) 225 kg·hm?2 2个施肥水平, 研究秸秆还田下不同轮作模式和施肥对大豆养分利用及产量形成的影响。结果表明, 轮作模式与施肥对大豆产量及产量构成影响显著, 且两因素对产量及产量构成、植株形态指标和病株率、土壤全氮和速效氮含量、生物量和氮素累积与分配等指标均存在极显著的互作效应。与冬闲-大豆模式相比, 其他轮作模式降低了土壤容重和速效氮含量, 提高了土壤有机质和全氮含量; 大蒜-大豆和芥菜-大豆轮作模式下株高、茎粗、底荚高度、分枝数、总生物量和籽粒生物量、总氮累积量和籽粒氮累积量最高, 利于产量形成, 最终产量较冬闲-大豆模式增加4.40%~10.30%和5.66%~7.09% (施肥处理)、4.88%~8.23%和2.19%~8.78% (不施肥)。小麦-大豆轮作模式抑制植株生长, 总生物量和籽粒生物量、总氮累积量和籽粒氮累积量均最低, 尽管生物量、氮素收获指数和氮素生产效率最高, 但产量最低, 较冬闲-大豆模式分别降低2.80%~7.30% (施肥处理)和7.45%~11.18% (不施肥)。此外, 小麦秸秆还田增加了大豆病株率, 而芥菜-大豆和大蒜-大豆轮作模式则降低了大豆病株率。施肥可以显著促进大豆生长, 降低病株率, 提高土壤全氮和速效氮含量、生物量及氮素累积量和收获密度, 尽管氮素收获指数和氮素利用效率较低, 但是显著提高了产量。与不施肥相比, 施肥使大蒜-大豆、芥菜-大豆和小麦-大豆轮作模式下大豆产量提高9.21%~13.01%、7.97%~14.02%和15.00%~15.91%。因此, 在生产中建议推广大蒜-大豆和芥菜-大豆轮作模式。小麦-大豆轮作模式中在小麦秸秆还田后必须增施肥料才能达到高产。
关键词:大豆/
轮作模式/
秸秆还田/
施肥/
产量
Abstract:Field experiments were conducted from 2018 to 2020 at the Soybean Experimental Station of the Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province. A split-plot design was used to study the effects of straw returning and fertilizer application on the nutrient utilization and yield of soybeans under different rotation patterns. The main plot factor was different rotation patterns with straw returning of preceding crop of soybean (wheat–soybean, garlic–soybean, leaf mustard–soybean, and winter fallow–soybean), while the sub-plot factor was fertilizer application (no fertilizer and nitrogen [N], phosphorus [P], and potassium [K] compound fertilizer [15∶15∶15] at 225 kg?hm?2). The results showed that rotation pattern and fertilization application significantly affected the soybean yield and yield components under crop straw returning of preceding crop, and the two factors had significant interactive effects on the yield, yield components, plant morphological index, biomass, nitrogen accumulation and distribution, and disease rate of soybean, as well as soil total nitrogen, available nitrogen contents. Compared with the winter fallow–soybean planting pattern, the other three rotation patterns decreased soil bulk density and available nitrogen content but increased soil organic matter and total nitrogen contents. Plant height, stem diameter, height of the bottom pod, branch number per plant, total biomass, grain biomass, total nitrogen accumulation, and grain nitrogen accumulation were the highest under garlic–soybean and leaf mustard–soybean rotation patterns, which were beneficial for yield. The final yield increased by 4.40%–10.30% and 5.66%–7.09% under fertilization treatments and by 4.88%–8.23% and 2.19%–8.78% under no fertilization treatments compared to the winter fallow–soybean planting pattern, respectively. The wheat–soybean rotation pattern inhibited soybean plant growth, and the total biomass, grain biomass, total nitrogen accumulation, and grain nitrogen accumulation were the lowest. The harvest index of biomass and nitrogen and the nitrogen production efficiency were the highest, but the yield was the lowest in this case, decreasing by 2.80–7.30% in the fertilizer treatments and by 7.45%–11.18% in the no fertilizer treatment compared to the winter fallow–soybean planting pattern. Wheat straw returning increased the diseased plant rate, whereas the leaf mustard–soybean and garlic–soybean rotations decreased the rate of diseased plants. Compound fertilizer application promoted plant growth, reduced the rate of diseased plants, improved soil total nitrogen and available nitrogen contents, soybean biomass and nitrogen accumulation, and harvest density. Although harvest index and nitrogen use efficiency of soybean were low, the yield significantly increased. Compared with the no fertilizer application treatment, fertilizer application increased the soybean yields of the garlic–soybean, leaf mustard–soybean, and wheat–soybean rotations by 9.21%–13.01%, 7.97%–14.02%, and 15.00%–15.91%, respectively. Therefore, the garlic–soybean and leaf mustard–soybean rotation modes should be popularized. Under a wheat–soybean rotation pattern, high yield is achieved when wheat straw is returned to the field. In the wheat–soybean rotation, fertilizers must be applied after wheat straw is returned to the field to achieve high yield.
Key words:Soybean/
Rotation pattern/
Straw returning/
Fertilizer application/
Yield
PDF全文下载地址:
http://www.ecoagri.ac.cn/article/exportPdf?id=40068744-59a9-416b-b155-c385941f6a6e
