摘要:提高磷肥利用率是当今农田磷养分资源管理面临的重要难题，作物品种改良是提高磷利用率的有效途径之一。为明确新疆不同年代棉花品种（系）磷效率的差异，采用单因素随机区组设计，通过大田试验，以新疆1950s—2013年不同年代的22个棉花品种（系）为材料，研究了不同年代培育的棉花品种（系）在苗期、蕾期、花铃期和吐絮期的磷吸收、利用效率特征，并采用模糊数学隶属函数和聚类分析方法，对不同棉花品种（系）磷效率的高低进行了综合评价。结果表明：不同棉花品种（系）磷吸收效率、利用效率、磷由茎叶向籽粒的转移效率（再转移效率）存在差异。吐絮期磷吸收效率为164.26~395.75 mg·株-1，变异系数为3.3%；磷利用效率为0.25~0.40 g·mg-1，变异系数为67.7%；磷再转移效率为16.0%~58.1%，变异系数为11.1%。以每20年为一个时期，划分了3个品种更替阶段，棉花磷利用效率在3个阶段没有发生明显改变，始终维持在0.30~0.32 g·mg-1；磷吸收效率由225.5 mg·株-1增加到286.3 mg·株-1，提高了27.0%；磷由根系向地上部的转移效率（转移效率）没有发生明显改变，始终维持在93.9%~94.9%；磷再转移效率由26.8%增加到38.3%；磷经济利用效率由20.6 mg·mg-1增加到30.4 mg·mg-1。相关性分析表明：不同棉花品种（系）生物量与磷吸收效率呈显著正相关，而与磷利用效率无显著的相关性；皮棉产量与磷吸收效率、转移效率、再转移效率、经济利用效率呈极显著正相关，而与磷利用效率相关性不明显。对22个棉花品种（系）吐絮期生物量、皮棉产量、磷吸收利用效率及转移效率和经济利用效率等性状指标的综合评价和聚类分析，将22个品种（系）分为磷高效型、中效型、低效型和极低效型4组，‘新陆早50号’‘新陆早57号’‘军棉1号’为磷高效型品种。与磷低效组相比，磷高效组的品种具有较高的生物量和产量。以上结果表明，新疆棉花高产育种过程提高了磷素吸收、再转移和经济利用效率。
关键词:棉花/
种植年代/
磷吸收效率/
磷利用效率/
磷转移效率/
磷再转移效率
Abstract:Improving the phosphorus (P) fertilizer utilization rate is a major challenge when attempting to supply sufficient P nutrients in agriculture. Modifying the crop variety can effectively address this problem. The differences in P utilization efficiency among various cotton varieties cultivated at different times in Xinjiang, China, were clarified by setting up a single-factor random block design field experiment that investigated 22 different cotton varieties cultivated between 1950 and 2013. The P absorption and utilization efficiency characteristics of different cotton varieties during their seedling, budding, flowering, and wadding stages were monitored. Correlation and cluster analyses were used to evaluate the P efficiencies of cotton varieties. The results showed that P absorption efficiency, P utilization efficiency, and P transfer efficiency (from shoot to seed) differed among the 22 cotton varieties. At the wadding stage, the P absorption efficiency was 164.26-395.75 mg·plant-1 with a coefficient of variation of 3.3%; the P utilization efficiency was 0.25-0.40 g·mg-1 with a coefficient of variation of 67.7%; and the P re-transfer efficiency was 16.0-58.1% with a coefficient of variation of 11.1%. The P utilization efficiency, which always stayed between 0.30-0.32 g·mg-1, did not significantly change over the three time periods (every 20 years was one period). Furthermore, P transfer efficiency did not significantly change and was around 93.9%-94.9%. In contrast, P absorption efficiency increased from 225.5 mg·plant-1 to 286.3 mg·plant-1, which was a 27.0% increase; and P re-transfer efficiency increased from 26.8% to 38.3%, which was an 11.5% increase. The P economic utilization efficiency rose from 20.6 mg·mg-1 to 30.4 mg·mg-1, which was a 47.6% increase. The correlation analysis showed that biomass was positively correlated with P absorption efficiency, but there was no significant relationship with P utilization efficiency. The lint cotton yield was positively correlated with P absorption, transfer, re-transfer efficiency, and economic utilization efficiency, but had no relationship with P utilization efficiency. The cluster analysis divided 22 cotton varieties into four types: P high-efficient type, P medium-efficient, P inefficient type, and extremely inefficient type. 'Xinluzao 50' 'Xinluzao 57', and 'Junmian 1' were P high-efficient varieties. The P high-efficient varieties had higher biomasses and yields than the other three types. In conclusion, these results highlighted that the use of high yielding cotton varieties in Xinjiang had prominently contributed to improvements in the absorption, transfer, and economic utilization of P.
Key words:Cotton/
Cultivated in different ages/
Phosphorus absorption efficiency/
Phosphorus utilization efficiency/
Phosphorus transfer efficiency/
Phosphorus retransfer efficiency
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