摘要
摘要:南水北调中线上游水源地保护与水质持续安全一直是研究的重点之一。商洛市辖商州区、丹凤县和商南县被规划为丹江流域上游“水源地安全保护区”。掌握该地区畜牧养殖业发展情况、估算畜禽粪便的排放量、分析该地区常用耕地对畜禽粪便及其污染物的消纳能力、评估畜禽粪便可能造成的污染风险等是科学管控畜牧养殖业和有效实施水源地保护的基础性研究。目前，该地区尚无这些方面具体的成果和资料。本研究采用畜禽粪便排泄系数方法，估算了丹江上游流域自上游至下游的商洛市辖商州区、丹凤县、商南县2014—2016年各类畜禽粪便排放量，依据3区县的常年耕地面积分析了畜禽粪便猪粪当量耕地负荷，确定了当前商洛地区畜禽粪便猪粪当量最大适宜耕地负荷标准，并评估了3区县畜禽粪便耕地负荷的污染风险。结果表明：1）商州区、丹凤县和商南县年度平均畜禽粪便排放量猪粪当量分别为5.732×10⁵ t·a^-1、9.321×10⁵ t·a^-1和1.274×10⁶ t·a^-1；其中猪与禽的粪便占到总粪便排放量的68.06%。2）3区县畜禽粪便排放量猪粪当量耕地负荷依次为27.04 t·hm^-2·a^-1、76.72 t·hm^-2·a^-1和90.10 t·hm^-2·a^-1。3）商洛市畜禽粪便排放量猪粪当量最大适宜耕地负荷标准为61.22 t·hm^-2·a^-1。4）3区县畜禽粪便耕地负荷的污染风险警报级别分别是：商州区为Ⅱ级，稍有污染风险；丹凤县和商南县均为Ⅳ级，有较严重的污染风险。5）商州区、丹凤县和商南县的总氮平均耕地负荷分别为159 kg·hm^-2·a^-1、450 kg·hm^-2·a^-1和530 kg·hm^-2·a^-1，总磷平均耕地负荷分别是51 kg·hm^-2·a^-1、179kg·hm^-2·a^-1和199 kg·hm^-2·a^-1，生化需氧量平均耕地负荷分别为716 kg·hm^-2·a^-1、2 275 kg·hm^-2·a^-1和2 595kg·hm^-2·a^-1，化学需氧量平均耕地负荷分别为768 kg·hm^-2·a^-1、2 345 kg·hm^-2·a^-1和2 667 kg·hm^-2·a^-1，NH₃-N平均耕地负荷分别为65 kg·hm^-2·a^-1、201 kg·hm^-2·a^-1和232 kg·hm^-2·a^-1。总之，商洛市商州区、丹凤县和商南县的畜禽养殖总量大，养殖结构不合理；商洛市常用耕地面积相对较少，畜禽粪便的耕地负荷及其污染物负荷均较大，且形成自上游到下游急剧增加的态势；商洛市超量污染物排放会造成氮素和磷素等成分的淋溶和流失，对于南水北调水源地的水质安全构成较大的潜在威胁。
关键词:丹江/
畜禽粪便/
耕地负荷/
排泄系数/
养殖结构
Abstract:Persistent water quality safety and protection have been a hot research in the upstream region of the middle route of China's South-to-North Water Diversion Project. Shangzhou District, Danfeng County and Shangnan County, which are governed by Shangluo City, have already delineated the zone for water source protection in the upstream reach of Danjiang River. There is a need of basic research on scientific management of livestock and efficient implementation of research on water source protection area. It is also necessary to understand development status of livestock, estimate livestock manure emission, analyze absorption capacity of cultivated lands, and evaluate pollution risk caused by the emission. Until now, less data or literature has existed on this field of research. In this study, the emission of livestock manure was estimated using the livestock manure emission coefficient method from 2014 to 2016 in the upstream region of Danjiang River in Shangluo City, including Shangzhou District, Danfeng County and Shangnan County along the river direction. Then the maximum cultivated land load of pig-waste equivalent was confirmed according to cultivated area and pollution risk of cultivated land due to livestock manure in the three districts was evaluated. The results showed that annual pig-waste equivalents of livestock manure in Shangzhou, Danfeng and Shangnan were respectively 5.732×10⁵ t·a^-1, 9.321×10⁵ t·a^-1 and 1.274×10⁶ t·a^-1, with livestock manure emissions from pig and poultry accounting for up to 68.06% of the total. The cultivated land load of pig-waste equivalents for livestock manure were respectively 27.04 t·hm^-2·a^-1, 76.72 t·hm^-2·a^-1 and 90.10 t·hm^-2·a^-1 in Shangzhou, Danfeng and Shangnan. The maximum standard of cultivated land load of pig-waste equivalent of livestock manure was 61.22 t·hm^-2·a^-1 for Shangluo City. Pollution risks were level Ⅱ for Shangzhou (moderate risk), and level Ⅳ for both Danfeng and Shangnan (severe risk). The average cultivated land loads for total nitrogen were respectively 159 kg·hm^-2·a^-1, 450 kg·hm^-2·a^-1 and 530 kg·hm^-2·a^-1 in the three districts; for total phosphorus were 51 kg·hm^-2·a^-1, 179 kg·hm^-2·a^-1 and 199 kg·hm^-2·a^-1; for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) were 716 kg·hm^-2·a^-1, 2 275 kg·hm^-2·a^-1 and 2 595 kg·hm^-2·a^-1; for chemical oxygen demand (COD) were 768 kg·hm^-2·a^-1, 2 345 kg·hm^-2·a^-1 and 2 667 kg·hm^-2·a^-1; and for NH₃-N were 65 kg·hm^-2·a^-1, 201 kg·hm^-2·a^-1 and 232 kg·hm^-2·a^-1. It was concluded that the number of livestock bred was large and the husbandry structure unreasonable in the three districts of Shangluo City. Because of the limited cultivated land, cultivated land loads and livestock manure pollution were pretty heavy, with increasing risks from upstream to downstream reaches. Excessive pollutants caused loss of nitrogen and phosphorus, which severely threatened water source safety of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project.
Key words:Danjiang River/
Livestock manure/
Cultivated land load/
Emission coefficient/
Husbandry structure



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