摘要:目前晚播小麦的面积不断增加，为明确沿淮地区晚播小麦的适宜种植密度，采用裂区试验设计，于2013-2015年在不同晚播条件下（11月5日、11月15日、11月25日），设置3个种植密度（300万株·hm-2、450万株·hm-2、600万株·hm-2），分析种植密度对玉米茬晚播小麦产量形成及品质性状的影响。结果表明：播期推迟导致小麦生育期滞后，主要影响拔节期前营养生长期的长短；密度对生育进程无显著影响。随播期推迟，小麦开花期和成熟期的干物质积累量下降，花前贮存同化物的转运量和花后同化物的积累量下降，花后同化物对籽粒贡献率明显增加；穗数、穗粒数和千粒重均有所下降，进而产量显著下降；蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和沉淀值上升。播期对分蘖穗干物质积累与运转及产量构成因素的影响均大于主茎穗。与11月5日播期相比，11月25日播期下开花期干物质积累量、成熟期营养器官积累量、籽粒干重、花前营养器官贮存同化物的转运量及其对籽粒的贡献率在主茎穗中分别下降13.37%、9.96%、9.04%、25.37%和17.07%，在分蘖穗中分别下降55.71%、54.34%、51.80%、59.70%和22.70%。同一播期条件下，随着种植密度的增加，小麦开花期和成熟期的干物质积累量上升，花前贮存同化物的转运量减少，花后同化物的积累量及其对籽粒贡献率增加；穗数增加，千粒重降低；蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量上升，沉淀值下降。与主茎穗相比，密度对分蘖穗干物质积累与运转及产量构成因素的影响更大。与300万株·hm-2密度相比，600万株·hm-2密度下单穗粒重、穗粒数和千粒重在主茎穗中分别下降17.90%、13.60%和4.76%，在分蘖穗中分别下降20.17%、14.46%和6.23%。可见，适当增加密度有利于增加晚播小麦产量并改善晚播小麦品质性状，本研究中11月15日、11月25日两晚播条件下适宜密度分别为450万株·hm-2、600万株·hm-2。
关键词:冬小麦/
种植密度/
播期/
籽粒产量/
品质
Abstract:The area under later-sown winter wheat has since been increasing. To determine suitable planting density of later-sown winter wheat along the Huaihe River, we designed a split-plot field experiment including three later sowing dates (November 5, November 15 and November 25) and three planting densities (3×106, 4.5×106, and 6×106 plants·hm-2) for the 2013-2015 growing seasons. The yield and quality of winter wheat were investigated. The results showed that delay in sowing winter wheat shortened the growth stage of winter wheat, mainly affecting the length of vegetative period before jointing, but with little effect on the overall growth process. With delayed sowing date, dry matter accumulation at anthesis and maturity decreased, and translocation of dry matter in vegetative organs before anthesis along with the contribution of dry matter after anthesis decreased. At the same time, the contribution rate of dry matter after anthesis increased significantly. However, spike number, grain number per spike and thousand-grain weight all decreased, which caused significant reduction in yield. Moreover, protein, wet gluten contents and zeleny increased with delay of sowing date. Sowing date had more effect on dry matter accumulation and translocation in tiller stem spikes than on main stem spikes. Compared with November 5 sowing date, the November 25 sowing date decreased dry matter accumulation at anthesis, vegetative organ dry matter accumulation at maturity, grain dry weight, translocation of dry matter and its' contribution to grain of vegetative organs assimilate before anthesis respectively by 13.37%, 9.96%, 9.04%, 25.37% and 17.07% for main stem spikes; and respectively by 55.71%, 54.34%, 51.80%, 59.70% and 22.70% for tiller stem spikes. For the same sowing date, dry matter accumulation at anthesis and maturity increased with increasing planting density. Then translocation of dry matter in vegetative organ before anthesis decreased with increasing planting density. These conditions increased dry matter contribution to the related processes after anthesis. Also with increasing planting density, spike number increased, grain number per spike decreased, protein and wet gluten contents increased, but zeleny decreased. Compared with main stem spikes, planting density had more effect on dry matter accumulation and translocation of tiller stem spikes. Then compared with planting density of 3×106 plants·hm-2, 6×106 plants·hm-2 decreased grain weight per spike, grain number per spike and thousand-grain weight respectively by 17.90%, 13.60% and 4.76% in main stem spikes, and by 20.17%, 14.46% and 6.23% in tiller stem spikes. In conclusion, the rational increase in planting density increased yield and improved quality of later-sown winter wheat. Finally, our results showed that the best planting densities of later-sown winter wheat were 4.5×106 and 6×106 plants·hm-2 for sowing dates of November 15 and November 25, respectively.
Key words:Winter wheat/
Planting density/
Sowing date/
Grain yield/
Quality
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