生态环境部华南环境科学研究所,广州 510530
South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, China
探究农村化粪池污染物去除效果及主要影响因素对于理解我国农村化粪池粪污处理现状十分必要。本研究基于山西、陕西、浙江、湖南、广东和重庆6个选点区域57家农户化粪池的监测结果,分析了农村化粪池处理污染物的现状和主要影响因素。结果表明,区域化粪池对化学需氧量(COD)、5日生化需氧量(BOD
-N)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、动植物油(AVO)的削减率范围分别为21%~65%、29%~72%、?12%~?2%、4%~12%、7%~21%、34%~62%,整体表现为广东>浙江>湖南>重庆>山西>陕西;由于对居民用排水习惯、化粪池纳污来源的影响,温度、湿度、降雨量与化粪池污染物浓度及其去除率有较好的相关性。该研究结果可为化粪池去污效能的改善以及相关政策的制定提供参考。
To further understand the current working status of septic tanks in rural areas of China, it is necessary to explore the specific pollutant-removal efficiency of rural septic tanks and identify the main influencing factors. In this study, 57 typical rural septic tanks from Shanxi, Shaanxi, Zhejiang, Hunan, Guangdong, and Chongqing provinces were investigated. The results indicated that the removal rates of COD, BOD
-N), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), animal and vegetable oils (AVO) were 21%~65%, 29%~72%, ?12%~?2%, 4%~12%, 7%~21%, 34%~62%, respectively, and total removal rates ranked were Guangdong > Zhejiang > Hunan > Chongqing > Shanxi > Shaanxi. Due to the influence on residents’ drainage habits and the source of sewage in septic tanks, temperature and humidity in air, and precipitation were highly related to the concentration of pollutants and its removal efficiency. The results are expected to provide basic information for improving performance of septic tanks and making policy relevant to rural areas of China.
.
of septic tanks in regions
-N and TN of septic tanks in regions
-N concentrations of inlet- and outlet sewages of septic tanks at the anaerobic condition
选点区域化粪池进口TP和AVO浓度及其削减率
Concentrations and removal rates of TP and AVO of septic tanks in regions
Determination results of pollution indicators for septic tanks in rural households
[1] | SINGH R P, KUN W, FU D. Designing process and operational effect of modified septic tank for the pre-treatment of rural domestic sewage[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2019, 251: 109552. |
[2] | WITHERS P J A, JARVIE H P, STOATE C. Quantifying the impact of septic tank systems on eutrophication risk in rural headwaters[J]. Environment International, 2011, 37(3): 644-653. |
[3] | 王家, 夏颖, 范先鹏, 等. 三峡库区农村污水排放现状调查与分析[J]. 湖北农业科学, 2015, 54(23): 5843-5847. |
[4] | 赵琦, 黄江平, 韦日荣, 等. 2015—2017年广西农村环境健康危害因素分析[J]. 应用预防医学, 2020, 26(1): 17-22. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-758X.2020.01.004 |
[5] | 王晓红, 周君. 2017年唐山市农村环境卫生监测结果[J]. 职业与健康, 2019, 35(2): 231-233. |
[6] | 谢丽丽, 王东海, 郑建刚. 2016年江西省农村环境卫生相关居民行为方式调查[J]. 现代预防医学, 2017, 44(24): 4433-4436. |
[7] | 刘国华. 浅谈尧都区汾河流经区域范围建制镇污水治理现状及治理方式[J]. 建材发展导向(下), 2020, 18(5): 1-2. |
[8] | 易雨辰, 刘海香. 赣州市兴国县蕉溪村饮用水现状及解决建议[J]. 城市地理, 2017(20): 241. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-2508.2017.20.192 |
[9] | 秦岭, 朱鸿斌. 2011—2014年四川省农村环境卫生状况调查[J]. 中国农村卫生事业管理, 2016, 36(5): 591-593. |
[10] | WITHERS P J A, MAY L, JARVIE H P, et al. Nutrient emissions to water from septic tank systems in rural catchments: Uncertainties and implications for policy[J]. Environmental Science & Policy, 2012, 24: 71-82. |
[11] | YATES C A, JOHNES P J, SPENCER R G M. Characterisation of treated effluent from four commonly employed wastewater treatment facilities: A UK case study[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2019, 232: 919-927. |
[12] | 张博伦. 一带一路战略实施与中国农村厕所革命[J]. 中国战略新兴产业, 2018(12): 184. |
[13] | 王玉华, 方颖, 焦隽. 江苏农村“三格式”化粪池污水处理效果评价[J]. 生态与农村环境学报, 2008, 24(2): 80-83. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4831.2008.02.018 |
[14] | LEW B, LUSTIG I, BELIAVSKI M, et al. An integrated UASB-sludge digester system for raw domestic wastewater treatment in temperate climates[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2011, 102(7): 4921-4924. |
[15] | 环境保护部. 水质化学需氧量的测定重铬酸盐法: HJ 828-2017[S]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2017. |
[16] | 环境保护部. 水质五日生化需氧量(BOD5)的测定稀释与接种法: HJ 505-2009[S]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2009. |
[17] | 环境保护部. 水质氨氮的测定纳氏试剂分光光度法: HJ 535-2009[S]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2009. |
[18] | 环境保护部. 水质总氮的测定碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法: HJ 636-2012[S]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2012. |
[19] | 国家环境保护局. 水质总磷的测 钼酸铵分光光度法: GB 11893-1989[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 1989. |
[20] | 环境保护部. 水质石油类和动植物油类的测定红外分光光度法: HJ 637-2012[S]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2012. |
[21] | 国家质量技术监督局. 数据的统计处理和解释正态性检验: GB 4882-2001[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2001. |
[22] | 孙涛, 张妙仙, 李苗苗, 等. 基于对应分析法和综合污染指数法的水质评价[J]. 环境科学与技术, 2014, 37(4): 185-190. |
[23] | 国家环境保护总局. 城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准: GB 18918-2002[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2002. |
[24] | 陈中笑, 程军, 郭品文, 等. 中国降水稳定同位素的分布特点及其影响因素[J]. 大气科学学报, 2010, 33(6): 667-679. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-7097.2010.06.004 |
[25] | LUOSTARINEN S, SANDERS W, KUJAWA-ROELEVELD K, et al. Effect of temperature on anaerobic treatment of black water in UASB-septic tank systems[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2007, 98(5): 980-986. |
[26] | HENZE M, LEDIN A. Types, characteristics and quantities of classic, combined domestic wastewaters[M]//LENS P, ZEEMAN G, LETTINGA G. Decentralised Sanitation and Reuse: Concepts, Systems and Implementation. Chapter 4. London: IWA Publishing, 2001: 59-72. |
[27] | PATTERSON R A. Temporal variability of septic tank effluent[C]//PATTERSON R A, JONES M J. Future directions for on-site systems: Best management practice proceedings of on-site ’03 conference. New South Wales, 2003: 305-312. |
[28] | IGNATIUS I, JOWETT E C. The effect of household chemicals on septic tank performance receiving dilute wastewater[C]// American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. The 2004 ASAE Conference. California, 2004: 358-367. |
[29] | 丁慧, 关华滨, 陈志强. 寒冷地区化粪池的效果评价和探讨[J]. 环境科学与管理, 2012, 37(8): 78-82. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-1212.2012.08.020 |
[30] | ELMITWALLI T A, SHALABI M, WENDLAND C, et al. Grey water treatment in UASB reactor at ambient temperature[J]. Water Science and Technology, 2007, 55(7): 173-180. |
[31] | VIRARAGHAVAN T. Influence of temperature on the performance of septic tank systems[J]. Water, Air & Soil Pollution, 1977, 7(1): 103-110. |
[32] | 廖要明, 陈德亮, 刘秋锋. 中国地气温差时空分布及变化趋势[J]. 气候变化研究进展, 2019, 15(4): 374-384. doi: 10.12006/j.issn.1673-1719.2018.199 |
[33] | 卢爱刚, 康世昌, 庞德谦. 地形对中国气温季节分布格局的差异影响[J]. 生态环境, 2008, 17(4): 1450-1452. |
[34] | ZHANG C, JIANG Y, JIN J, et al. Research and evaluate on wastewater treatment of septic tank[C]//Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. 2011 International Symposium on Water Resource and Environmental Protection (ISWREP). Xi′an, 2011: 1244-1246. |
[35] | 韦昆. 一种用于农村生活污水预处理的新型化粪池[D]. 南京: 东南大学, 2017. |
[36] | LOHANI S P, BAKKE R, KHANAL S N. A septic tank-UASB combined system for domestic wastewater treatment: A pilot test[J]. Water & Environment Journal, 2016, 29(4): 558-565. |
[37] | 王慧娜, 赵小锋, 唐立娜, 等. 城市居民食物磷素消费变化及其环境负荷: 以厦门市为例[J]. 生态学报, 2013, 33(14): 4495-4504. |
[38] | 国家统计局. 中国统计年鉴[M]. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 2019. |
[39] | SABRY T. Evaluation of decentralized treatment of sewage employing upflow septic tank/baffled reactor (USBR) in developing countries[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2010, 174(1/2/3): 500-505. |
[40] | AL-SHAYAH M, MAHMOUD N. Start-up of an UASB-septic tank for community on-site treatment of strong domestic sewage[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2008, 99(16): 7758-7766. |
[41] | 刘忠宽, 汪诗平, 韩建国, 等. 放牧家畜排泄物N转化研究进展[J]. 生态学报, 2004, 24(4): 775-783. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2004.04.019 |
[42] | 房景燕, 付永胜, 朱杰, 等. UASB处理畜禽废水的氨化率研究[J]. 污染防治技术, 2007, 20(5): 20-23. |
[43] | 王应红, 黄健敏, 龙炳清, 等. 有机污水生物脱氮除磷的生化机理、影响因素及工艺[J]. 环境研究与监测, 2002, 15(2): 109-112. |
[44] | 孙蕾. 小型污水处理设施在农村水环境治理中的应用[J]. 给水排水, 2014, 40(s1): 193-196. |
[45] | 谢欣妤. 人工强化植物栽培系统资源化处理黑水的特性研究[D]. 南宁: 广西大学, 2016. |
[46] | 汤博, 许明珠, 徐志荣, 等. 浙江省农村生活污水处理工艺对比分析及适用性研究[J]. 湖北农业科学, 2016, 55(14): 3597-3600. |
[47] | NASR F A, MIKHAEIL B. Treatment of domestic wastewater using modified septic tank[J]. Desalination Water Treatment, 2014, 56(8): 1-9. |
[48] | 中华人民共和国卫生部, 中国国家标准化管理委员会. 农村户厕卫生规范: GB 19379-2012[S]. 北京: 中国质检出版社, 2012. |
[49] | 关华滨. 新型化粪池处理生活污水的试验研究[D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学, 2012. |
[50] | 顾嗣亮. 我国气候地貌的基本特征与分区初探[J]. 浙江大学学报(理学版), 1988, 1(2): 115-122. |